Amabhere noma amabhere (lat. Umehluko phakathi kwawo wonke amabhere kusuka kwezinye izilwane ze-canine uboniswa ngomzimba onamandla futhi othuthuke ngokwengeziwe.
Incazelo yebhere
Zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezivela ku-oda le-Carnivores zivela eqenjini lezilwane zasendulo ezinjenge-marten, ezifana nama-myacids (Miacidae), ayehlala ePaleocene nase-Eocene. Zonke izinyosi zingaphansi kweCaniformia engaphansi kakhulu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi bonke abamele abaziwayo balesi sigaba esingaphansi badabuka kukhokho oyedwa ofana ne-canine, ejwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezinjalo.
Ngokuhlobene neminye imindeni kusukela ekuhlelweni kwezilwane ezidlayo, amabhere yizilwane ezinokufana okukhulu ekubukeni, ubukhulu, futhi anokufana okuningi esakhiweni sazo sangaphakathi. Zonke izinyosi ziphakathi kwabamele abakhulu bezilwane zesimanje zomhlaba ezidlayo.... Ubude bomzimba webhere lendawo endala bufinyelela kumamitha amathathu ngobunzima obungu-720-890 kg, kanti ibhere laseMalay lelinye lamalungu amancane kakhulu omndeni, kanti ubude balo abudluli imitha elilodwa nohhafu ngesisindo somzimba esingu-27-65 kg.
Ukubukeka, imibala
Amabhere abesilisa acishe abe ngu-10-20% kunabesifazane, kanti kumabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme, lezi zibalo zingaba yi-150% noma ngaphezulu. Uboya besilwane bunengubo yangaphansi eseyithuthukile futhi iqatha. Uhlobo oluphakeme, kwesinye isikhathi olunezinwele ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lunobuningi obukhulu, futhi noboya bebhere laseMalay buphansi futhi buncane.
Umbala woboya ufana, kusuka emthunzini omnyama wamalahle kuya kokumhlophe. Okuhlukile yi-panda, enesici esiqhathanisa umbala omnyama nomhlophe. Kungaba nokufakwa okukhanyayo endaweni yesifuba noma eduze kwamehlo. Ezinye izinhlobo zibonakala ngokuhlukahluka ngakunye futhi okubizwa ngokuma kwendawo ngokombala woboya. Amabhere akhombisa ukufiphala kwonyaka okuphawuliwe, okuvezwa ngoshintsho ekuphakameni nasekucineni koboya bawo.
Bonke abamele umndeni wakwaBhele bahlukaniswa ngumzimba oqinile futhi onamandla, imvamisa ngokuphakama okuphezulu futhi okubonakalayo kubuna. Futhi isici siqinile futhi sithuthuke kahle, izidladla ezineminwe emihlanu ezinamazipho amakhulu, angabuyiseki. Uzipho lulawulwa yimisipha enamandla, lapho izilwane zikhuphuka khona ezihlahleni, zimba umhlabathi, futhi zihlukanisa kalula inyamazane. Ubude bezinzipho ze-grizzly bufinyelela ku-13-15 cm... Ukuhamba kohlobo lwe-plantigrade lwesilwane esidlayo kuyisici sokuxuba. Ipanda elikhulukazi linenye “inzwane” yesithupha eyengeziwe emilenzeni yalo yangaphambili, okuyisithombo sendawo engathi sesame.
Umsila mfushane kakhulu, ucishe ungabonakali ngaphansi koboya. Okuhlukile yi-panda enkulu, enomsila omude futhi obonakala kahle. Noma yiliphi ibhere linamehlo amancane, inhloko enkulu etholakala kokukhulu futhi, njengomthetho, intamo emfushane. Ukhakhayi lukhulu, luvame ukuba nesifunda sobuso esinemicikilisho nemihosha ekhule kahle.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amabhere anomqondo othuthuke kakhulu wokunuka, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo kufana kakhulu nenja yokuhogela, kepha ukubona nokuzwa kwezilwane ezinjengalezi ezinkulu nezinkulu kakhulu kubuthakathaka kakhulu.
Imengamo ye-zygomatic ivame ukwehlukaniswa kancane ezinhlangothini ezihlukile, futhi imihlathi inamandla, inikela ngamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuluma. Bonke abamele umndeni wakwa-Bear babonakala ngokuba khona kwama-canine amakhulu kanye nama-incisors, futhi amanye amazinyo angancishiswa kancane, kepha ukubukeka kwawo nokwakheka kwawo kuncike kohlobo lokondleka. Inani eliphelele lamazinyo lingahluka kusuka ezingcezwini ezingama-32-42. Ukuba khona kokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye noma okuhlobene nobudala ohlelweni lwamazinyo nakho kuvame ukubonwa.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Amabhere yizilwane ezidla zodwa ezijwayelekile, ngakho-ke lezi zilwane zikhetha ukuhlangana zodwa ngenhloso yokukhwelana. Abesilisa baziphatha njengomthetho, ngolaka futhi bayakwazi ukubulala amawundlu aseduze nowesifazane isikhathi eside. Abamele umndeni wakwa-Bear bahlukaniswa nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhle zezimo ezahlukahlukene zokuphila, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukuhlala ezifundeni eziphakeme kakhulu, ezingxenyeni zehlathi, eqhweni lase-arctic nasezintabeni, futhi umehluko omkhulu usendleleni yokudla nendlela yokuphila.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zebhere ihlala ezindaweni eziphansi nasezintabeni zamahlathi asezingeni elipholile noma elishisayo. Isidlakudla asijwayelekile kakhulu ezindaweni ezisentabeni ngaphandle kweziminyene. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlotshaniswa ngokusobala nemvelo yasemanzini, kufaka phakathi imifudlana yezintaba noma yehlathi, imifula nezindawo ezisogwini. I-Arctic, kanye nokunwebeka okukhulu
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Arctic Ocean iyindawo engokwemvelo yamabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme, futhi indlela yokuphila yebhere elijwayelekile elinsundu ihlotshaniswa namahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, i-taiga, ama-steppes ne-tundra, nezindawo eziwugwadule.
