Kharza - isilwane esikhulu kakhulu esivela kuhlobo lwe-mustelids, lomndeni wegama elifanayo. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-marten enamabele aphuzi, ngoba inombala ophuzi kalamula ophuzi wengxenye ephezulu yomzimba. Incazelo yesayensi yanikezwa isazi semvelo esingumDashi uPeter Boddert ngo-1785.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kharza
Incazelo yokuqala yamadokhumenti ye-harze yanikezwa isazi semvelo saseNgilandi uThomas Pennath ku-The History of the Quadruped ngo-1781. Lapho kwakukhulunywa ngakho njengendawo yokugcina izimpahla. Eminyakeni eminingi ngemuva kokukhishwa komsebenzi kaBoddert, lapho anikeza khona umhlaseli incazelo yaso yesimanje negama - uMartes flavigula, ubukhona bemarten enesifuba esiphuzi esikhanyayo kwabuzwa kwaze kwaba yilapho isazi semvelo saseNgilandi uThomas Hardwig siletha isikhumba sesilwane sisuka eNdiya saya eMyuziyamu ye-East India Company.
Ingenye yezinhlobo zasendulo kakhulu zemarten futhi mhlawumbe yavela ngesikhathi sePliocene. Le nguqulo iqinisekiswa indawo yayo kanye nombala we-atypical. Izinsalela zezilwane ezidla ezinye zatholakala eRussia engxenyeni eseningizimu yePrimorye emhumeni weGeographical Society (Upper Quaternary) naseBat Cave (Holocene). Ukutholwa kokuqala kutholakala eLate Pliocene enyakatho yeNdiya nasePleistocene yokuqala eningizimu yeChina.
Uhlobo lweKharza lunezinhlobo ezimbili (kuchazwa inani eliphelele lama-subspecies ayisithupha), eRussia kunezinhlobo zama-Amur, kanti naseNdiya kunezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu - iNilgir (ehlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba zeNilgiri massif). Ngasenyakatho ekude nendawo yokuhlala, isilwane sikhulu, banoboya obushubile nobude futhi nombala womzimba ogqamile. Ngokuya ngokukhanya kombala, kufana nesilwane esishisayo, okuyikho, kepha emahlathini asePrimorye, umhlaseli ubukeka engavamile futhi engalindelekile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal Kharza
Lo mmeli wezilwane ezincelisayo unamandla, unomzimba onemisipha, ohlangene, intamo ende nekhanda elincane. Umsila awukhohlisi kakhulu, kepha usayizi omude kunowamanye ama-mustelids, umbono uyakhuliswa futhi nangokuthi awukhohlisi njengalezo zezihlobo eziseduze kakhulu. Isifonyo esikhonjisiwe sinezindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga futhi sinesimo esingunxantathu. UKharza mkhulu ngosayizi.
Kwabesifazane:
- ubude bomzimba - 50-65 cm;
- umsila - 35-42 cm;
- isisindo - 1.2-3.8 kg.
Kwabesilisa:
- ubude bomzimba - 50-72 cm;
- umsila ubude - 35-44 cm;
- isisindo - 1.8-5.8 kg.
Uboya besilwane bufushane, buyacwebezela, buyarhabaxa, emsileni isembozo sobude obufanayo. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda, izindlebe, isifonyo, umsila nemilenze engezansi kumnyama. Imivimbo emise okomgexo yehla isuka ezindlebeni ezinhlangothini zentamo. Udebe nesilevu esingezansi kumhlophe. Isici esihlukile umbala ogqamile wesidumbu. Ingxenye engaphambili yangemuva inombala ophuzi ngokunsundu, iphendukela phambili iba nsundu ngombala.
Lo mbala ufinyelela emuva. Isifuba, izinhlangothi, izinyawo zangaphambili kuya phakathi komzimba kuphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Umphimbo nesifuba kunombala ophuzi okhanyayo noma ophuzi ngokusawolintshi. Izinzipho zimnyama, zimhlophe ekugcineni. Ehlobo, umbala awukhanyi kangako, ama-shades amnyama kancane futhi aphuzi abuthaka. Abantu abasha balula kunabantu abadala.
