IGyrfalcon iyinyoni edla inyama kusuka ku-oda lama-falconiform omndeni we-falcon. Okwezinyoni zasenyakatho. Leli gama laziwa kusukela ngekhulu le-XII futhi livela ku-onomatopoeic Old Church Slavonic analogue yegama elithi "memeza". Kubhalwe encwadini ebomvu.
Incazelo ye-gyrfalcon
IGyrfalcon iyinyoni ephawuleka futhi ekhangayo ngaphandle, ethi ayifane nenkohliso i-peregrine... Yinyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wokhozi, eqinile, ehlakaniphile, eqinile, esheshayo futhi ehlakaniphile.
Ukubukeka
Amaphiko e-gyrfalcon ayi-120-135 cm ubude bomzimba bungu-55-60 cm.Owesifazane mkhulu futhi usinda ngokuphindwe kabili kunowesilisa: isisindo sowesilisa singaphezu kuka-1000 g, owesifazane cishe u-1500-2000 g.Umzimba we-gyrfalcon mkhulu, amaphiko abukhali futhi made, i-tarsus ( amathambo phakathi kwetibia nezinzwani) anezimpaphe u-2/3 wobude, umsila mude ngokwedlulele.
Umbala wama-gyrfalcons uhluke kakhulu, yile ndlela i-polymorphism ezibonakalisa ngayo. Izimpaphe ziminyene, zinamachashazi, ngombala zingaba mpunga, nsundu, nesiliva, mhlophe, zibomvu. Umbala omnyama uvame kakhulu kubantu besifazane. Ama-subspecies aseningizimu amnyama. Abesilisa bavame ukuba nezimpaphe eziluhlaza ngokukhanyayo, futhi isisu sabo esimhlophe singahlotshiswa ngamabala ahlukahlukene nolayini. Umugqa omnyama eduze komlomo ("amadevu") awuzwakali kahle ku-gyrfalcon. Umphimbo nezihlathi kumhlophe. Amehlo ahlala amnyama ngokubukeka kwesici. Buqamama, phezulu kwezinyoni ezindala kubonakala kumnyama, phansi kumhlophe, kanti i-gyrfalcon encane ibukeka imnyama kokubili ngaphezulu nangaphansi. Izidladla zenyoni ziphuzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umbala wokugcina wabantu abadala we-gyrfalcon utholwa iminyaka engu-4-5.
Indiza iyashesha, ngemuva kwemivimbo eminingana, i-gyrfalcon ithatha isivinini ngokushesha futhi indiza iye phambili ngokushesha. Lapho uphishekela isisulu nokudilika usuka phezulu, ungafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumamitha ayikhulu ngomzuzwana. Isici esihlukile: ayikhuphuki ngokuvunguza, kepha ime mpo. I-gyrfalcon ayivamile ukuzulazula, imvamisa lapho izingela isebenzisa ukundiza nokundiza, imvamisa ihlala ngokusobala futhi iqonde ezindaweni eziphakeme e-tundra. Izwi lihoshozele.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Kuhola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke nokuzingela emini. Isisulu singakhonjwa, sikude kakhulu kuye: ngaphezu kwekhilomitha. Lapho izingela, itshibilika kuyo ngetshe kusuka phezulu, ibambe ngezinzipho zayo ilume intamo. Uma yehluleka ukubulala isisulu emoyeni, i-gyrfalcon icwila nayo phansi, lapho iqeda khona. Ama-gyrfalcons azingela ngokwawo ngaphandle kwenkathi yokwakha isidleke, kepha ukuze angalahlekelwa ukubona owakwakhe.
Okokwakha izidleke, kukhetha ulwandle olunamadwala neziqhingi, izigodi zemifula namachibi anamawa, amabhande noma amahlathi eziqhingi, intaba yezintaba endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1300 ngaphezu kolwandle. Izidleke ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, zigwema abantu. Umgomo oyinhloko wokukhetha indawo yokuhlala ukutholakala nokudla okuningi. Izimfanelo zokuzingela izidlakela ezinamaphiko kudala zisetshenziswa ngabantu ngesikhathi sokuzingela. I-gyrfalcon emhlophe yase-Iceland yathathwa njengeyigugu kakhulu. Wayewuphawu lodumo namandla, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseningizimu, futhi akuwona wonke umuntu owayevunyelwe ukuthola izinyoni ezinjalo. Namuhla usengozini enkulu kakhulu evela kubazingeli abangekho emthethweni.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-gyrfalcon
Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuba sephikweni, ngokwezifundo ze-ornithological, lesi silwane esinamaphiko singaphila iminyaka engafika kwengu-20 siye ekufeni kwemvelo. Ama-gyrfalcons athunjiwe angaba nempilo emfushane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma inyoni yathathwa isikhulile. Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-gyrfalcon nayo ibingenasihe kakhulu. Ekuthunjweni, ama-gyrfalcons awazaleli, ngoba awazitholi izimo ezifanelekile, ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka kufa inyoni, umzingeli umane wathola entsha, esakaza isicupho, konke kwaqala kabusha.
