Impungushe yisilwane esingeso somndeni we-canine. Kukhona inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezimpungushe emvelweni. Kepha impela impungushe enendlebe enkulu kubhekwe njengohlobo oluhlukile nolungajwayelekile kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lubizwa kanjalo ngoba abameleli balo banezindlebe ezinde kakhulu, ezinde, ezifika kubude obufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-15.
Igama lalesi silwane, elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini laya olimini lwesiRussia, lisho ukuthi "inja enkulu enamalebe amakhulu". Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, lesi silwane sithathwa njengesilwane esidla imfuyo futhi siyingozi emfuyweni emincane, kwezinye izindawo size sizalwe njengesilwane esifuywayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu
Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu ingeyezilwane ezincelisayo ze-chordate, imele ukuhleleka kwezinto ezidla inyama, umndeni we-canine, ohlukaniswe nohlobo nezinhlobo zempungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu.
Izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, njengabanye abamele umndeni we-canine, zehla kuma-myacids ngasekupheleni kwePaleocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Ngemuva kwalokho, umndeni we-canine wahlukaniswa waba yimikhombandlela emibili: ama-canids nama-felines. Ukhokho wasendulo wezimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, njengezinye izimpungushe, kwakuyi-progesperation. Izinsalela zakhe zitholakale endaweni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTexas yanamuhla.
Ividiyo: Impungushe enamadlebe amakhulu
Ucwaningo lwokhokho basendulo bempungushe lukhombisile ukuthi babenomzimba omkhudlwana nezitho ezinde kakhulu. Enkambweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umhlaseli ushintshile. Yayihlukaniswe yaba ama-subspecies amaningana, enye yazo kwakuyimpungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu sendawo ezihlala kuyo nokukhawulwa komthombo wokudla, lezi zinhlobo zezilwane zishintshele ekudleni izinambuzane.
Izimpungushe ezinamalebe amakhulu zidinga inqwaba yomuhlwa ukuzondla, nezindlebe ezinkulu ezingabamba ukunyakaza okuncane kwezinambuzane ngisho nangaphansi komhlaba ziyazisiza ekufuneni. Incazelo yokuqala yalolu hlobo yenziwa ngumcwaningi waseFrance - isazi sezilwane u-Anselm Demare ngo-1822.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Impungushe enesikhumba esikhulu
Ngaphandle, inokuningi okufana nezimpungushe nezinja ze-raccoon. Impungushe inomthethosisekelo ontengantenga kancane nemilenze emifushane, emincane. Imilenze yangaphambili izinzwane ezinhlanu, eyangemuva inezinzwane ezine. Izingalo zangaphambili zinamazipho amade, abukhali, afinyelela kumasentimitha amabili nohhafu ubude. Zisebenza njengethuluzi lokumba.
Umlomo wesilwane mncane, ukhombe, wahlulwa. Ebusweni kunamehlo ayindilinga, azwakalayo ngombala omnyama. Ugqoke uhlobo oluthile lwesifihla-buso esenziwe ngoboya obumnyama, obucishe bube mnyama. Izindlebe nezitho zinombala ofanayo. Izindlebe zinkulu, zingunxantathu, zincishisiwe kancane zibheke emaphethelweni. Uma impungushe isibasonga, bazomboza kalula lonke ikhanda lesilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusezindlebeni lapho kugxilwe khona inqwaba yemithambo yegazi, okusindisa impungushe ekushiseni ngokweqile ezimeni zokushisa okukhulu nokushisa kwase-Afrika.
Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu ayinayo imihlathi eqinile, enamandla noma amazinyo amakhulu. Unamazinyo angama-48, kufaka phakathi amazinyo amane empande nezimpande. Amazinyo mancane, kodwa ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo somhlathi, lesi silwane sikwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla ngokushesha futhi ngobuningi.
Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala oyedwa bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Ukuphakama kokubuna akweqi ngamasentimitha angamashumi amane. Isisindo somzimba siyehluka phakathi kwama-4-7 kilograms. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwe ngokungabaluleki. Lezi zinhlobo zinomsila omude, opholile. Ubude bayo bucishe bulingane nobude bomzimba futhi bungamasentimitha angama-30-40. Ichopho lomsila livame ukwenziwa ngesimo sebhulashi elimnyama eliguquguqukayo.
