Kodiak, noma njengoba libizwa nangokuthi ibhere lase-Alaska, naphezu kobukhulu balo obukhulu, akulona usongo kubantu. Esinye sezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zesikhathi sethu. Imelwe kuphela esiqhingini esisodwa esiseduze ne-Alaska. Inani labantu lingaphansi kwabantu abangama-4000. Lezi zinhlobo ezincane zisongelwa ngokubhujiswa okuphelele.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kodiak
I-Kodiak yisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu ngokwedlulele se-carnivores, umndeni webhere, uhlobo lwamabhere. I-subspecies yamabhere ansundu, ngakho-ke ithwala ukufana okuningi kubafowabo. Isikhathi eside, ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-taxak yi-grizzly. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kocwaningo lwamangqamuzana, kwavela ukuthi ama-Kodiaks ahlobene kakhulu nebhere elimnyama laseKamchatka, ibhere elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Eurasia.
Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukucabanga ukuthi okhokho bama-Kodiaks beza esiqhingini saseNyakatho Melika bevela eMpumalanga Ekude, njengabantu bomdabu. Amabhere afika kulesi siqhingi lapho lesi siqhingi sixhunywe yi-isthmus nezwekazi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-isthmus yagcwala amanzi, futhi amabhere ahlala engxenyeni yesiqhingi.
Ividiyo: Kodiak
IHabitat - iziqhingi zesiqhingi i-Kodiak kanye nesiqhingi i-Kodiak uqobo, esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Alaska. Igama lale mikhakha emincane "Kodiak" mhlawumbe livela egameni lesiqhingi lapho sihlala khona nalapho ososayensi baqala ukuthola khona lezi zinhlayiya. Ibhere elinsundu lafika eziqhingini zeziqhingi zaseKaakak kudala. Kodwa-ke, yaqala ukuthuthuka yaba yimifucumfucu ehlukile eminyakeni eyi-12,000 eyedlule. Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezahlukahlukene, leli bhere lizofinyelela usayizi ohehayo kangaka, linikeze usayizi webhere lasezindaweni eziphakeme kuphela.
Izici ezithonye usayizi webhere:
- ukuntuleka kwezitha zemvelo
- ukufinyelela okulula kokudla okuningi
Lezi zilwane zifana ngosayizi nebhere elivele lingasekho. Ososayensi bathola isifanekiso esikhulu esiqhingini, singenamandla futhi sikalwa. Isisindo asifikanga ku-800 kg kancane. Ngemuva kwalokho, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, abantu abahlala eduze bathi lesi silwane asifanga nje kuphela, kodwa futhi sanda ngosayizi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibhere le-Kodiak
I-Kodiak idlula bonke ozakwabo ngosayizi. Ibhere le-polar kuphela, okuyisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke emndenini, elidala ukuncintisana ngalo.
- ubude bomzimba - kufika kumamitha amathathu;
- ukuphakama kubuna - kuze kube ngamasentimitha angu-160;
- Uzipho - kuze kube ngamasentimitha ayi-15.
Abesilisa bakhulu cishe izikhathi ezi-2 kunabesifazane. Isisindo samadoda singamakhilogremu angama-500. Abesifazane bafinyelela isisindo esingaba ngama-250 kilograms. Isisindo esiphezulu samabhere siyabonakala ngaphambi kokulala ubusika. Kusukela eminyakeni eyisithupha, ayisakhuli, iba umuntu omdala ngokuphelele. Ososayensi bazi ngesifanekiso esinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-780, okuthi, ngokusho kwabahlali bendawo, sibe sikhulu ngokwengeziwe.
Umlomo omkhulu ngokushesha uheha ukunakwa. Amehlo ahlelelwe ukubuka okungcono. Umbala wazo onsundu. Ikhanda lihlala likhanya ukwedlula wonke umzimba. Le yindlela ehluke ngayo esihlotsheni sayo - ibhere le-grizzly. Umzimba ujwayelekile kuzo zonke amabhere ansundu. Unomzimba ohlangene, onemisipha onemilenze emide, enamandla nekhanda elikhulu. Ingxenyeni engemuva yezidladla ibonakala ngesikhumba esinolaka kakhulu, esivumela ukuthi idlulise kalula amakhaza nomswakama. Umsila mfushane futhi awunamsebenzi osebenzayo.
