Uvemvane lwe-jaundice - uvemvane olukhanyayo olunamaphiko, olutholakala ehlobo emkhakheni we-clover noma i-alfalfa. Lezi zidalwa zifana kakhulu nezinye izinhlobo zabamhlophe, ngakho-ke zingabonakala kuphela uma zisezigabeni zesibungu. Uhlobo lujwayele ukufuduka - ukufuna izitshalo zokudla, amabhu aya enyakatho.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-jaundice ye-Butterfly
I-jaundice (iColias hyale) uvemvane lomndeni wezimpukane ezimhlophe (i-Pieridae). Ibhu linamanye amagama amaningana: i-hyala jaundice (1758), i-peat jaundice encane (1761), i-jaundice ejwayelekile. Uhlobo lunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-80.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama lesiLatini elithi Colias hyale linikezwa isinambuzane ngenhlonipho yenymph Giala. Wayethanda unkulunkulukazi wezitshalo uDiana. Ndawonye baya kozingela baphumula emachibini asehlathini. Izithombe zabo emidwebeni zihlobisa amahholo eminyuziyamu.
Lezi zinhlobo zachazwa okokuqala yisazi semvelo uKarl Linnaeus.
Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwayo kabanzi, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezingaphansi kwenundu:
- ama-colias hyale hyale - ajwayelekile eYurophu, emazweni e-CIS;
- i-colias hyale altaica - Indawo yase-Altai;
- colias hyale irkutskana - uhlala eTransbaikalia;
- i-colias hyale alta - i-Asia Ephakathi;
- i-colias hyale palidis - empumalanga yeSiberia;
- colias hyale novasinensis - China.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ohambweni olude oluya emhlabeni wonke, uCharles Darwin wayejabule ngokubona kwalezi zidalwa ezithandekayo lapho abantu abafudukela e-Indonesia bezungeza umkhumbi wakhe bahlala kuwo ukuze baphumule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Meadow jaundice
Kulula ukuxuba inundu nezinambuzane ezivela ku-genus whiteworms. Amacimbi abo kuphela, umbala wawo ohluke kakhulu, azosiza ekuqedeni ukungabaza. Izibungu zalolu hlobo zinombala oluhlaza ogqamile. Ngemuva kunemivimbo ephuzi namabala amnyama, ahlelwe ngemigqa emibili.
Ividiyo: I-jaundice ye-Butterfly
Umbala wezimpiko zezimvemvane uphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi uluhlaza. Ubukhulu bamaphiko angaphambili nangemuva buhlukile, kanjalo nombala wazo.
- amaphiko wesilisa angamasentimitha angu-5-6;
- abesifazane - amamilimitha ambalwa ngaphansi;
- ubude bephiko langaphambili lowesilisa lungamamilimitha angama-23-26;
- ubude bephiko langaphambili lowesifazane lungamamilimitha angama-23-29.
Uhlangothi olungenhla lwamaphiko luvame ukuba phuzi, ohlangothini olungezansi mpunga. Ngenhla kwephiko langaphambili kunomkhakha omnyama onamabala aphuzi angaqondakali. Kunezindawo ezimbili ezimnyama phakathi. Ezingxenyeni ezingemuva kunezindawo ezinama-discal orange, izindawo ezimbili ngaphezulu. Ingxenye engezansi iphuzi ngokugqamile.
Insikazi ilula kakhulu futhi ingemuva layo licishe libe mhlophe, nezikali eziphuzi. Iphethini iyafana kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Izimpiko zangaphambili zimise okonxande, izimpiko zangemuva ziyindilinga. Zakhelwe umphetho obomvana. Ikhanda liyindilinga, amehlo afana ne-hemisphere ngesimo futhi ayisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke, esinezinhlamvu ezincane eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha.
I-Antennae clavate, emnyama, iqina esicongweni, pink isisekelo. Izitho zithuthuke kahle, ngayinye yazo isetshenziswa lapho kuhamba. Kukhona ama-receptors emilenzeni. Isisu sisincane, sithinta ngasemaphethelweni. Isifuba sigcwele izinwele ezinde.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-jaundice meadow butterfly ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi uvemvane le-jaundice?
Isithombe: I-jaundice ejwayelekile
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwenundu ibanzi kakhulu - iYurophu ifinyelela kuma-65 degrees latitude latitude. Lesi sinambuzane sithanda isimo sezulu esifudumele, esipholile.