Ububanzi, izindawo zokuhlala ze-gyrfalcon
Singasho ukuthi le nyoni ivumelana nendawo ekhethiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyafuduka, kanti ezinye akudingeki zizulazule, futhi zihlala ehlathini lasehlathini nasezintanjeni zehlathi.
Kusatshalaliswe ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba nase-arctic zase-Asia, eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ezinye izinhlobo zahlala e-Altai naseTien Shan. Amaphuzu asenyakatho lapho kubonakala khona i-gyrfalcon yiGreenland ngo-82 ° 15 'N. sh. no-83 ° 45 '; eseningizimu kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezisezintabeni zase-Asia - iScandinavia emaphakathi, iBering Island, cishe ngo-55 ° N. Kwangathi kungathutheka kancane kusuka ezindaweni eziphakeme kuya esigodini.
Lezi zinyoni zisabalele eMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia.... Okwe-nesting, bakhetha izifunda ezisenyakatho zeKamchatka nengxenye eseningizimu yesifunda saseMagadan, babuyele emuva entwasahlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-gyrfalcon yaqanjwa ngokuthi "inkosi yamahansi". Okuthunyelwe okubukwa kakhulu kwe-gyrfalcon kungamatshe anamadwala anikeza umbono omuhle wendawo. Ogwini olusenyakatho yeNhlonhlo YaseScandinavia, i-gyrfalcon ihlala emadwaleni kanye namakoloni ezinye izinyoni.
Ingandizela kude olwandle ithungathe inyamazane phakathi kweqhwa elikhukhulekayo. Imvamisa, izinyoni ezincane ezinonyaka owodwa noma emibili zindiza zibheke eningizimu zifuna ukudla. Ebusika, ama-gyrfalcons avela olwandle, emathafeni nasezindaweni zezolimo, kuthi entwasahlobo abuyele enyakatho. Ama-gyrfalcons aseYurophu afuduka ebusika, amaGreenlandic kwesinye isikhathi asebusika e-Iceland, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aya kude kakhulu naseningizimu.
Ukudla kwe-Gyrfalcon
IGyrfalcon iyisilwane esidla ezinye, futhi izingela kakhulu izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele: izinyoni, amagundane, izilwane ezincane. Lo ngumzingeli onekhono, futhi njengomthetho, ayikho insindiso kulowo ohlosiwe. Indlela yokuzingela yeGyrfalcon iyefana naleyo yamanye ama-falcons. Isonga amaphiko ayo, isheshe yehle isisulu isuka phezulu, ibambe ngozipho bese isincisha impilo ngaso leso sikhathi.
Nsuku zonke i-gyrfalcon idla cishe i-200 g yenyama. Ukudla akuthandayo ngamaphalishi amhlophe namhlophe. Ubuye azingele amahansi, izinkukhu, ama-skuas, ama-waders, amadada, i-auk. Ngisho nezikhova - polar, tundra, kanye nehlathi - zikuthola kuye. I-gyrfalcon ngeke yenqabe ukuzitika ngomvundla, i-lemming, i-gopher, i-vole.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umthetho wemvelo ongabhaliwe awuyivumeli i-gyrfalcon ukuthi ihlasele izinyoni endaweni yekhaya layo, noma ikwenze nakwabanye abantu. Ipheya ngalinye le-gyrfalcon linendawo yokuzingela nendawo yokwakha izidleke futhi livikelwe kwabancintisana nabangaphandle abangamenyiwe.
Kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi, kwesinye isikhathi izilwane eziphila nasemanzini, ziba isisulu sazo. Kuyinto engavamile ngokwedlulele, uma kungekho okunye ukudla, ingazondla ngokufa. I-gyrfalcon ithwala isisulu sayo iye kuyona, iyayihlwitha, iyidabule ibe izicucu eduze kwesidleke bese iyayidla, futhi okusala okungagayeki - izikali, amathambo nezimpaphe ezincane - imibhoshongo. Kodwa-ke, akalokothi abeke igumbi lokudlela esidlekeni sakhe. Inhlanzeko ibusa lapho. Futhi inyamazane elethelwe amaphuphu iyahluthulwa futhi idwengulwe insikazi ngaphandle kwesidleke nayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ubuningi besilinganiso sokudlela i-gyrfalcon cishe kungukubhangqa okukodwa endaweni eyi-100 km2... IGyrfalcon ikhula ngasekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila futhi ngale minyaka isivele ithola umlingani. Inyoni le iyodwa. Inyunyana yenzelwe impilo yonke, kuze kube sekufeni komunye wabalingani.
