Ibhere elibukiwe (i-Tremarctos ornatus), elaziwa nangokuthi ibhere lase-Andean, liyisilwane esincelisayo esingajwayelekile kakhulu esikhathini samanje, esingabomndeni webhere kanye nohlobo lwe-Spectacled bear.
Incazelo yebhere elibukiwe
Ibhere elibukelwe yilona kuphela omeleli besimanje abakuhlobo lweTremarctos... ENyakatho Melika, izinhlobo eziseduze zezinsalela zamandulo ziyaziwa - ibhere lomhume laseFlorida (iTremarctos florianus). Amabhere abukekayo ayinzalo eqondile yesilwane esidla ubhedu esikhulu kunazo zonke saseMelika se-Ice Age - ibhere elikhulu elibhekene nobuso obufushane (i-Arstodus simus), isisindo salo sasihlaba umxhwele futhi safinyelela kuma-800-1000 kilogram.
Ukubukeka
I-Spectacled bear iyisilwane esidla izilwane esincanyana esiphakathi nendawo. Ubude bomzimba walesi silwane buyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-150-180 cm, nobude bomsila obusuka ku-7 kuye ku-10 cm. Ukuphakama okujwayelekile kwesilwane emahlombe kungama-75-80 cm. Isisindo sowesifazane omdala sivela ku-70-72 kg, futhi owesilisa ovuthiwe ngokocansi akasekho 130-140 kg.
Uboya besilwane bunombala o-shaggy, omnyama wamalahle noma omnyama onsundu ngombala. Abanye abantu babonakala ngokuba khona kwamachashazi abomvu ansundu achazwe kahle embala. Ngaphandle kokuthi abameleli bezinhlobo zamabhere banezimbambo eziyishumi nane zezimbambo, ibhere elibabazekayo libonakala ngokuba khona kwamabhangqa amathambo ezimbambo ayishumi nantathu kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwebhere elibukiwe kusuka kwamanye amalungu omndeni akuyona kuphela "izibuko" zesici ezizungeze amehlo, kodwa futhi nesifonyo esifushane.
Isilwane esiqinile esinentamo emfushane nenemisipha, kanye nemilenze emifushane neqinile, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamabhere, sihamba ezithendeni zaso. Amalungu ohlobo lo angabagibeli nje abahle kakhulu ngenxa yemilenze yabo emikhulu yangaphambili uma kuqhathaniswa nemilenze yangemuva. Cishe emehlweni ebhere elimibalabala kunamasongo amhlophe noma aphuzi, achaza igama labamele lolu hlobo. La masongo axhuma esilinganeni esimhlophe esisemphinjeni. Kwabanye abantu, izindawo ezinjalo azikho ngokuphelele noma kancane.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ibhere elibukelwe yilona luhlobo oluhle kakhulu kunawo wonke amalungu omndeni. Isilo esinjalo esidlayo asikaze sihlasele umuntu kuqala. Okuhlukile yizimo lapho isilwane esincelisayo sibhekene nosongo olucacile empilweni yaso noma sizama ukuvikela amawundlu aso. Kodwa-ke, akekho umuntu oshonile obikiwe kusukela kulokhu kuhlaselwa kwamabhere okubabazekayo kuze kube manje. Lapho abantu bevela, isilwane esidlayo sikhetha ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, sigibele esihlahleni esanele ngokwanele.
Isilwane esincelisayo esidliwayo sale nhlobo asikaze sihlukanise indawo phakathi kwabo, kepha sithanda indlela yokuphila evaliwe, eyedwa. Ezindaweni ezicebile kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudla, imvamisa ungabona abantu abaningana, abahlalisanayo ngokuthula ngasikhathi sinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-biology yamabhere akhanyayo ayifundiswanga kahle kakhulu namuhla, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isilwane esidla ebusuku noma sokuhlwa okunjalo esingazifihli kwesinye isikhathi siyakwazi ukuhlomisa umhume, ngokwesiko kumalungu omndeni.
Umehluko wesici webhere elinsundu ngokwendlela yokuphila ubandakanya ukungabi bikho okuphelele kwesikhathi sokulala ubusika bonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhere akhazimulayo awavamile ukuzakhela imigodi. Abamele uhlobo oluthile bakhetha ukuhlala bephapheme ebusuku, futhi emini izilwane ezinjalo ziphumula ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ezizimele ezakhiwe. Njengomthetho, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola isidleke sebhere eliyingqayizivele phakathi kwamahlathi aminyene ezitshalo.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani ibhere elibukiwe?