Ihlala kuphi iharza?
Isithombe: Kharza marten
Umzingeli uhlala ePrimorye, eNhlonhlweni yaseKorea, empumalanga yeChina, eTaiwan naseHainan, emagqumeni aseHimalaya, entshonalanga kuya eKashmir. Ngaseningizimu, le ndawo ifinyelela e-Indochina, isabalale iye eBangladesh, Thailand, ePeninsula yaseMalay, eCambodia, eLaos naseVietnam. Isilwane sitholakala eGreater Sunda Islands (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Kukhona nesayithi elihlukile eningizimu yeNdiya.
I-marten enesifuba esiphuzi iyawathanda amahlathi, kepha itholakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule zezintaba zasePakistan. EBurma, lesi silwane esincelisayo sihlala emaxhaphozini. Esiqiwini semvelo saseNepal uKanchenjunga uhlala endaweni yamadlelo e-alpine endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-4,5. ERussia, enyakatho, indawo esatshalaliswayo ye-Ussuri marten isuka emfuleni i-Amur, igudle ugu lweBureinsky iye emithonjeni yoMfula i-Urmi.
Ividiyo # 1: Kharza
Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu isakazeka emfuleni. IGorin, ifinyelela e-Amur, bese yehlela ngezansi komlomo womfula. Gorin. Ngaseningizimu, usuka engxenyeni esentshonalanga ungena ezinkangala zaseSikhote-Alin, uwele uMfula iBikin eduze nomthombo, ujikele enyakatho, uye eLwandle lwaseJapan eduze noMfula iKoppi.
Lapho izindawo zenziwe ngabantu noma ezindaweni ezingenamithi esigodini sase-Amur, Ussuri, i-Khanka lowland, umhlaseli akenzeki. Ebhange langakwesokunxele le-Amur litholakala entshonalanga yendawo enkulu, endaweni yaseSkovorodino. ENepal, ePakistan, eLaos, lesi silo sihlala emahlathini nakwezinye izindawo ezisondelene ezindaweni eziphakeme. Kutholakala ehlathini lesibili nasezihlahleni zesundu eMalaysia; e-Southeast Asia, ukuvela kwesilwane kuvame ukurekhodwa emasimini lapho kuqoqwa khona izinto zokusetshenziswa zikawoyela wesundu.
Idla ngani iharza?
Isithombe: Ussuriyskaya kharza
Ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla - ama-ungulates amancane. Umzingeli uncamela izinyamazane ze-musk: ngokwengeziwe kwalesi sikhanyisi esingenampondo esifundeni, siyanda isibalo salo mmeleli wama-mustelids.
Ubuye azingele amawundlu:
- maral;
- inyamazane yeSika;
- i-moose;
- izingulube zasendle;
- izinyamazane ze-roe;
- i-goral;
- izinyamazana.
Isisindo sokubanjwa ngokuvamile asikho ngaphezu kwe-12 kg. Isilo sihlasela ama-pandas amancane. Amahares, izingwejeje, amagundane, ama-voles namanye amagundane ayingxenye yemenyu. Kusukela kuzinyoni, ama-hazel grouse noma ama-pheasants, amaqanda avela ezidlekeni angaba yisisulu. Isilwane singabamba ama-salmonid ngemuva kokuzala. Azibalekeli izilwane eziphila nasemanzini nezinyoka. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu omkhulu uzingela abanye abamele ama-mustelids, ngokwesibonelo, i-sable noma ikholomu. Ingxenye engabalulekile yokudla, njengesengezo, yakhiwa ama-invertebrate nokudla kwezitshalo, amantongomane ephayini, amajikijolo, izithelo, izinambuzane.
Inombolo yevidiyo 2: Kharza
UKharza uyigourmet yangempela. Angadla amakhekhe noma uju, afake umsila wakhe omude esidlekeni sezinyosi, bese eyikhotha. EManchuria, abantu bendawo kwesinye isikhathi bayibiza ngokuthi yi-honey marten. Izinyamazane zeMusk zilandelwa ngempumelelo yizinkumbi zamaKhazr, zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzingela. Baqala ngokuphoqa ukuthi ungulate behle emithambekeni yezintaba bangene ezigodini zemifula, bese beyihambisa phezu kweqhwa elishelelayo noma iqhwa elijulile.
