Umndeni wabantu abadlulayo uvele esifundeni sase-Afrotropical maphakathi neMiocene. Amaqembu amabili, ondlunkulu beqhwa nabasemhlabeni, mhlawumbe badabuka esifundeni sasePalaearctic. Izinyoni e-Afrika zazihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: ondlunkulu bamatshe nondlunkulu beqiniso, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho benza ikoloni e-Afrika futhi kwaveza amakoloni wesibili e-Eurasia.
Ososayensi bezinyoni babona izinhlobo ezinhlanu zondlunkulu:
- iqhwa;
- ubumba;
- izinzwane ezimfushane;
- itshe;
- kwangempela.
Izici zendawo yezinhlobo zondlunkulu
Ondlunkulu beqhwa
Kusatshalaliswa eYurophu nase-Asia, kuvela kaningi e-Alaska ngesikhathi sokufuduka, kunciphisa indlela, kundiza oLwandle iBering. Ezinye izinyoni ezifudukayo ekwindla ziya eningizimu zisuka ohlangothini lwaseMelika. Ondlunkulu beqhwa babonakala ezifundazweni eziningi empumalanga yolwandle i-Atlantic naseningizimu yeColorado.
Ondlunkulu bomhlaba
Izinyoni zezidleke zikhetha i-semi-desert, amathafa anamadwala namathafa anotshani obufushane obomile, emaphethelweni ogwadule; zitholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Inner Mongolia naseMongolia kuya eSiberia Altai.
Ondlunkulu abanezinzwane ezimfushane
Bathanda izindawo ezomile ezinemifino eminyene, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezinamagquma nezintaba ezinabantu abaningi zaseTurkey, eMiddle East, kusukela e-Armenia kuya e-Iran, eningizimu yeTurkmenistan, e-Afghanistan naseBaluchistan (Pakistan), nazo kwesinye isikhathi ezitholakala eKuwait, Saudi Arabia, e-United Arab Emirates nase-Oman. Zilala ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
Ondlunkulu betshe
Izindawo ezinamatshe ezinotshani obufushane, izinkambu ezomile nezimatshe, izindawo ezinezintaba namanxiwa asendulo ziyakhethwa ukuhlala. Lokhu ukubukeka okujwayelekile kweMedithera. Indlunkulu yetshe itholakala eningizimu yeYurophu, isuka eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia nasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Afrika, idabula eningizimu yeYurophu iye e-Asia Ephakathi. Abantu base-Asia bathuthela eningizimu ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa nasebusika.
Ondlunkulu bangempela
Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswe zaba ama-subspecies amabili amakhulu:
Ondlunkulu bendlu
Amadolobha akhethiwe, amadolobha, amapulazi. Ayikho indawo ecacile yokuhlala, kepha zihlala zitholakala eduze kwezakhiwo zokufakelwa, hhayi ezindaweni zemvelo. Bahlala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, emaphethelweni edolobha, emapulazini, eduze nemizi yabantu namabhizinisi.
Ondlunkulu bensimu
Bahlala emapulazini nasemaphandleni. ENyakatho Melika, bahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezihlahlana nezihlahla ezihlakazekile, ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasemadolobheni. EYurophu nase-Asia, itholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezindawo zokuhlala ezivulekile, emaphethelweni ehlathi, emadolobhaneni, emapulazini.
Izici zomzimba zondlunkulu
Ukuhleleka kwabantu abadlulayo kunemilomo emifushane, eqinile, esetshenziselwa ukuqoqa imbewu yotshani nezinhlamvu. Izilimi zabo zinohlaka lwamathambo olwehlukile oluhluba amakhoba ezimbewini. Lezi zinyoni nazo zincibilika ngokuphelele lapho zingena esigabeni sokuphila sabantu abadala.
Imilomo yamadoda ishintsha umbala isuke kokumpunga iye komnyama lapho izinyoni ziqala ukuya ocansini. Izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni wondlunkulu ziphila impilo yokuzihlalela. Ondlunkulu bangempela namatshe banamaphiko amafushane, abuthuntu futhi andizanga kahle, enza izindiza ezimfishane eziqondile. Ondlunkulu beqhwa nabobumba abahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile kakhulu banamaphiko amade ngokulingana anezinombolo ezahlukahlukene zezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezimpapheni zabo, ezigqama kakhulu ezindizeni zokubonisa ezifana nezinyoni zasendaweni evulekile. I-dimorphism yezocansi kondlunkulu beqhwa, umhlaba namatshe cishe ayikho. Ondlunkulu besilisa kuphela ababa nendawo ephuzi emqaleni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ondlunkulu beqiniso abafiphele; abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngamabhibhi amnyama namaphethini athuthukile ekhanda.
Indlela ondlunkulu abaziphatha ngayo
Ondlunkulu abaningi bayazijabulisa, babuthana ngemihlambi emikhulu bese benza amakoloni. Izinhlobo eziningi zinokuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe. Ukukhulelwa kwamakoloni kungabonakala e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinyoni ahlala ngasikhathi sinye ezindaweni zokuhlala ondlunkulu. Emakoloni anjalo, izidleke zihlukaniswe eduze, kuze kufike kuma-200 izidleke esihlahleni ngasinye. Ngokuvamile, izidleke azitholakali kangako, inani lazo likhawulelwe ukutholakala kwezindawo ezifanelekile ezinezimila. Ngokuvamile izithandani ezingama-20-30 zihlala eduze.
Ondlunkulu bazitika ngothuli nangokugeza amanzi. Kokubili imisebenzi yomphakathi. Imihlambi yezinyoni iqoqa enye iqoqo elisebenzayo lembewu ngokuphumula endaweni yokukhosela ekahle. Ngenkathi kugaywa imbewu eqinile, ondlunkulu bahlala eduze komunye nomunye futhi balondoloze ukuxhumana nomphakathi ngokutshiyoza okuthambile.
Sparrow umsoco nokudla
Ondlunkulu badla:
- imbewu yezitshalo ezincane;
- okusanhlamvu kutshaliwe;
- ukudla izilwane ezifuywayo;
- imfucuza yasendlini;
- amajikijolo amancane;
- imbewu yezihlahla.
Okwezinkukhu, abazali "beba" ukudla kwezilwane. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ondlunkulu abadala badla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane ezihamba kancane, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi zibamba inyamazane yazo lapho indiza.