Isikhathi esiphakeme sokuphila sebhere elibukiwe endle, njengomthetho, asidluli eminyakeni engama-20-22.... Izilwane ezincelisayo ezithunjiwe ziyakwazi ukusinda noma ikota yekhulu leminyaka. Umhlali wepaki yezilwane yaseMoscow, ibhere elibukekayo elibizwa ngokuthi uKlausina, ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, wakwazi ukuhlala iminyaka ehloniphekile engamashumi amathathu.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
I-dimorphism yezocansi izibonakalisa ngomehluko wokwakheka phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa, okuyizinhlobo ezifanayo zebhayoloji. Ingakhonjiswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezici zomzimba, kufaka phakathi isisindo nosayizi wesilwane. Isibonelo, ubukhulu bebhere elidala elibukelwe owesilisa budlula ubukhulu besifazane ovuthiwe ngokocansi walolu hlobo cishe ngo-30-50%. Futhi, abesifazane babonakala bengezansi ngokusobala kunabamele ubulili obuqinile ngesisindo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Amabhere abukekayo ahlala ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga naseningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika, kufaka phakathi impumalanga yePanama, entshonalanga yeColombia, eVenezuela, ePeru nase-Ecuador. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwane esincelisayo esinjalo siyatholakala eBolivia nasengxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Argentina.
Namuhla ibhere elibukiwe yilona kuphela elimele umndeni webhere ohlala eNingizimu Melika. Isilwane sithanda amahlathi asezintabeni emthambekeni osentshonalanga we-Andes, osendaweni ephakeme engengaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Kodwa-ke, lesi silwane singabonakala emithambekeni evulekile yasemhlangeni, ezindaweni ezingama-savanna eziphansi nasezihlahleni zezihlahla.
Ukudla kwebhere okubukekayo
Amabhere agqamile yiwona adla kakhulu kunazo zonke izihlobo zawo, ngakho-ke inyama yakha iphesenti elincane kakhulu lokudla kwansuku zonke. Inani lokudla kwezitshalo lenza cishe i-95% yokudla, futhi inani lenyama alidluli ngamaphesenti amahlanu. Ukuze unikeze umzimba amaprotheni, izilwane ezinjalo ezizingelayo zizingela ngenkuthalo zonke izinhlobo zamagundane nonogwaja, kanye nezinyamazane ezinkulu kakhulu, amanye ama-arthropod nezinyoni.
Ezikhathini ezihlupheka kakhulu, amabhere akhazimulayo ayakwazi ukuhlasela imfuyo ehamba, kepha imvamisa anelisekile ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezidumbu ukuze azondle. Ngenxa yesici sesakhiwo sesifonyo nolimi olude, isilwane esincelisayo esinjalo sondla umuhlwa noma zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, ngemuva kokuba indawo yazo seyimbiwe futhi yacishe yabhujiswa ngokuphelele.
Ukudla komsuka wezitshalo kunzima kakhulu futhi kumunca isikhathi eside umzimba wezilwane eziningi, futhi ibhere elibukiwe lingomunye wabamele izilwane ezimbalwa ezidla inyama yazo izitho zazo zangaphakathi ezikwazi ukugaya lokho kudla. Amahlumela otshani, ama-rhizomes nazo zonke izinhlobo zezithelo, ama-orchid bulbs, amantongomane esundu, kanye namahlamvu ayisisekelo sokudla kwalolu hlobo lwamabhere.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amabhere agqamile anemihlathi eqinile ngokungavamile, ebavumela ukuba badle ukudla okungenakufinyeleleka kwezinye izilwane, kufaka phakathi amagxolo ezihlahla nenhliziyo ye-bromeliad.
Isilwane esincelisayo siyakwazi ukukhuphuka i-cacti enkulu ngokwanele, evumela isilwane ukuthi sikhiqize izithelo ezikhula ngaphezulu phezulu kwesitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhere akhazimulayo aziwa kahle ngamazinyo awo amnandi, angalokothi adele noma yiliphi ithuba lokuzitika ngomoba noma uju lwasendle. Kwezinye izindawo, amabhere akhazimulayo alimaza kabi izitshalo zommbila, acekela phansi ingxenye enkulu yazo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngababili, amabhere akhazimulayo ahlangana kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, esiqala ngoMashi kuya ku-Okthoba... Lesi sici sikhomba ngqo ukuthi lesi silwane esincelisayo esinamandla okwazi ukuzala cishe ngaphandle kwenkathi. Abamele uhlobo bafinyelela ebusheni ngokugcwele kusukela onyakeni wesine kuya kowesikhombisa wokuphila.
