I-Canine leptospirosis yisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa amagciwane avela kuhlobo lweLeptospira. Lesi sifo sibonakala ngokulimala okukhulu kuma-capillaries, futhi kaningi kukhona ukulimala okusobala ezinso nasezibindi, izicubu zomzimba, ezihambisana nokudakwa kanye nomkhuhlane ongapheli.
Yikuphi izinja ezisengcupheni
Igciwane le-Leptospira limelelwa ama-serotypes ayisithupha ahlukene. ILeptospira ingathinta izinja zazo zonke izinhlobo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zineminyaka emingaki. Ekusebenzeni kwezilwane namuhla, izimo eziningi zokutheleleka ezilwaneni, njengomthetho, zenzeka kuphela kuma-serotypes L. Icterohaemorrhagiae naseL. Canicolau.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ukubonakaliswa okuphawulekayo komsebenzi weLeptospira kuphawulwa kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-220 echibini nasemanzini omfula, kanye nasemachibini angcolile anamanzi amile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude besikhathi sokuphila sefomu lamagciwane emhlabathini omanzi bungahluka ngisho ezinsukwini ezingama-79-280. Umenzeli wesifo esiyingozi esithathelwanayo akamelana nezibulala-magciwane, ngaphandle kwemithi ekhethekile yeqembu lokuqala.
Izithwali eziyinhloko zebhaktheriya le-pathogenic kanye nemithombo yokudedelwa kwazo emvelweni wangaphandle zifaka phakathi izilwane ezibuyisiwe nezithelelekile. Bonke abantu abanegciwane babonakala ngokukhishwa okusebenzayo kwamabhaktheriya obisini lwebele, kanye nendle yemvelo, uketshezi oluvela emaphashini nasezitho zangasese.
Izinqolobane eziyimpilo enkulu zamabhaktheriya anjalo noma izithwali zamagciwane zimelelwa ngamagundane amancane, afaka phakathi amagundane, izimbila nezingwejeje zomhlabathi, amagundane asendle nama-voles. Ukuqhuma okusebenzayo kakhulu kwe-leptospirosis ezinjeni, njengokujwayelekile, kwenzeka kuphela ngezikhathi zasehlobo nasekwindla, lapho uLeptospira ezizwa ekhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka.
I-Leptospirosis iyingozi ikakhulukazi kubantu abancane kunabo bonke, kanye nasemidlwane, ngenxa yokuzivikela okungaphelele okwenziwe ezilwaneni ezinjalo. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zoMthethosisekelo ezikhululekile zisengozini, okubandakanya abashayisibhakela, amaFulld namaNgisi amaBulldogs, iCane Corso, iBullmastiffs, i-Sharpei, i-Bloodhounds neBasset Hounds.
Kunoma ikuphi, i-leptospirosis yanoma yiluphi uhlobo kunzima kakhulu ukuyelapha, ngakho-ke, lapho kungekho ukwelashwa okufanelekile, ukufa kuyaziwa kaningi. Isibikezelo esihle sezilwane ezithelelekile kungenzeka kuphela ngokuxilongwa okufika ngesikhathi, kanye nokukhetha okulungile kwemithi yokwelapha esebenzayo.
Cishe cishe isonto, inja etheleleke nge-leptospirosis iqala ukukhiphela amabhaktheriya endaweni yangaphandle, kepha ubude bale nqubo buxhomeke ngqo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo ze-leptospira, ukumelana komzimba wesilwane, isimo kanye nesigaba sesifo, kanye ne-virus virulence.
Izimpawu ze-leptospirosis ezinjeni
Ukungeniswa kwe-leptospirosis ejenti lesilwane emzimbeni wesilwane kubangela ukuvela kwezimpawu zokulimala kohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi, ukungasebenzi kahle komgudu wamathumbu kanye nesistimu yokuphefumula. Ngokumelene nesizinda sokudakwa okujwayelekile komzimba, izimpawu zokuhluleka kwe-hepatic ne-renal ziyabonakala, futhi umsebenzi walo lonke uhlelo oluphakathi lwezinzwa kanye nemisipha yenhliziyo kuphazamiseka.
Izimpawu ezisobala kakhulu ze-leptospirosis ezinjeni zifaka ukwanda kokushisa komzimba, okuvame ukufika ku-40-41mayelanaC. Isilwane esinegciwane ngokuvamile siba nokuhlanza okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kanye nohudo. Ngaphezu kokungakhathali, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile, ukungathandi ukudla, nokwenqaba okuphelele noma okuncane kokudla, izinkinga zokuchama zivame ukubonwa. Igazi livela endle nasemchameni.