Ehlobo bajaha okukhazimulayo baze bakubeke ezindaweni ezinamadwala ezibizwa ngokuthi udaka. Bonke bamhlasela ndawonye futhi ngokushesha baqala ukudla. Esidunjini sesilwane esikhulu kangaka, uma kuqhathaniswa nabo, abantu ababili noma abathathu bangaqhubeka nomkhosi cishe izinsuku ezintathu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Animal harza
Lesi silwane sithanda amaqabunga abanzi, amahlathi omsedari namahlathi ahlanganisiwe ezigodini zemifula kanye nasemithambekeni yezintaba, kwesinye isikhathi singatholwa kuma-conifers amnyama. Imvamisa ihlala lapho kutholakala khona izinyamazane ze-musk - inhloso enkulu yokuzingelwa kwayo, kepha futhi ingahlala lapho i-artiodactyl yayo eyithandayo ingekho. Ezintabeni, iphakama iye emngceleni ongenhla wamapheshana amahlathi, izindawo ezingenamithi nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu ezidlula ngendlela.
Umzingeli omncane ukhuphuka kahle ezihlahleni, kepha ukhetha ukuba ngaphezulu komhlaba isikhathi esiningi. Uyakwazi ukugxumela kude negatsha negatsha, kepha ukhetha ukwehla umboko ubheke phansi. Ungakwazi ukubhukuda ngokuphelele. I-harz ihlukile kwabanye abamele ama-mustelids ngokuthi bazingela ngamaqembu. Ngenkathi yokuthungatha isisulu, abantu ngabanye bahamba ibanga elithile, bekama ihlathi. Kwesinye isikhathi amaqhinga ayashintsha futhi ayahleleka. UKharza akalokothi alandele umkhondo wakhe, uhlala evutha indlela entsha.
Isilwane sihamba kakhulu futhi siyasebenza kungakhathalekile ukuthi imini noma ubusuku futhi singagijima ama-20 km ngosuku. Uma kubanda ngaphandle, icasha endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku ezimbalwa. I-molts yezilwane kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo - ngoMashi-Agasti, ekwindla - ngo-Okthoba. Umuntu oyedwa angazingela endaweni eyi-2 kuye ku-12 m2. Iziqondisa endaweni ngenxa yokuzwa, ukuhogela, ukubona. Ukuxhumana, kwenza imisindo yokukhonkotha, kanti izingane zenza imisindo ecashile efana nokuhayiza.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Kharza
Le marten, ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo eziseduze, ihlala ngamaqembu abantu abaningana nokuzingela, ihlangana ngemihlambi yama-2-4 pcs. Ehlobo, amaqembu anjalo ahlala ehlakazeka futhi izilwane zizingela zodwa. Isilwane asihambi impilo yokuhlala phansi futhi asiboshelwe kusayithi elilodwa, kepha abesifazane benza izidleke ngesikhathi sokushela izingane, bazihlela emigodini noma kwezinye izindawo ezifihlekile. Laba abamele ama-mustelids bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngonyaka wesibili. Umdliwayo kungenzeka abe munye kuphela, njengoba enza ngazimbili ezizinzile. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka kwesinye sezikhathi: ngoFebhuwari-Mashi noma ngoJuni-Agasti. Kwesinye isikhathi umkhuba uhlala kuze kube ngu-Okthoba.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinsuku ezingama-200 noma ngaphezulu, kufaka phakathi isikhathi sokubambezeleka lapho umbungu ungakhuli. Lokhu kwehluka ngesikhathi kufaka isandla ekubukekeni kwezinsana ezimeni ezivumayo. Izingane zizalwa ngo-Ephreli, imvamisa kuba nemidlwane engu-3-4 kudoti ngamunye, ingaphansi kangako 5. Ekuqaleni ayizimpumputhe futhi ayizithulu, futhi isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-60 g. Umama uyayinakekela inzalo, uyifundisa amakhono okuzingela. Ngemuva kokuthi izingane zikhule futhi zishiye isidleke, ziyaqhubeka zisondele kunina futhi zizingele naye kuze kufike intwasahlobo, kepha zona ngokwazo ziyakwazi ukusinda, zidle izinambuzane nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezigabeni zokuqala.