ERussia, itholakala ezifundeni eziningi, ngaphandle kwasenyakatho:
- IGorno-Altai;
- I-European Central;
- U-Pribaikalsky;
- UTuvinsky;
- UVolgo-Donsky;
- I-North Ural;
- IKaliningrad;
- I-European North East;
- Nizhnevolzhsky nabanye.
Ingatholakala cishe yonke indawo eMpumalanga Yurophu. Empumalanga, eduze ne-Polar Urals, abantu abafudukayo bavame ukurekhodwa. Isikhathi eside, kwakukhona umbono wokuthi lolu hlobo aluhlali eCiscaucasia, kepha manje sekuphikisiwe. Izinambuzane azindizeli eNhlonhlweni yaseKola, ezingwadule nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamathafa omile.
Izindawo eziyizintandokazi - izindawo ezivulekile zamahlathi namathafa, izimfunda, ama-glades, imiphetho yehlathi, imigwaqo yasemgwaqweni, izingadi, amabhange emifula, ama-wastelands. Ezintabeni eziqhakazayo zezintaba, ungabona isinambuzane endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle. Kutholakala eTurkey, eChina, eMongolia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Eningizimu yeYurophu naseCaucasus, kunezinhlobo ezingamawele ezingakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngisho nezazi zezinambuzane, iColiashyale neColiasalfacariensis. Kubantu abadala, umbala uyafana futhi lapho isigaba sesibungu siphela, ngeke sikwazi ukubona uhlobo.
Ngentwasahlobo nasehlobo, iLepidoptera ifudukela ngasenyakatho ifuna izitshalo zokudla. Kuhlala izinkambu ze-alfalfa ne-clover. Ngenxa yokufuduka, lolu hlobo lutholakala ezindaweni zaseDenmark, e-Austria, ePoland, eFinland, e-Italy, eJalimane, eSwitzerland, eLithuania, eLatvia naseNetherlands.
Udlani uvemvane lwe-jaundice?
Isithombe: I-jaundice ye-Butterfly evela eRed Book
Ama-Imagoes adla kakhulu umpe, abawuthatha ezimbali ze-clover emnandi, i-sweet clover, umshanelo, i-meadow clover, i-alfalfa emise okweqanda, i-alfalfa, i-vicky enemibala eminingi, i-vetch (i-pea pea), i-hypocrepsis, i-redhead, i-esparcet, ihhashi elihlanganisiwe, i-rosacea nolunye ubhontshisi nezitshalo ze-cruciferous.
Izibungu ezichanyuselwa emaqandeni zikha phezulu zidla inyama yamaqabunga, zishiya imithambo. Ngemuva kwesikhala sesithathu, izibungu zidla amaqabunga emaphethelweni, kanye namathambo. Ngaphambi kokulala ubusika, amacimbi adla kakhulu inyanga, entwasahlobo lesi sikhathi siyizinsuku ezingama-20-23.
I-jaundice iMarco Polo, eqanjwe usosayensi waseRussia uGrigory Grum-Grzhimailo ngokuhlonipha isihambi sase-Italy, izondla ngezitshalo ze-astragalus. I-jaundice kaChristophe idla izitshalo ezimise okomcamelo. UJaundice Wiskott ukhetha imithambeka etshalwe nge-rattleworm. I-Peat jaundice idla amaqabunga e-blueberry.
Amacimbi adla kakhulu ebusuku. I-imago inezinhlamvu zokunambitha ezidladleni zayo, okuyivumela ukuthi inambithe umpe. I-proboscis enwebeka futhi ehambayo ikuvumela ukuthi ungene ekujuleni kwembali ukuze uthole umpe. Amacimbi ezinhlobo ezithile athanda ukudla amaqabunga ezitshalo ezinameva.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-butterfly ye-Meadow jaundice
Amabhu andiza ezifundeni eziseningizimu kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba. Izizukulwane ezingama-2-3 zezinambuzane zingavela ngonyaka. Isizukulwane sokuqala sindiza ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni, okwesibili kusuka ngoJulayi kuya ku-Agasti. I-Lepidoptera yazo zombili izizukulwane ivame ukundiza ngasikhathi sinye.