Ukukhulelwa kwebhere elikhanyayo lensikazi, kufaka phakathi sonke isikhathi se-latency, kuhlala cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa iwundlu elilodwa kuya kwamathathu. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa azinakuzisiza ngokuphelele futhi ziyimpumputhe, futhi isisindo esilinganisiwe sebhere elizelwe, njengomthetho, asidluli ku-320-350 amagremu. Noma kunjalo, amawundlu akhula ngokushesha okukhulu nangokusebenzayo, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwamasonto amane aqala ukuphuma kancane emgodini wawo. Amehlo ezingane avuleka ngasekupheleni kwenyanga yokuqala.
Kuze kube cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala, amawundlu cishe yonke indawo ahambisana nonina, ozama ukufundisa inzalo yakhe ukuthi idle ngokufanele, kanye nokuthola ukudla kwezitshalo okulusizo kumzimba okhulayo. Esikhathini esiningi, amawundlu ebhere lalezi zinhlobo awashiyi unina aze afike eminyakeni emibili, futhi eseqiniswe ngokuphelele, esethole amakhono okuzingela nokusinda, azimela ngokuphelele.
Kuyathakazelisa! Iqanda elikhulelisiwe liyahlukana, ngemuva kwalokho lihlala ngokukhululeka ngaphakathi kwesibeletho izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ngenxa yokubambezeleka kokumiliselwa, ukuzalwa kwamawundlu kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho inani lokudla liba likhulu.
Ngaphandle kokuthi ososayensi abaningi bahlukanisa amabhere akhazimulayo nansundu njengezilwane ezifana kakhulu ngezici eziningi, izinqubo zokushintshana zofuzo phakathi kwazo azinakwenzeka, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuzihlukanisa ngokwemvelo kokuzala. Ngaphandle kokuqhamuka kokuhlangana phakathi kwabamele lezi zinhlobo, inzalo ezelwe iyoba yinyumba noma ingavumi ngokuphelele.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha eziyinhloko zamabhere abukelwe asemancane nezisanda kuzalwa ezimweni zemvelo ngamabhere amaduna amadala, kanye namajaguar ne-puma. Noma kunjalo, ngabantu abahlala besitha esiyingozi kakhulu kubamele lolu hlobo. Abantu bacishe baqothula ngokuphelele inani elake laba likhulu kakhulu lamabhere akhazimulayo.
Manje ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuye kwasinda, futhi abanye abalimi badubula lesi silwane esincelisayo ukuze banciphise ubungozi besilwane esihlasela imfuyo. Abantu bendawo sekuyisikhathi eside bezingela ibhere elikhanyayo ngenhloso yokuthola inyama yabo, amafutha, uboya nenyongo. Inyama yalesi sidlo sithandwa kakhulu engxenyeni esenyakatho yePeru, futhi amanoni asetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-arthritis ne-rheumatism. Izinyongo ezivunwayo nazo zifunwa kakhulu ngabasebenzi bendabuko base-Asia.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba njengamanje, kufaka phakathi ukugawulwa kwezihlahla, ukukhishwa kwezinkuni nezinkuni, ukugawulwa komhlaba ezifundeni eziningi ezinezintaba, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, kubangele ukuthi ibhere lombukiso lilahlekelwe yindawo yalo yemvelo ezindaweni ezinkulu eziphakathi kweVenezuela nenyakatho yePeru.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngokwezibalo, bekungenzeka kutholakale ukuthi namuhla endaweni yasendle yamabhere abukiwe kukhona cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-2.0-2.4 abafakiwe kwiRed Book ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Izizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwehla okucijile futhi okusheshayo kwenani eliphelele lamabhere akhazimulayo ezimweni zemvelo ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokuqhekeka kwazo okubangelwa ukukhula okusebenzayo kwezolimo. Isilwane esincelisayo esidlayo njengamanje sifakwe ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezisengozini yi-IUCN, futhi amalungu ohlobo lohlobo ahlukaniswa yiCITES kusithasiselo I.
