Ngisho lona igama elithi "barn swallow swallow" lisikisela ukuthi le nyoni icishe ayihlali emadolobheni, ikhetha umoya wasemaphandleni wamahhala.
Incazelo ye-Barn swallow
IHirundo rustica (barn swallow) iyinyoni encane efudukayo ehlala cishe emhlabeni wonke... Izakhamuzi zaseYurophu nase-Asia, e-Afrika naseMelika ziyamazi. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-killer whale futhi ingeyezinhlobo zezinkonjane zangempela ezivela emndenini wezinkonjane, oyingxenye ye-oda elikhulu labantu abadlulayo.
Ukubukeka
Igama elithi "killer whale" lanikezwa le nyoni ngomsila wayo owemfoloko "nama-braids" - izimpaphe zomsila ezeqile, eziphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso. IBarn Swallow ikhula ize ifike ku-15-20 cm enesisindo esingu-17-20 g nesiphiko samasentimitha angama-32-36 cm. Phezulu, inyoni imnyama okwesibhakabhaka ngombala osansimbi ohlukile, futhi umbala wesisu / owokuthengiswayo kunqunywa ibanga futhi kuyahlukahluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kobomvu-chestnut. Umsila ongaphezulu nawo umnyama. Imikhomo ebulalayo enebhande elibomvu isici eseMelika, eMiddle East naseGibhithe, kanye naseningizimu yeSiberia naseCentral Asia.
Izimpiko zinsundu ngezansi, imilenze ayinazo izimpaphe. Izinyoni ezisencane zinemibala evinjelwe kakhulu futhi azinawo amagoda amade njengabantu abadala. Inhloko yesibaya sokugwinya inemibala emibili - ingxenye ephezulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka igcwaliswa ngokubomvu kwe-chestnut, kusatshalaliswa ebunzini, esilevini nasemphinjeni. Umsayino wesiginjana osisayinde omude, onokusika okumise okwefoloko, kubonakala lapho inyoni indizela phezulu emoyeni. Kuphela lapho indiza i-killer whale ikhombisa khona uchungechunge lwamachashaza amhlophe ajikelezayo ahlobisa umsila eduze kwesisekelo salo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Umkhomo obulalayo ubhekwa njengoshesha futhi oshesha kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izinkonjane - uhamba ngekhono phezulu esibhakabhakeni bese wehla lapho izimpiko zawo zicishe zithinte phansi. Uyazi ukushibilika phakathi kwamabhilidi, ukweqa kalula izithiyo, ukusondela eduze kwezindonga ukwethusa nokubamba izimpukane noma amabhu ahlezi lapho. IBarn Swallow imvamisa indiza ezingxenyeni ezingezansi, ikhuphukele phezulu ekufudukeni ekwindla / entwasahlobo. Umzila wendiza yansuku zonke uhamba phezu kwezimfunda namasimu, uphahla nemigwaqo yasemakhaya.
Imikhomo ebulalayo ihambisana nemfuyo, iqhutshelwe emadlelweni, njengoba ama-midges nezimpukane ziba abangane bayo njalo. Ngaphambi kwesimo sezulu esibi, izinkonjane ziya emanzini, zizingela izinambuzane ezehla ezingxenyeni zomoya ongaphezulu. Inkonjane ibamba ukoma empukaneni futhi ibhukuda ngendlela efanayo, iphonseka ngokushesha emanzini ngenkathi ishibilika eduze kwamanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukutshiyoza komkhomo obulalayo kuzwakala njenge- "vit", "vi-vit", "chivit", "chirivit" futhi kufakwa ngezikhathi ezithile ne-roulade ebabazekayo efana ne- "cerrrrrr" Owesilisa ucula kaningi kunowesifazane, kepha ngezikhathi ezithile bacula njenge-duet.
Engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti - engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba, izinqolobane ezihamba esibayeni ziya eningizimu. Ekuseni, umhlambi uyasuswa lapho uhlala khona bese uya emazweni ashisayo / asenkabazwe.
Isikhathi esingakanani isibaya sigwinya
Ngokusho kwe-ornithologists, imikhomo yokubulala iphila iminyaka engu-4. Ezinye izinyoni, ngokusho kwemithombo, ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-8, kepha lezi zibalo akunakucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizinkomba zezinhlobo zizonke.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane awubonakali ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngoba izinyoni zabo bobabili ubulili zibukeka cishe zifana. Umehluko ubonwa kuphela kumbala wezimpaphe (abesilisa banemibala ekhanyayo), kanye nobude bomsila - emadodeni, ama-braids made.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izinkonjane zeBarn zihlala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwase-Australia nase-Antarctica... Zizala eNyakatho Yurophu, eNyakatho nase-Asia Ephakathi, eJapane, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Melika, eNyakatho Afrika, naseningizimu yeChina. Ebusika bathuthela e-Indonesia naseMicronesia, e-South Asia naseNingizimu Melika.
Inkonjane yesibaya nayo iyatholakala eRussia, ikhuphukela e-Arctic Circle (enyakatho) naseCaucasus / Crimea (eningizimu). Kuyaqabukela undizele emadolobheni, futhi ngaphandle kwawo kwakha izidleke:
- ophahleni;
- ezibayeni / ezinqolobaneni;
- endaweni yokuthengisa utshani;
- ngaphansi kwama-eaves ezakhiwo;
- ngaphansi kwamabhuloho;
- emachwebeni esikebhe.
Izidleke zokugwinya zatholakala emihumeni, emigodini enamadwala, phakathi kwamagatsha ngisho nase ... ezitimeleni ezihamba kancane.