Izimvemvane zisebenza kuphela emini. Ekuphumuleni, izimpiko zazo zihlala zigoqiwe ngemuva kwemihlane yazo, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukubona uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko. Abantu bahamba ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, izinambuzane ziya ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ukuze zihlale ezindaweni ezinenani elanele lezitshalo zokudla.
Abesifazane abajwayelekile kakhulu kunabesilisa, ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi. Zindiza ngokungavamile, isikhathi esiningi zihlala otshanini. Indiza yabo ayilingani, iyantanta, iyagijima. I-peat jaundice ichitha cishe sonke isikhathi emaxhaphozini. Abesilisa, yize bephila ngokuhlala bodwa, bangatholakala ngaphezu kwendawo abahlala kuyo ngesikhathi sasehlobo.
Indiza ephathekayo ivumela izinambuzane ukuba zihambe amabanga amade. Imvamisa azivuki ngaphezu kwemitha ukusuka phansi. Isikhathi sokuphila sincike endaweni yokuhlala. Ezimweni ezinhle, kungafika ezinyangeni eziyi-10. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-jaundice zihlala kuphela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emavikini ambalwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Uvemvane we-jaundice ojwayelekile
Yize indiza yeLepidoptera yenzeka kanye ehlobo, kuvela izizukulwane ezimbili ngonyaka. Ezimpikweni zamadoda kunezikali ezikhethekile ezihwamuka ama-pheromones, enzelwe ukuheha abesifazane bezinhlobo ezifanayo. Lezi zikali zihlelwe ngamaqoqo enza amabala.
Emini, abalingani bafuna omunye nomunye ukukhwelana, bandiza ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kokuma. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, abesifazane bayandiza befuna izitshalo zokudla kwamacimbi. Babeka amaqanda ayi-1-2 ngaphakathi kwamaqabunga noma ngeziqu zesitshalo. Amaqanda yi-fusiform anezimbambo ezingama-26 noma ezingama-28.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeletha, iqanda seliphuzi, kepha ngesikhathi isibungu sichamusela, lithola umbala obomvu. Isibungu sivela ngosuku lwesi-7-8. Isibungu sizalwa siluhlaza sinezindilinga ezibomvana ezino-1.6 mm ubude. Ikhanda likhulu, linama-granules amhlophe.
Isizukulwane sasehlobo sivela ezinsukwini ezingama-24. Izibungu ze-Autumn molt kathathu bese ziya ebusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, sebekhule baba ngu-8 mm. EYurophu, amacimbi asonga amaqabunga ebusika; ezindaweni ezibandayo, azingcwaba emhlabathini.
Ngentwasahlobo, ubude bezibungu bufinyelela kuma-30 mm, zimbozwe izinwele ezimnyama. Umdlwane wenzeka ngemuva kweminyaka yobudala yesihlanu. Ngomucu kasilika, amacimbi abambelela esiqwini noma eqabungeni. Isiphungumangathi naso sihlaza, singama-20-22 mm ubude. Ngokulindela ukuvela kovemvane, isiphungumangathi siba bomvu.
Izitha zemvelo zezimvemvane ze-jaundice
Isithombe: I-jaundice ye-Butterfly evela eRed Book
Ngokuyinhloko, izitha zesibungu ziyizinambuzane ezidlayo ezizizingelayo. Izitha zemvelo zabantu abadala izinambuzane, izinyoni, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Phakathi kwazo:
- abagibeli beminyovu;
- hymenoptera;
- ama-sphecides;
- izicabucabu;
- ojekamanzi;
- amabhungane omhlabathi;
- izintuthwane;
- izimpukane ze-tahini;
- izimbungulu ezidlayo;
- ama-ladybugs;
- ama-mantises okuthandaza;
- ktyri;
- inamakhanda amakhulu;
- izibankwa;
- amagundane;
- amaxoxo.
Izinyoni zizingela izibungu ukondla amaphuphu azo. Ezinye izinyoni zihlasela izinambuzane lapho ziphumula, zidla noma ziphuza amanzi. Izinyoni zibamba izimvemvane emelene nezihlahla ukuze zenze izimpiko zazo zindiza, ngemuva kwalokho zidla isisu kuphela. Izinyoni zaseNingizimu zithatha i-lepidoptera lapho zibaleka.
Ama-invertebrate amaningi nawo ayingozi kangako kuhlobo lohlobo. Iminyovu eyimfantu izalela amaqanda ayo emaqabungeni, bese edliwa amabhu, abe ngothwali bezibungu zeminyovu, ezidla uvemvane ziphila. Ngaphakathi komzimba, zondla ezithweni ze-jaundice, zikhule futhi zikhule. Kufika kuma-parasite izibungu ezingama-80 aphuma kusibungu.