Izitha zemvelo zeharza
Isithombe: Animal Kharza
I-marten enamabele aphuzi cishe ayinazo izitha endaweni yayo yemvelo. Zikhulu ngokwanele kwabanye abahlali basehlathini futhi ziyizidlakela. Ikhono lazo lokukhwela ezihlahleni bese lifiphiza lisuka kwesinye liye kwesinye lisiza ukugwema ukuhlaselwa yizilwane ezincelisayo ezisindayo njenge-lynx noma i-wolverine. Isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala besilwane endle yiminyaka engu-7.5, kepha lapho sigcinwa ekuthunjweni, siphila iminyaka eyi-15-16.
I-marten ayivamile, kepha ingaba yisisulu sezikhozi zokhozi, ihlosi lase-Ussuri, i-Himalayan nezinye izinhlobo zamabhere. Kepha izilwane ezidla ezinye ziyakugwema ukuzingela i-marten enesifuba esiphuzi, ngoba inyama inephunga elithile elifihlwa yizindlala. Yize lesi silwane esincelisayo singahlaselwa yingwe, kepha i-harza ivamise ukuhlala isondele kulo mhlali wasemahlathini ase-Ussuri, ukuze ihlanganyele ekudleni inyamazane esele ngemuva kwesidlo sakusihlwa esinemigqa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kharza
Ngokwezibalo ezinganembile, inani eRussia lingaba amakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5. Ukudoba kwakhe akwenziwa, ngoba uboya besilwane bunzima futhi bunenani elincane. I-Harza ihlukaniswa njengokukhathazeka Okuncane ngezinqubo ze-IUCN. Lesi silwane sinendawo yokuhlala ebanzi futhi sihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezindaweni ezivikelekile. Akukho okusongela lolu hlobo, ngoba emvelweni alunazo izitha ezisobala. Umzingeli akuyona indaba yokudoba. Kwezinye izindawo kuphela lapho kungasongelwa ukuphela kwezinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwaholela ekwehleni okuthile kwabantu abaningi. Kepha ngezinhlobo ezivamile emahlathini ahlala eluhlaza okotshani, kusenezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuhlala. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla okuncane kwabantu akubanga usongo ezinhlotsheni.
Isilo sisinda kahle emahlathini asele nasemasimini okwenziwa ngezizathu ezithile:
- izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye zisebenzisa i-harza encane njengokudla;
- cishe akakaze azingelwe;
- isimilo nokuziphatha kwakhe kunciphisa ithuba lokuwela ezingibeni;
- ubalekela kalula izinja ezifuywayo nezasendle.
Yize lungekho usongo kubantu baseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ubuhle obunamakhanda aphuzi buzingelwa eLaos, eVietnam, eKorea, ePakistan nase-Afghanistan. INuristan ingumhlinzeki omkhulu woboya ezimakethe zaseKabul. Lesi silwane singaphansi kokuvikelwa komthetho kwezinye izindawo ezinhlobonhlobo zaso, yilezi: iManyama, Thailand, nePeninsular Malaysia. Kubhalwe e-India kusithasiselo III se-CITES, esigabeni II soMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwemvelo yaseChina, kuleli kufakwe kwiRed Book.
Inhloso enkulu yokongiwa kwemvelo ukuqapha kwesimanje kwabantu baseHarz ukuze bathathe izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi uma noma yimaphi ama-subspecies ahlukanisiwe esiqhingini eqala ukwehla ngesibalo. Kharza - isilwane esihle, esikhanyayo asinayo inzuzo kwezentengiso eRussia, kepha kuyaqabukela impela. Akunasidingo sokwenza ihaba ngomonakalo odalwe yisilwane lapho uzingela izinyamazane ze-musk noma i-sable. Ufanelwe ukuphathwa ngokunakekelwa nokuvikelwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-15: 46