Leli bhere linemihlathi enamandla kakhulu enamazinyo abukhali, angaluma kalula hhayi noma yisiphi isitshalo, kodwa futhi nanoma yimaphi amathambo. Izipho zaleli bhere zinesici esingajwayelekile - ziyahlehliswa, zifike kumasentimitha ayi-15 ubude futhi zibukhali kakhulu. Iphunga elihle nokuzwa okuhle kunxephezela ukungaboni kahle, okwenza kube isilwane esiyingozi kakhulu.
Izinwele ze-Kodiak zinobude obuphakathi, kepha obukhulu. Uboya buza ngezinhlobonhlobo zemibala ensundu, kusuka ku-beige kuye kobumnyama. Umbala ovame kakhulu unombala onsundu, yize emvelweni kunabantu abanombala obomvu.
Eminyakeni emibili yokuqala yokuphila, amawundlu anendandatho yoboya obumhlophe entanyeni yabo. Iyanyamalala njengoba ikhula. Isici esithandekayo: amabhere engxenye esenyakatho yesiqhingi anengubo emnyama kunezakhamuzi zaseningizimu. Isikhathi sokuphila esimaphakathi sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-27 kwabesilisa neminyaka engama-34 kwabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, yi-10% kuphela yawo wonke amawundlu azelwe azofinyelela kule minyaka, ngoba lolu hlobo lunezinga lokufa eliphakeme kunalokho.
Uhlala kuphi i-Kodiak?
Isithombe: IGiant Kodiak Bear
U-Kodiak, njengoba igama liphakamisa, uhlala e-Kodiak Island naseziqhingini eziseduze neziqhingi zase-Kodiak. Itholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Alaska. Leli bhere alitholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni. Ngokuya ngeqiniso lokuthi i-Alaska ingeye-United States of America, singaphetha ngokuthi ibhere lingowokuzalwa eMelika. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathole ukuthi iMpumalanga Ekude iyizwe lakubo lamabhere, futhi ibhere elinsundu laseKamchatka yisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu.
Njengoba insimu ilinganiselwe, ububanzi bebhere ngalinye buncane kakhulu ngosayizi, ngokwesibonelo, ibhere eli-grizzly. Iqiniso elithandekayo, kepha lapho behlangana, i-Kodiaks ayilweli indawo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngesikhathi kuzalwa ama-salmon, amabhere ase-Alaska esixukwini aya emachibini ayodoba. Ibhere lithanda ukuhlala eduze kwemithombo yokudla. Futhi iguqula indawo yayo kuphela uma kunokudla okwanele ngenxa yesizini, kepha kuphela ebangeni layo.
Abesifazane banamathele kunina futhi bazama ukungayi kude naye, noma sebekhulile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesilisa babalekela lapho babehlala khona phambilini, sebefinyelele eminyakeni yobudala emi-3. U-Kodiak uncamela ubusika emihumeni etholakele. Uma engalitholi, ibhere lizihlomisa ngomhume, lisimboza ngamaqabunga omile notshani.
Yini edliwa yi-Kodiak?
Isithombe: Ibhere elinsundu le-Kodiak
I-Kodiak, njengamanye amabhere, ikakhulukazi i-omnivore. Angadla kokubili ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. La mabhere angabazingeli abahle kakhulu, njengoba iphunga lawo liphindwe izikhathi ezine ukwedlula elenja. Bayakwazi ukuzingela izinyamazane nezimbuzi zezintaba, kodwa hhayi wonke amabhere enza lokhu.
Ngentwasahlobo, ukudla kwebhere kuyizidumbu, utshani obuncane kanye ne-algae. Ngemuva kokulala ubusika, ibhere lidinga ukuthola amandla alo, ngoba ukuqhubeka nokuphila kwalo kuxhomeke kulokhu. Njengoba indawo yokuhlala kwaleli bhere iseduze noLwandlekazi iPacific, isisekelo sokudla kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba yizinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezihlukene zesalmon. Amabhere aya emachibini angajulile, imilomo yemifula futhi alinde izinhlanzi. Zingabamba zombili emanzini futhi zibambe lapho zibaleka lapho inhlanzi inqobe ama-rapids.
Ekwindla, ukudla kwabo kugcwaliswa ngamakhowe namantongomane. Amabhere adinga ukugcina amanoni ngaphambi kokulala. Ngemuva kwakho konke, bazoba nokudla kwabo okulandelayo kuphela ezinyangeni ezi-5 kamuva, ngemuva kokungena ebusika. Le nkinga inzima kakhulu kwabesifazane, ngoba kuzodingeka nokuthi bondle amawundlu abo bonke ubusika.