Ukuhlolwa kwesilwane kwembula ubukhona bezinhlungu ezinzima emgodini wesisu, kepha ukubonakaliswa kwesifo kuncike kakhulu kuzici zefomu leptospirosis.
Amafomu we-leptospirosis
Esigabeni sokuqala sokutheleleka, ukungena kwe-leptospira emzimbeni kuyaziwa, ukungena kwabo egazini, izicubu zesibindi, ubende, kanye nezinso nezindlala ze-adrenal, lapho kukhona ukwanda okwandayo kwamagciwane. Ukutheleleka okujwayelekile kuhambisana ne-leptospiremia ephindaphindwayo, kulandele ukungena kwamagciwane esibindi nasezinso, izindlala ze-adrenal kanye nama-meninges. Esikhathini sokuqala sesifo, i-parasitism ibonakala ebusweni beseli.
Isigaba se-toxinemia sibonakala ezilwaneni ngesilonda esicacile se-endothelium yama-capillaries, kanye nokwanda kokuqina kwazo ngokuvela kwesifo esichazayo se-hemorrhagic syndrome nokulimala kwesibindi, izinso nezindlala ze-adrenal. Ngemuva kokuphakama kwesifo, isigaba siqala, esibonwa ngokwakhiwa kwesigaba esingeyona oyinyumba sokuzivikela ngokuvela kwama-antibody egazini lenja, kanye nasekuqothulweni komtholampilo kwenqubo.
Isigaba sokugcina sibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwesigaba esiyinyumba sokuzivikela, kufaka phakathi amahlaya, isitho sendawo kanye nokuzivikela kwezicubu, ngemuva kwalokho ukululama komtholampilo kwenja kuqala.
Ifomu le-Icteric
Ukubonakaliswa okuphawuleka kakhulu komtholampilo kwaleli fomu leptospirosis kumelwe ukuphuphuma kocwambu lwamafinyila emgodini wamakhala nangomlomo, kanye nezitho zangasese kanye ne-conjunctiva. Ukuphuzi kuphawulwa esikhunjeni nasengxenyeni engaphakathi yezindlebe. Isilwane esitheleleke ngaleli fomu sibonakala ngokudangala nokwenqaba ukudla, kanye nokuba khona kwe-dyspeptic syndrome, efaka i-anorexia, ukuhlanza okukhulu kanye nohudo.
Isithombe segazi senja egulayo sibonakala ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-bilirubin. Kanye ne-hemorrhagic, ne-icteric form, izimpawu zokwehluleka kwe-renal ne-hepatic, ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwesisu namathumbu emathumbu, nokukhubazeka kwesibindi. Ukuba khona kobuhlungu obunzima lapho kuthinta indawo yesisu sesilwane kuyaziwa. Izilonda ezinamandla, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ezingenakulungiswa zesisu kanye nomgudu wamathumbu azikhishwa ngaphandle.
Imbangela yokufa kwenja ethintekile yifomu le-icteric ukubonakala kokushaqeka okunobuthi, ukutheleleka okunzima kakhulu kanye nokoma komzimba komzimba, kanye ne-keratitis kanye ne-conjunctivitis kungatholwa kubantu ababuyile.
Ifomu le-hemorrhagic
Uhlobo lwe-hemorrhagic (anicteric) leptospirosis lutholakala ezimweni eziningi ezilwaneni ezindala nasezinja ezibuthakathaka. Esikhathini esiningi, lesi sifo sivela nge-subacute ne-acute form, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu zomtholampilo kuthatha izinsuku ezi-2-7, futhi amazinga okufa kwezilwane afinyelela ku-55-65%. Ifomu le-subacute leptospirosis libonakala ngokuthuthuka okuhamba kancane kokubonakaliswa kwemitholampilo nobukhali babo obuncane. Isikhathi sesifo singahluka kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuya kwezingama-23. Kuleli fomu, izinkinga zezifo zesibili kanye nokutheleleka kuyabonakala, futhi izinga lokufa cishe liyi-35-55%.