Ukudla kokugwinya kwe-Barn
Iqukethe izinambuzane ezindizayo ezingama-99% (ikakhulukazi ama-dipterans), okwenza izinkonjane zincike kakhulu esimweni sezulu. Izinyoni eziningi ezisheshe zabuya ebusika ziyaphela lapho ukufudumala kwentwasahlobo kuthathelwa indawo ukubanda okungazelelwe okubandayo. Esimweni sezulu esipholile, izinqolobane zigwinya indlala - kunezinambuzane ezimbalwa, futhi azisakwazi ukunikeza inyoni (nge-metabolism yayo esheshayo) izakhamzimba ezanele.
Ukudla kwesibaya ukugwinya kufaka izinambuzane ezinjenge:
- izintethe;
- amabhu;
- ojekamanzi;
- amabhungane nezinyendle;
- izinambuzane zasemanzini (izimpukane ze-caddis nezinye);
- Izimpukane namaphakathi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinkonjane zeBarn (njengezinye izinkonjane) azikaze zizingele iminyovu nezinyosi eziphethe udosi olunobuthi. Izinkonjane ezibamba lezi zinambuzane zingahlosile ngokuvamile zibulawa ukulunywa kwazo.
Ngezinsuku ezifudumele, imikhomo ebulalayo ifuna inyamazane yayo phezulu kakhulu, lapho ithwalwa ngumoya womoya okhuphukayo, kepha kaningi (ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kwemvula) zindiza ziseduze nomhlabathi noma amanzi, zihlwitha izinambuzane ngokushesha.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Inkonjane eyodwa yesibaya senkonjane ihlangene ngokwemvelo ne-polyandry, lapho owesilisa ongatholanga intombi ehlangana nezithandani ezizinzile... Okwesithathu okungadingekile kwabelana ngemisebenzi yomshado nalowo okhethiwe ngokusemthethweni, futhi kusiza nokwakha / ukuqapha isidleke nokuchamisela amaqanda (noma kunjalo, akazondli amaphuphu). Unyaka ngamunye, izinyoni zakha imishado emisha, zigcina izibopho ezindala iminyaka eminingana, uma i-brood iphumelele. Isikhathi sokuzalisa sincike kuma-subspecies nakububanzi bawo, kepha imvamisa iwela ngoMeyi-Agasti.
Abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi bazama ukuzibonakalisa kuyo yonke inkazimulo yabo, besakaza umsila wabo futhi bakhipha i-chirp crumbly. Bobabili abazali bakhe isidleke, bakhe uhlaka lodaka bese bengezelela ngotshani / izimpaphe. Ku-clutch kunamaqanda ama-3 kuye kwayi-7 amhlophe (imvamisa ama-5), anamachashaza abomvu ansundu, nsomi noma mpunga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala emaqandeni ngokushintshana, futhi ngesikhathi sasehlobo ama-2 broods angavela. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, amatshwele aqanduselwa, abazali bawo abawondla kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-400 ngosuku. Noma yisiphi isinambuzane esilethwe yile nyoni sifakwa ngaphambili ebholeni, esilungele ukugwinywa.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-19-20, amaphuphu aphuma esidlekeni bese eqala ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, engekude nendlu yoyise. Abazali banakekela amaphuphu esephikweni elinye isonto - bakhombisa indlela eya esidlekeni baphakele (kaningi endizeni). Kudlula elinye isonto, futhi izinkonjane ezincane zishiya abazali bazo, zivame ukujoyina imihlambi yabantu. Izinkonjane zeBarn zivuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka olandelayo ukuqanduselwa. Intsha isalela ngemuva kwezindala ekukhiqizeni, izalela amaqanda ambalwa kunamabhangqa avuthiwe.
Izitha zemvelo
Izilwane ezinkulu ezinezimpaphe azihlaseli imikhomo ebulalayo, ngoba azihambisani nemimoya yayo esheshayo yombani kanye nama-pirouettes.
Kodwa-ke, ocekane abancane bayakwazi ukuphinda umzila wayo ngakho-ke bafakiwe kuhlu lwezitha zemvelo zesibaya sokugwinya:
- i-hobby falcon;
- i-merlin;
- isikhova nesikhova;
- weasel;
- amagundane namagundane;
- izilwane ezifuywayo (ikakhulukazi amakati).
Izinkonjane zeBarn, zihlangene, zivame ukuxosha ikati noma uklebe, zizungeze phezu komzingeli (cishe ukuzithinta ngamaphiko azo) ngokukhala okukhulu kwe- "chi-chi". Njengoba sezikhiphe isitha egcekeni, izinyoni ezingesabi zivame ukusixosha isikhathi eside.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngokwezibalo ze-IUCN, kunezigidi ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-290-487 zezinja emhlabeni, zazo izinyoni ezivuthiwe eziyizigidi ezingama-58-97 (ezisuka kumabhangqa ayizigidi ezingama-29 kuye kwangama-48) zingabantu baseYurophu.
Okubalulekile! Naphezu kokuncipha kwenani lezinyoni, akusheshi ngokwanele ukuthi kungabhekwa njengokubucayi ngokwemigomo ye-demographic parameter - ukwehla okungaphezu kwama-30% kwizizukulwane ezintathu noma eziyishumi.
Ngokuya nge-EBCC, izitayela zemfuyo yase-Europe kusuka ngo-1980 kuya ku-2013 bezizinzile. Ngokusho kweBirdLife International, isibalo semikhomo ebulala abantu eYurophu sehle ngaphezu kwezizukulwane ezintathu (iminyaka engu-11.7) ngama-25% angaphansi. Inani labantu baseNyakatho Melika nalo lehle kancane kule minyaka engama-40 edlule. Ngokusho kwesiphetho se-IUCN, inani lalezi zinhlobo likhulu ngokwedlulele futhi alisondeli (ngokususelwa ekulinganisweni kobukhulu balo) emngceleni wokuba sengozini.