Umbala wesilwane nawo awufani nowezimpungushe eziningi. Inombala ophuzi ngokunsundu, ingahle ibe nombala osasiliva-mpunga. Izitho zinombala onsundu onsundu, noma omnyama, intamo nesisu kuphuzi okukhanyayo, kumhlophe.
Ihlala kuphi impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu?
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu ase-Afrika
Izimpungushe ezinamalebe amakhulu zihlala ikakhulukazi emazweni ashisayo anezimo zezulu ezomile ezweni lase-Afrika. Bahlala ezindaweni ezingama-savanna, emathafeni, endaweni lapho kunezihlahlana zezihlahla ezinde, utshani, amahlathi akhanyayo. Ziyadingeka ukuze izilwane zikwazi ukucasha elangeni elishisayo nokushisa, kanye nokucasha ekuphishekelweni nasezitheni.
Indawo yokuhlala yezimpungushe ezinamahlombe amakhulu:
- ININGIZIMU AFRIKA;
- ENamibia;
- IBotswana;
- Swaziland;
- IZimbabwe;
- ULisoto;
- IZambia;
- I-Angola;
- EMozambique;
- ISudan;
- IKenya;
- ESomalia;
- I-Eritrea;
- ETanzania;
- E-Uganda;
- ITopiya;
- IMalawi.
Endaweni yempungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu, ukuphakama kwezimila akufanele kudlule amasentimitha angama-25-30. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngeke zikwazi ukuthola ukudla okwanele nezinambuzane ezivela emhlabathini. Uma kungekho ukudla okwanele esifundeni lapho izilwane zihlala khona, zifuna enye indawo lapho engikwazi ukuzondla khona kalula.
Isebenzisa umgodi njengendawo yokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, akujwayelekile ukuthi lawa ma-canine azimbele wona izindlu zokukhosela. Basebenzisa izimbobo ezibiwe abanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane, kepha ngasizathu simbe azihlali. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasemini, zicasha emigodini epholile. Imvamisa, basebenzisa imingxunya yemikhondo, ezimba ikhaya labo cishe nsuku zonke.
Ngenxa yokusabalala komuhlwa, izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zihlukaniswe zaba izinhlobo ezimbili. Omunye wabo uhlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika ukusuka eSudan kuya enkabeni yeTanzania, okwesibili - engxenyeni yayo eseningizimu ukusuka eRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika kuya e-Angola.
Idla ini impungushe enokhozi olukhulu?
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye, umthombo wokudla wazo oyinhloko akuyona neze inyama. Ngokumangazayo, zidla izinambuzane. Ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu umuhlwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo. Umuntu omdala oyedwa udla umuhlwa ongaba yizigidi eziyi-1.2 ngonyaka.
Lezi zinhlayiya zinamazinyo angama-48. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amandla emihlathi yawo aphansi kakhulu kunamandla emihlathi yezinye izidumbu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ababona abazingeli, futhi abadingi ukuthi badle inyama, babambe inyamazane yabo futhi bahlukanise izingxenye zayo. Esikhundleni salokho, indalo ibanikeze amandla okuhlafuna ukudla cishe ngejubane lombani. Ngempela, ukugcwalisa isilwane kudinga inani elikhulu lezinambuzane.
Isilwane sisebenzisa izindlebe zaso ukufuna ukudla. Bayakwazi ukucosha imisindo emincane yezinambuzane ezihamba ngisho nangaphansi komhlaba. Ngemuva kokubamba umsindo ojwayelekile, isilwane simba phansi ngejubane lombani ngezinzipho ezinamandla, ezinde futhi sidla izinambuzane.
Uyini umthombo wokudla:
- Umuhlwa;
- Izithelo;
- Amanzi, amahlumela amancane ezitshalo;
- Izimpande;
- Izibungu;
- Izinambuzane, amabhungane;
- Izinyosi;
- Izicabucabu;
- Ofezela;
- Izibankwa;
- Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Iqiniso elithandekayo. Kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi laba bameleli bomndeni we-canine bangamazinyo amnandi. Zijabula ngokudla uju oluvela ezinyosini zasendle nezithelo ezimnandi, ezinamanzi. Lapho kukhona imikhiqizo yokudla enjalo, bangayidla kuphela isikhathi eside.