Kwezinye izinja, kuphawulwa ukuguqulwa kwesigaba se-subacute kanye ne-acute se-leptospirosis kuya kufomu elingapheli, elihambisana nesithombe somtholampilo omnene. Kulokhu, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lingakhuphuka kancane noma lingaphakathi kobubanzi obujwayelekile. Ukwehluleka kokusebenza kwezitho zomgudu wamathumbu kanye nohlelo oluphakathi lwezinzwa kuyatholakala, futhi ukwehla kwezindlela zokuvikela namandla kuphawuliwe. Ngendlela engapheli ye-leptospirosis, inkambo efana ne-wave yalesi sifo ibonwa ngokuhluka okuxekethile ngamazinga ahlukahlukene wokuqina kwezimpawu nobukhulu besithombe somtholampilo.
I-symptomatology yokuqala ye-leptospirosis ivela enja cishe amahora angama-24 ngemuva kokutheleleka. Ukuqala kwalesi sifo kuhambisana ne-hyperthermia yesikhashana nokunyuka okucijile kokushisa komzimba kuze kufike ku-41.0-41.5mayelanaC. Kulokhu, isilwane sinokoma okunamandla, siveze ulwelwesi lwama-anemic mucous kanye ne-conjunctiva. Inja etheleleke ngale ndlela ye-leptospirosis inempendulo ebuthakathaka ezintweni ezingaphandle, ngokushesha iba yindlala futhi ingabi nandaba, futhi yenqabe ngokuphelele ukudla. Ngemuva kwamahora angama-24-48, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehlela ku-37.5-38.0mayelanaC, i-hemorrhagic syndrome ekhulayo iba nokuvinjelwa kwemithambo yegazi ngama-leptospira exotoxins amaningi kanye ne-lysis elandelayo yama-erythrocyte.
Isithombe esiveziwe somtholampilo sesifo sihambisana nokubonakala kokopha kwangaphandle nangaphakathi ngokopha okukhulu kolwelwesi lwamafinyila nokwakheka kwe-necrotic foci. Kulokhu, ukopha kuthinta umgudu wamathumbu, kanye nezinye izitho nezinhlelo zomzimba. Isilwane sinesifo sohudo esibi kakhulu esine-disseminative syndrome kanye nokulimala endaweni yemijovo ye-intramuscular noma subcutaneous. Inja ihlushwa yizicanucanu nokuhlanza okweqile ngokufakwa igazi. Isimungulu esinamahlule egazi sibonakala emchameni nasendleni. Ukuhlaselwa yisisu kungalandelwa ukuqunjelwa.
Ngendlela yokopha yesifo esithathelwanayo esibucayi, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni okuphezulu kakhulu kuphawulwa emchameni. Isilwane esine-leptospirosis asisebenzi futhi asikhathaleli, futhi izilonda zokopha zeminwe ezinjeni zivame ukuhambisana nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemizwa nokuphazamiseka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwezitho zesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi. Lapho kutholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi sokushaya kwesisu, izinso nezibindi, inja ibhekana nokuhlaselwa kobuhlungu obukhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke iziphatha ngokunganaki ngokweqile.
Uhlobo lwe-leptospirosis olopha kakhulu lubonakala ngokungabi namanzi emzimbeni, ukudakwa, isigaba esibi se-enteritis eyophayo, ukuqina kwezinso kanye / noma ukwehluleka kwe-hepatic, i-oliguria, kanye nokuquleka okuvamile kwe-clonic.
Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa
Ukwenza ukuxilongwa okunembe kakhulu bese ukhetha uhlobo lwemithi olulungile, udokotela wezilwane, ngaphezu kokuqoqa umlando jikelele wenja, uzodinga ukwenza izindlela ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo zokuxilonga. Kulokhu, kuhlolwa umchamo negazi lesilwane ngaphandle kokuhluleka, futhi kokunye ukucasulwa kwezitho zobulili zenja kungaphansi kokuhlolwa.
Umchamo uhlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, futhi izinto eziphilayo zigaywe ezindaweni ezikhethekile zaselabhorethri, ezikuvumela ukuthi unqume uhlobo lwezifo eziphilayo ngokufanele ngangokunokwenzeka. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izinga lemininingwane yokuqukethwe kokuhlaziywa okunjalo incike ekutheni isilwane esigulayo sikutholile yini ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotic. Ukukhishwa okutholwe ezithweni zangasese zenja nakho kuhlolwe nge-microscopically.
Ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuthola ukutholakala kwama-antibodies ku-pathogen uLeptospira kwenziwa kaningana, ngesikhawu esijwayelekile samasonto onke. Uma isilwane sigula nge-leptospirosis, inani eliphelele lama-antibody egazini lalo lingakhushulwa izikhathi eziningana. Uma kunesidingo, udokotela wezilwane unquma ezinye izinto kanye nezifundo ezihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa kanye nokunquma isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwesifo.
Ukwelashwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-leptospirosis kwehlukaniswe izigaba ezine eziyinhloko, kufaka phakathi ukubhujiswa okusebenzayo kwe-agent ye-causative yesifo se-Leptospira, ukugqugquzela umsebenzi wenhliziyo, kanye nokuqeda ubuthi, okulandelwa ukubuyiselwa kokusebenza kwazo zonke izitho nezinhlelo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isisekelo sokwelashwa okuphumelelayo ukulwa ne-pathogen. Izinyathelo zokwelashwa ezingeziwe zingahluka ngokuya ngesimo senja.
I-antileptospirotic gamma globulin inomphumela omuhle wokwelapha, ogcwaliswa ukwelashwa kwama-antibacterial nokuqokwa kwezidakamizwa ezihlolwe isikhathi eside "iPenicillin", "iTetracycline" kanye nama-aminoglycosides. Ukwelashwa kokukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni kufanele kunikezwe ngokuqapha okuyimpoqo kwevolumu yokukhishwa kwansuku zonke komchamo. Ukwelashwa okuyizimpawu kwe-leptospirosis kufaka phakathi ama-hemostatic agents anamuhla, kanye nokulungiswa kwe-acid-base balance.
Ngemuva kokuphulukiswa, isilwane siba nokuzivikela okuqinile, okuhlala iminyaka eminingana. Lapho i-leptospira ithinteka yizicubu zezinso, izinja eziningi zihlala zithwala izinto ezisebenzayo zamagciwane isikhathi eside. Ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi isilwane sakho asiseyona into ethwala amabhaktheriya, kubalulekile ukuthi kuthathwe ukuhlolwa kwe-urinalysis ukuze kuhlolwe elebhu emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokululama.
Ngokuphathelene nokubikezela, inkinga ye-leptospirosis inzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke odokotela bezilwane babanikeza ngokucophelela okukhulu. Uma ukwelashwa kwesifo esithathelwanayo kunqunywe ngendlela efanele nangesikhathi esifanele, cishe ezimweni ezingama-50%, inja iyalulama evikini lesibili noma lesithathu. Ngomonakalo omkhulu ezithweni ezibalulekile, kufaka phakathi izinso nesibindi, amathuba okufa akhula kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kuyimpoqo enja efile, evumela ukuhlola uketshezi oluthathwe esifubeni nase-peritoneum yesilwane, kanye nezicubu zezinso nezesibindi ukukhomba uhlobo lwegciwane.
Izindlela zokuvimbela
I-Leptospirosis yisifo esiyingozi kakhulu esithathelwanayo sezilwane ezithinta izinja, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zizaleluphi ubudala neminyaka yazo. Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-leptospirosis, ukugoma kokuvimbela kwenziwa. Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa i-mono- ne-polyvaccines. Umphumela omuhle unikezwa ngemigomo ehambisanayo yokukhiqizwa kwangaphandle nakwasekhaya, esebenza kahle kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nama-serotypes we-Leptospira Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae.
Odokotela bezilwane bancoma ukusebenzisa i- "Biovac-L", "Leptodog" ne "Multican-6" ngenhloso yokuzivikela. Umthamo womuthi ojojowe kufanele ukhethe udokotela wezilwane, kucatshangelwa imiyalo esephakeji kanye nesisindo somzimba sesilwane. Imidlwane iqale igonyelwe i-leptospirosis inamasonto ayisishiyagalombili noma ayishumi. Kulokhu, ukugoma okuphindaphindiwe kwenziwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-21. Ezilwaneni ezindala, kanye nezinja esezikhulile ezinesimo somzimba sokuzivikela esingaziwa, ezimweni ezingezinhle ze-epizootic, ukugoma okusebenzayo, ukwenziwa, kusetshenziswa i-hyperimmune serum.