I-Kodiaks ingashintsha kancane indawo abahlala kuyo unyaka wonke, ifuna imikhiqizo engahle ibe ngamanani alinganiselwe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise ukudla kwakho futhi usebenzise ngokunenzuzo izinzuzo zakho. Ukuchichima kokudla nokutholakala kwayo kwenza ukuthi la mabhele afinyelele lobukhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Kodiak
Lezi zinhlayiya zamabhere zihola indlela yokuphila efana neyabanye abafowabo. Baphila impilo eyedwa. Okuwukuphela kokuhlukile yimibhangqwana phakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana kanye nabesifazane abanamawundlu. Ibhere ngalinye linendawo yalo yokuhlala, yize lincane kakhulu kune, ngokwesibonelo, ibhere le-grizzly. Insimu yabesilisa icishe iphindwe kabili kunaleyo yabesifazane. Ibhere limemezela indawo yalo ngokumaka. Uyakwazi ukuzigingqa odakeni, amake umchamo, noma azihlikihle ezihlahleni, ashiye iphunga lakhe. Lokhu kuvumela amanye amabhere ukuthi azi ukuthi le ndawo ihlala abantu. Yize lapho amabhere amabili ehlangana endaweni eyodwa, ngeke ayilwele, kepha azosakazeka ngokuthula.
I-Kodiak idonsa kakhulu ebusuku, kepha futhi ingondla ebusuku. Ifuduka kuphela endaweni ehlala kuyo ifuna ukudla kwesizini futhi ayikwazi ukufuduka isikhathi eside. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu sokuqala esibandayo, amabhere azifihla futhi ahlala kuwo kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amabhere agcine amanqolobane amafutha ukuze aphile kuze kufike intwasahlobo ezayo. Yize endaweni abahlala kuyo, egcwele imikhiqizo yokudla, lokhu ngeke kube nzima. Imvamisa kulalwa ubusika emihumeni etholakele, kepha futhi kungahlala emgodini.
Baphatha umuntu ngelukuluku. Kodwa-ke, uma bebona ingozi, bangahlasela. Lapho uxhumana nabo, kufanele uzame ukungabavumeli basondele, ngoba ngisho nentsha yalolu hlobo iphakeme kakhulu kunabantu ngamandla nobukhulu. Uma ibhere lisondela nokho, kufanelekile ukuzama ukulithusa ngokukhala, ungazami ukubaleka uhambe ngokuthula, ungakhombisi inhloso yokuhlasela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibhere le-Kodiak
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwama-Kodiaks siqala maphakathi noMeyi kuya ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kubhekwa inani elikhulu lokudla. Lolu hlobo lwebhere lunomncintiswano ophansi kowesifazane, ngoba owesilisa ngamunye uthola owesilisa oyedwa ozohlangana naye. Umbhangqwana osunguliwe ungahlala ndawonye kusuka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya kumaviki ambalwa.
Ama-Kodiak abesifazane, njengezinye izinhlobo zebhere, akhombisa ukubambezeleka kokufakwa kombungu esibelethweni. Ngakho-ke, iseli leqanda elinezinyane liqala ukukhula kuphela ekupheleni kukaNovemba. Ukuzalwa kwezingane kwenzeka ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari, noma kunjalo ngalesi sikhathi insikazi isezingeni lokulala. Cishe ama-2-3 cubs azalwa kudoti owodwa. Isikhathi sonke kuze kube sentwasahlobo, bazondla ngobisi lukamama kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi, uma insikazi ilahle amawundlu, elinye ibhere lingawamukela.
Amawundlu anesilinganiso esiphakeme sokufa. Cishe ama-50% wamawundlu awahlali ngisho neminyaka emi-2. Labo abakwazi ukusinda bahlala nomama wabo kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3, umama ubafundisa ukuzingela, abavikele kubantu abadala. Eminyakeni emithathu ubudala, bazimela ngokuphelele futhi baqala impilo yabo. Abesifazane bafinyelela ebusheni lapho beneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, abesilisa beneminyaka engu-5 ubudala.