Lezi zithandani zikhetha ukungazakheli isidleke sazo, kodwa ukuhlala kuleso esakhiwa ngunkonyane, ukhozi olugolide noma igwababa bese sakha kuso. Noma bahlela isidleke phakathi kwamatshe, onqenqemeni, phakathi kwamatshe, kubekwa lapho utshani, izimpaphe nobulembu. Indawo ikhethwa okungenani amamitha ayi-9 ukusuka phansi.
Izidleke zeGyrfalcon zingaba yimitha ububanzi futhi zifike kwesigamu semitha ukujula. Ama-Gyrfalcons ajwayele ukubuyela endaweni yawo yokwakha izidleke unyaka nonyaka. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zezizukulwane zezizukulwane eziningi zama-gyrfalcons esidlekeni esifanayo. NgoFebhuwari-Mashi, imidanso yokukhwelana iqala kuma-gyrfalcons, kuthi ngo-Ephreli owesifazane abeke amaqanda - eyodwa njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu. Amaqanda mancane, acishe alingane namaqanda enkukhu, ngalinye linesisindo esingaba ngama-60 g. Eqoqweni kukhona amaqanda afinyelela kwayi-7, amhlophe anezindawo ezigqwalile.
Okubalulekile! Akunandaba ukuthi mangaki amaqanda abekiwe, ama-2-3 wamachwane aqinile kuphela azosinda.
Yinsikazi kuphela efukamela amaqanda, eyesilisa izingela ngalesi sikhathi futhi imlethele ukudla... Isikhathi sokufukamela yizinsuku ezingama-35. Amachwane azalwa embozwe nge-beige, mhlophe noma mpunga okhanyayo phansi. Lapho inzalo iqina kancane futhi iba namandla kakhulu, insikazi nayo iqala ukuzingela izingane, izishiye isikhashana. Umama nobaba baletha isisulu esidlekeni, basidabule bese bondla amaphuphu.
I-gyrfalcon iyinyoni enesibindi ngokumangalisayo, ngeke isishiye isidleke sayo, noma ngabe isilwane esikhulu siyasondela kuyo, kepha izogadla kumuntu ohlaselayo, ivikele izingane. Lapho usana luphephezela amaphuphu luthathelwa indawo izimpaphe ezingapheli, abazali baqala ukuzifundisa ukundiza nokuzingela. Lokhu kwenzeka emavikini angaba ngu-7-8 ubudala amaphuphu. Ngenyanga yesi-4 - lokhu kumaphakathi nokuphela kwehlobo - ukuxhumana nabazali kuya ngokuya kunciphe futhi kuyeke, futhi izinyoni ezincane ziqala impilo yazo ezimele.
Izitha zemvelo
Ubutha bukhona ngonyawo olulinganayo ku-gyrfalcon kuphela ngokhozi olusagolide. Zonke ezinye izinyoni ziyamgwema noma, ngokwencazelo, azikwazi ukukala amandla azo naye, ngisho ukhozi alunakulokotha luhlasele i-gyrfalcon noma luphonsele inselelo kuye. Futhi singathini ngezinyoni, uma i-gyrfalcon isetshenziselwe ukuzingela izinsephe nezinsikazi.
Ukulimala okukhulu kakhulu kubantu be-gyrfalcon kubangelwa ngabantu. Kuyo yonke iminyaka, abantu bazamile ukuthatha isampula lenyoni edla inyama ukuze bayifundise njengomsizi wokuzingela. Ngokwenza lokhu, ama-gyrfalcons amaningi afa, abancane nabadala, nabesifazane esidlekeni, abashiywa bengenamondli futhi bengakwazi ukushiya inzalo umzuzu.
Inani labantu nesimo
Njengamanje, kuphela ama-gyrfalcons angaphezulu kwenkulungwane ahlala eRussia. Lesi yisibalo esiphansi kabi. Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kungenxa yemisebenzi yabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Inyoni eyodwa ingabiza kuze kufike kuma-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30, futhi kunabalandeli abaningi bonkolo phesheya: ibilokhu ithandwa eMpumalanga futhi ibuyele emfashinini eNtshonalanga.
Okubalulekile!Ama-gyrfalcons amaningi abulawa ngengozi engenangqondo ezingibeni ezibekelwe izisulu ezinemilenze emine - izinyoni, izimpungushe ezibandayo, izimpungushe.
Imizamo yokuthambisa inyoni ezikhukhumezayo, enamandla ngezandla ezixakile imvamisa iphelela ekufeni kwayo ezifweni eziphephe kubantu, kepha i-gyrfalcon engenakho ukuvikeleka kwemvelo - yize ngokwemvelo lezi zidlakela ezinezimpaphe ngokuvamile zingaguli ngalutho.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ama-sultan namakhosi kuphela ababengaba nezinyoni ezinjalo... IGyrfalcon ingalawulwa esikhathini sethu, kepha inyoni ibona umuntu njengomnikazi wayo ngokuthanda kwakhe. Futhi nokho, kungokwemvelo kakhulu ukuthi i-gyrfalcon ibe semvelweni, hhayi ukusebenzela ukuzijabulisa komuntu.