Emlandweni wonke wokuba khona kwabakhileyo ezwenikazi i-Afrika, alikho nelilodwa icala elike larekhodwa lokuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Leli qiniso liyakufakazela ukuthi empeleni abazingeli. Izimpungushe azizi lapho kuniselwa khona, ngoba isidingo somzimba somswakama simbozwa ngokudla izithelo nezinye izinhlobo zokudla okunamanzi okuvela ezitshalweni.
Ziyaphuma ziyofuna ukudla ikakhulu ebumnyameni ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu. Ngokufuna ukudla, bayakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade - amakhilomitha ayi-13-14 ngobusuku bonke.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu avela e-Afrika
Laba bameleli bomndeni we-canine bahola impilo yokuzulazula, nokuzulazula. Zivumelanisa nendawo ngokuya ngenani lokudla. Lapho isikhathele, bathuthela kwezinye izindawo.
Izimpungushe ngokwemvelo zihlala zodwa. Abesilisa bakhetha owesifazane abahlala naye impilo yabo yonke. Izithandani zihlala ndawonye ngaphakathi komgodi ofanayo, zilale zihlangene, ziyasizana ukunakekela uboya, ukubugcina buhlanzekile. Kukhona amacala lapho abesilisa behlala nabesifazane ababili ngasikhathi sinye, bakha uhlobo lwabesifazane.
Ezimweni ezingavamile, bangahlala eqenjini. Umndeni noma iqembu ngalinye linendawo yalo yokuhlala, elingamahektha angama-70-80. Akujwayelekile ukuthi bamake insimu yabo futhi bavikele ilungelo lokungena kuyo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo. Ngokwemvelo, izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zibhekwa njengezilwane ezingathuli, kodwa zivame ukuxhumana nomunye ngokukhiqizwa kwemisindo ethile. Bangakhiqiza imisindo yamaza ahlukene ayisishiyagalolunye. Eziyisikhombisa zazo ziphansi, futhi zenzelwe ukuxhumana nezizukulwane zazo, ezimbili zihlukaniswa yizwi eliphakeme futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nezimbangi nezimbangi.
Uma izilwane zingakwazi ukuthola umgodi wamahhala, zizimba ezawo. Kodwa-ke, zifana ne-labyrinths yangempela enezindawo zokungena nezokuphuma eziningana, amahholo amaningana. Uma izilwane ezidla ezinye zikwazi ukuthola lo mgodi, umndeni wempungushe ushiya masinyane indawo yawo yokukhosela bese uzigebhela omunye omusha, ongeyona inkimbinkimbi futhi enkulu.
Uma impungushe iba yinto efunwa ngumzingeli, ivele ibaleke ngokungazelelwe, ingene emahlathini otshani noma ezihlahleni, bese iguqula umzila wayo ngejubane lombani, ivule esinye sezitho zangaphambili. Ukuhamba okunjalo kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine isivinini futhi ungene ungene unganakile kwenye yama-labyrinths amaningi wesiphephelo sakho. Kuyimvelo futhi ezilwaneni ukudida izilwane, zibuyela ezinyathelweni zazo.
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke uncike kwisimo sezulu. Ekushiseni nasekushiseni ngokweqile kusebenza kakhulu ebumnyameni, ebusika kuyasebenza emini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu
Izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ngokwemvelo zingamadoda munye, futhi zihlala nowesifazane oyedwa kukho konke ukuphila kwazo. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho abesilisa bekhetha abesifazane ababili futhi bahlala nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazwana ngokuthula kakhulu komunye nomunye, basiza ukunakekela inzalo.
Ukushisa kwesifazane kuhlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu - usuku olulodwa kuphela. Kungalesi sikhathi esifushane lapho abantu bekwazi ukukhwelana kuze kube izikhathi eziyishumi. Amawundlu empungushe azalwa kanye kuphela ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala izinsuku ezingama-60-70. Amathole azalwa ngesikhathi lapho isikhathi semvula sisendaweni yezwekazi lase-Afrika, futhi inani elikhulu lezinambuzane liyaziwa, elidingekayo ukondla insikazi namazinyane.