I-shere ingazala kuphela njalo eminyakeni emi-4, lapho iqeda ukunakekela inzalo eyedlule. Ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuzalwa nokufa okuphezulu, inani lala mabhele liyalulama kancane kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo ze-Kodiak
Isithombe: Kodiak
Endaweni yabo yokuhlala, ama-Kodiaks awanazo izitha zemvelo ezisele. Kodwa-ke, abantu babo basongelwa izingozi ezinjengama-parasites, izifo eziningi, abazingeli nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Ngenxa yokuthi inani labo labantu liphakeme kakhulu kunelamanye amabhere, izifo ezinobuningi zikhula kuzo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Lesi sifo singabulala amabhere angaphezu kwekhulu, okuzothinta ngamandla inani lawo elincane. Amabhere amadala ahlala eyingozi enkulu ezinganeni. Bavame ukuzama ukubahlasela. Umama uvikela ngokunamandla amawundlu akhe, kepha, abesifazane bavame ukuba bancane kakhulu kunamabhere amadala.
Iqembu elisengozini enkulu ye-Kodiaks yintsha. Abasekho ngaphansi kwesandla sebhere, kepha abakatholi isisindo esidingekayo sokuvikelwa okuzimele kubantu abadala. Ngakho-ke ngalesi sikhathi, amabhere amancane azama ukungadonsi amehlo futhi, uma kungenzeka, agweme ukuhlangana namanye amabhere.
Imisebenzi yabantu idala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu bebhere. Ngisho nezivakashi ezingenabungozi kamuva zingadala ukufa kwebhere lase-Alaska. Bangasabisa ibhere lisuke endaweni yalo yokudla ejwayelekile, ngenxa yokuthi ngeke likwazi ukugcina amanoni futhi lisinde ebusika. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kucishe kwaqothula lolu hlobo lwezilwane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, okungaba okunye ukulahleka okungenakulungiswa kwesintu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibhere le-Kodiak ngokwemvelo
Esikhathini esedlule, ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho okukhulu koboya, inyama namafutha, inani lala mabhele lehliswe kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, kwathathwa isinqumo sokubayisa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa komhlaba. Okwamanje, ukuzingela lezi zinhlobo ezincane zebhere kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngumthetho wezwe. Isimo siyalawulwa. Bangaphezu kuka-160 abantu abangadutshulwa ngonyaka, ukuze bangalimazi kakhulu abantu. Izimvume zokuzingela zinikezwa kuphela abantu abathile abazimisele ukukhokha isamba esikhulu.
Okwamanje, inani lama-taxaks cishe ngabantu abangama-4000. Lesi yisikhathi esisodwa nengxenye esingaphansi kweminyaka eyikhulu edlule. Bangaphansi kweso elibukhali lososayensi.
Ukutadisha lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu kwisazi semvelo esidumile - uChris Morgan. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akagcini nje ngokufunda lezi zinhlobo ezincane, kepha futhi ukhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukuvikelwa kwala mabhere.
Ukubuka i-Kodiak uhlobo olusha lokuzilibazisa okwedlulele nokuzilibazisa okuthandayo kwezakhamizi zendawo. Kuphela abanesibindi abakulungele ukubhekana nalesi silwanyana ubuso nobuso. Kunohambo lwezivakashi oluya e-Kodiak Island, olungabhukelwa kuwebhusayithi ekhethekile. Izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ziza ukuzobona lesi sidlakela. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kunaka kungalimaza amabhere. Ngemuva kwakho konke, abantu bangasabisa isilo kude nemithombo yaso yokudla ejwayelekile, futhi ngeke sikwazi ukugcina amanoni anele okulala ubusika.
Kunamacala ama-2 kuphela aziwa ngokubulawa kwabantu yilawa ma-subspecies. Kodwa-ke, umuntu akanakusho ukuthi bobabili laba bantu babengabazingeli futhi bazama ukubulala amabhere, ngaleyo ndlela becasula izilwane. Ngakho-ke singaphetha ngalokho kodiak hhayi ibhere elinolaka futhi akubeki ingozi kubantu. Lolu hlobo oluncane luhlala lubhekene nengozi yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Inani lala mabhele namuhla liyingxenye nje kuphela yalokho elaliyikho eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Kepha kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi abantu basungule uhlelo lokuvikela olulawula ngokuqinile ubukhulu balesi sabantu futhi olungavumeli ukuqothulwa kwalezi zidlakela ezinkulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-21: 17