Abanye abantu bawela phakathi kobulembu, kodwa inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinambuzane libulawa yizicabucabu ezidlayo ezikhetha ukuzingela okusebenzayo. Ama-parasites awahlaseli abantu abadala. Zihlala emzimbeni wenundu, kepha ungazibulali, ngoba ukusinda kwazo kuncike kumbungazi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Meadow jaundice
Inani le-peat jaundice alibalulekile. Kwezinye izindawo, isibonelo, eRivne Nature Reserve, ekuphakameni kwehlobo, kubhalwa izimvemvane eziyi-6-10 ehektheleni ngalinye lendawo yokuhlala. Esigabeni sesibungu, izinambuzane zidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zezolimo.
Abanye abalimi basebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izibungu. Lokhu kudala umonakalo ongalungiseki kubantu. Ukukhishwa kwe-peat kanye ne-drainage of bogs kuthinta kabi izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo ze-lepidoptera, ama-peatlands agcwele izihlahla nezihlahlana, nakho okuholela ekwehleni kwezinombolo. Ukuqoqa ama-blueberries kuthinta kabi ukukhula kwesibungu.
ENtshonalanga Yurophu nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu Ephakathi, amanani ehlele emazingeni abucayi ngekhulu lama-20. Kuma-biotopes, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, inani labantu ngabanye lingazinza. EBelarus, incipha kancane kancane.
Izici ezinomkhawulo zifaka nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngabodwana, indawo encane yezindawo zemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamagobolondo e-oligotrophic, ukutubeka kanye nokwakhiwa kwamagobongo aphakanyisiwe. Ezindaweni lapho abantu babetholakala khona ngenombolo eyodwa, lezi zinto zaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu noma ukunyamalala ngokuphelele.
Ukuvikelwa kwezimvemvane ze-jaundice
Isithombe: I-jaundice ejwayelekile
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-genus ingeyesigaba sezinambuzane, noma kunjalo ibhalwe kuRed Book futhi ivikelwe ngumthetho wezemvelo. IHekla jaundice kanye ne-jaundice yegolide ifakiwe ku- "Red Book of European Day Butterflies", babelwe isigaba se-SPEC3. I-peat jaundice ifakiwe kwiRed Book yase-Ukraine esigabeni I naseRed Book yaseBelarus esigabeni II.
Izinhlobo eziningi zifakiwe kwiRed Data Book ye-USSR yangaphambili. Izinhlobo ezihlangabezana nomthelela omubi kubantu zidinga izindlela ezengeziwe zokuvikela nokulawula isimo sazo, zifunele abantu ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala.
E-Ukraine, i-peat jaundice ivikelekile ezindaweni eziningi ePolesie. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, kunconywa ukuthi kwakhiwe izinqolobane zezinambuzane ngokulondolozwa kwama-peatlands esimweni sazo semvelo, ikakhulu okuthinta izingodo eziphakanyisiwe.
Uma kwenzeka kumiswa amaxhaphozi namahlathi aseduze, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubuyisa umbuso wamanzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukugqagqana kwemisele yokubuyisela kabusha ehloselwe ukuphuma kwamanzi asuka emaxhaphozini. Ukuqedwa kwehlathi ngokusobala kuvumelekile ngaphandle kokulimaza isembozo somhlabathi.
Lezi zinhlobo zivikelwe endaweni ye-NP "Nechkinsky" kanye nendawo yemvelo yemvelo "Andreevsky pine forest". Azikho izinyathelo ezengeziwe ezidingekayo ensimini yezindawo ezivikelwe. Iqoqo lemisebenzi esezingeni eligxile ekugcineni izinhlobonhlobo zemvelo lanele.
Uvemvane lwe-jaundice inikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, okufaka isandla ekuvundeni impova nasekuzipholiseni ngokwakho kwezitshalo eziningi. Noma iyiphi imithombo yemvelo iye yaphela futhi amabhu nawo ahlukile. Ososayensi baqondise imizamo eminingi yokucwaninga nokuvikela indawo yokuhlala yezimbali ezinamaphiko, ukugcina nokwandisa inani lazo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 20.06.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-20: 54