Lapho uhlela uhambo nenja ezifundeni ezingafanele i-leptospirosis, ukugoma kokuvikela kwenziwa inyanga eyodwa ngaphambi kohambo. Abafuyi bezinja nabalimi bezinja abancane kufanele banake ngokukhethekile izimo zezilwane, kanye nokudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Akunconywa ngokuqinile ukuthi ungayinaki inhlanzeko eyisisekelo nezindlela zokuvimbela. Kubalulekile ukunaka ukuqiniswa okujwayelekile kwamasosha omzimba womzimba we-canine futhi unamathele ohlelweni lokugoma olusungulwe udokotela wezilwane, ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kwesilwane kusuka ectoparasites.
Umnikazi wenja udinga ukuqapha ukuhlanzeka kwendawo ebiyiwe, kanye nendawo yokulala yesilwane, usebenzisa amalungiselelo amanje nezibulala-magciwane ezikhethekile ezivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ngale njongo.
Imiphumela ye-leptospirosis
Uma inja etheleleke ngezifo ezithathelwanayo iyasinda, khona-ke imvamisa iba nezinkinga eziningi ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi ukungasebenzi kwesibindi nezinso, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kohlelo lokugaya ukudla. Ngasikhathi sinye, isikhathi sokululama, esidingekayo ezithweni nakuma-system, sithatha inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezintathu. Kulesi sigaba, kwenziwa inqubo ekhethekile yokwelapha, efaka ukusetshenziswa kwe-enzyme kanye nezidakamizwa zesimanje zokuvikela i-hepaprotective.
Ukugwema izinkinga ezinkulu, kunqunywa izidakamizwa ezijwayeza umsebenzi wepheshana lokugaya emathunjini, kanye nokudla okwenziwe ngokukhethekile kokwelashwa, okwenezelwa ngamalungiselelo weqembu likavithamini B. Ama-hepatoprotectors afana no-Essentiale, Galstena noKarsil asiza ukubuyisa ukusebenza kwesibindi. Umphumela omuhle kakhulu ekuqiniseni uhlelo lwe-vascular unikezwa ngokuqokwa kwe-ascorbic acid ne-rutin esilwaneni. Ukuqinisa imisipha yenhliziyo ebuthakathaka, izidakamizwa "Thiotriazolin", "Riboxin", kanye nezinye izinhlobo zama-pacemaker ziyasetshenziswa. I-Homeopathy ivame ukunikezwa phakathi nesigaba sokutakula.
Ingozi kubantu
I-Leptospirosis ingeyesigaba sezifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi kakhulu ezibanga ukuvuvukala kokopha kwezicubu zesibindi, izitho zokugaya ukudla nohlelo oluphakathi lwezinzwa. Isifo esinjalo sidluliseka kalula sisuka esilwaneni esinegciwane siye kubantu. Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala, kuqoqwa umlando wesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, kutholwa amasosha omzimba kuma-sera abhanqiwe, futhi kuthathwa igazi ukuze lifakwe inoculation kwimidiya yezamasiko, kuhlolwe nomchamo. Kutholwe i-RNA ethile noma i-DNA kusetshenziswa i-RT-PCR noma i-PCR.
Indlela yokudlulisela ye-leptospirosis ixhumana kuphela. I-pathogen ingena emzimbeni womuntu ngesikhumba esonakele nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, ngenkathi ibhukuda emzimbeni ongcolile wamanzi, obonakala ngamanzi amile. Kukhona nezimo ezaziwayo zokungcola kokudla okunempilo ngenxa yokusebenzisa amanzi aluhlaza avela emithonjeni yemvelo engaqinisekisiwe, inyama nobisi. I-pathogen ayidluliselwa kubantu, ngoba lesi sifo yi-zoonosis ejwayelekile.
Ukubonakaliswa komtholampilo kwe-leptospirosis kubantu kuncike esimweni sesifo futhi kufaka phakathi ukwanda kokushisa komzimba, umjovo kanye ne-icterus ye-sclera, isibindi esikhulisiwe, ukuvela kobuhlungu obukhulu bemisipha kanye ne-tachycardia, ukuvela kwe-oliguria, bese kuba yi-anuria. Ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, i-myocarditis esithathelwanayo kanye ne-hemorrhagic syndrome kuyakhula, futhi kuvela izimpawu zomqondo ezicacile.
Izinkinga ezibangelwa i-leptospirosis zivame ukwethulwa kubantu abanesibindi esibucayi njenge-coma eyingozi ye-hepatic, ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezinso nokuphuma kwegazi, izilonda zolwelwesi lwamehlo kanye ne-myocarditis, ukukhubazeka kanye ne-paresis, kanye nokushaqeka okunobuthi okuthelelanayo.