Esikhathini esiningi kuzalwa usana olulodwa kuya kwesihlanu. Owesilisa ubamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekuzinakekeleni. Uqapha umgodi, ubatholela ukudla, usiza ekunakekeleni uboya. Uma kunezinsikazi ezimbili, eyesibili nayo iyasiza ukuzondla nokunakekela. Bazalwa bengaboni, benqunu futhi bengenakuzisiza. Insikazi inezingono ezine kuphela, ngakho-ke ngokomzimba ayikwazi ukondla amanye amawundlu. Imvamisa kunezimo lapho yena ngokwakhe ebulala izingane ezibuthakathaka futhi ezingavikeleki.
Umbono uvela ezimpungwini ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye - lweshumi. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, bayasuka emgodini bahlole isikhala esiseduze. Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba wezilwane umbozwe ngwevu phansi. Izimpungushe zidla ubisi lukamama kuze kube amasonto ayi-15. Ngemuva kwalokho, bashintshela ngokuphelele ekudleni okujwayelekile kwabantu abadala. Kancane kancane bafunda ukuzitholela ukudla kwabo bebodwa. Isikhathi sokuthomba siqala kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-7-8 ubudala. Kwezinye izimo, abesifazane abancane bahlala eqenjini.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izitha zommeleli womndeni we-canine yilezi:
- IPython;
- Ingulule;
- Izinja zasendle zase-Afrika;
- Izimpisi;
- Amabhubesi;
- Izingwe;
- Ujakalasi;
- Umuntu.
Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke kubantu yindoda, njengoba iqothula izilwane ngenkuthalo ukuze ithole inyama, kanye noboya obuyigugu besilwane esingavamile. Izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ziyaqothulwa ngobuningi. Abangabanjwa kakhulu yimbubhiso ngabantu abasha, okuthi okwesikhashana bahlale benganakiwe abantu abadala. Azizingeli nje kuphela izidalwa ezinkulu, kodwa futhi nezinyoni.
Linciphisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lezifo zezilwane ezinjengamarabi. Izimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, njengamanye ama-canids, zithinteka kulesi sifo. Minyaka yonke, cishe ingxenye yesine yabo bonke abantu abakhona kule nsimu bayafa yiyo.
Abazingeli abazingelayo ngobuningi babo babhubhisa izilwane, ngaphezu kwabo, abomdabu kanye nezinye izizwe zezwekazi lase-Afrika zizingela izimpungushe. Uboya budingeka kakhulu futhi buhlonishwa kakhulu, futhi inyama ibhekwa njengesibiliboco sangempela ezikhungweni zokupheka zasendaweni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu
Namuhla, inani lezilwane liyehla kakhulu. Abaphenyi - izazi zezilwane zithi abasongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Mayelana nalokhu, ababhalisiwe kwiRed Book futhi ukuzizingela akuvunyelwe ezingeni lezomthetho.
Ezikhathini zakudala, izilwane zaziziningi ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga naseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, namuhla baqothulwe kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi. Kwezinye zazo kunosongo lokunyamalala kwazo ngokuphelele.
Kodwa-ke, izazi zezilwane zithi ngokwanda komhlaba wezolimo, indawo yamadlelo anotshani ikhuphukile, nokwandise indawo yokwabiwa komthombo wokudla wempungushe - umuhlwa. Mayelana nalokhu, ezifundeni ezinjalo, inani lezimpungushe ezinamalebe amakhulu lenyuke lafika kubantu abangama-25-27 ngekhilomitha lesikwele. Leli nani livamile kwezinye izifunda zezwekazi laseNingizimu Afrika.
Kwezinye izifunda, inani lalaba bameleli bomndeni we-canine liphansi kakhulu - kusuka kubantu abayi-1 kuye kwabayi-7 ngekhilomitha elilodwa lesikwele. Abaphenyi bathi ingozi enkulu kakhulu ukubhujiswa kwesixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem, okuthi uma sibhujiswe ngokuphelele, singakwazi ukubuyiselwa. Futhi, ngokuncipha kwenani lezimpungushe, inani lomuhlwa landa kakhulu, okuyingozi kubantu bendawo.
Impungushe enamehlo amakhulu yisilwane esihle kakhulu futhi esithakazelisayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu, inani lalo endaweni yemvelo lehle kakhulu. Uma ungathathi izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi ukugcina nokubuyisa inani labantu, ungaba nemiphumela engalungiseki.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-12: 41