Iningi lamabhere yizilwane ezidla ezinye zomhlaba, kepha amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo angamalungu omndeni asemanzini. Amabhere aseMalay angabalandeli abajwayelekile bendlela yokuphila esezingeni eliphansi, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukugibela izihlahla kahle futhi bazihlomise ngendawo yokukhosela noma, okuthiwa "isidleke". Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhere zikhetha izimbobo eduze kohlelo lwempande lwezihlahla nemifantu yobukhulu obanele njengendawo yazo yokuhlala.
Njengomthetho, abamele umndeni wakwaBhele ne-Predatory oda basebusuku, ngakho-ke kuyaqabukela beyozingela emini.... Kodwa-ke, amabhere we-polar angathathwa njengokuhlukile kule mithetho ejwayelekile. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo, ezihola indlela yokuphila yodwa, ziyahlangana ngesikhathi "semidlalo yokukhwelana" kanye nokukhwelana, kanye nokukhulisa inzalo yazo. Phakathi kokunye, amaqembu ezilwane ezinjalo abonwa emigodini yokunisela ejwayelekile nasezindaweni zendabuko zokudla.
Amabhere ahlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Isikhathi sokuphila samabhere emvelweni singahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zalesi silwane esincelisayo:
- Amabhere akhangayo - amashumi amabili eminyaka;
- Amabhere ansundu ka-Apennine - aze afike eminyakeni engamashumi amabili;
- Tien Shan amabhere ansundu - kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amabili noma ikota yekhulu leminyaka;
- Amabhere we-polar polar - ngaphezulu kwekota yekhulu leminyaka;
- AmaSloths angaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala.
Ekuthunjweni, ubude besikhathi sokuphila besilwane esincelisayo esidla ngokuvame ukuba side kakhulu. Isibonelo, amabhere ansundu angahlala ekuthunjweni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40-45.
Izinhlobo zamabhere
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhere, ngaphandle kokufana okujwayelekile okujwayelekile, zinomehluko obonakalayo ovela komunye nomunye hhayi ekubukekeni nje kuphela, kepha nakwimikhuba eyisisekelo, kanye nendlela yokuphila:
- Ibhere elibukiwe noma le-andean (Ama-Tremаrctоs ama-оrnаtus) - I-150-180 cm ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-70-140 kg, enoboya obumnyama, obumnyama noma obansundu. Eduze kwamehlo kunamasongo esici ombala omhlophe noma ophuzi, ahlanganiswe ne-hemisphere emhlophe emphinjeni;
- Ibhere Elinsundu laseSiberia (I-Ursus arctos colllaris) - kufika ku-250 cm ubude nesisindo esimaphakathi esingaba ngu-400-500 kg, esinoboya obuphaphathekile obansundu noma obinsundu ngokugqamile nezipikili ezinsundu ezigobile, ezinde, ezinsundu noma ezimnyama;
- I-Grizzly (Ibhere le-Grizzly) - umjaho wezwekazi, obonakala ngosayizi ojwayelekile, umbala kanye nendlela yokuphila, ehambelana nezici zemvelo;
- Ibhere elinsundu u-Apennine (I-Ursus arctos marsicanus) - i-subspecies encane yebhere elinsundu enesisindo esimaphakathi ebangeni lama-95-150 kg;
- Kodiak (I-Ursus аrсtos middendоrffi) - enye yama-subspecies amakhulu kunawo wonke, afinyelela ku-2.7-2.8 m ubude futhi enesisindo esifinyelela ku-770-780 kg, enomzimba onemisipha futhi ohlangene, izitho eziqinile nezinde, ikhanda elikhulu kakhulu nomsila omfushane;
- I-Tien Shan ibhere elinsundu (I-Ursus arctos isbellinus) - i-subspecies encane ehlukanisiwe enobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kwe-140 cm nobukhulu obungadluli ku-300 kg, obonakala ngozipho olude nolukhanyayo olusemilenzeni yangaphambili;
- Pika ibhere noma Ibhere elinsundu laseTibet (I-Ursus arctos pruinosus) - enye yama-subspecies ayivelakancane ebhere elinsundu, ehlukaniswa yikhanda elibomvu elikhanyayo, umbala okhanyayo wesifonyo, isilevu esinsundu nezindlebe ezinsundu ezimnyama;
- Ibhere elinsundu le-gobi noma smear (I-Ursus arctos gobiensis) - enye yama-subspecies amancane aqhathaniswa nebhere elinsundu, anoboya obuncane futhi obukhuni bombala okhanyayo onsundu noma omhlophe ngokuluhlaza;
- Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa noma Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa, owaziwa nangokuthi i-oshkui noma i-nanuk (i-Ursus maritimus) - isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke esidla umhlaba, esifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude futhi sinesisindo esifinyelela kutani, esinentamo ende ende nesici esiyinhloko, kanye nesikhumba esimnyama noboya obungenambala;
- Ibhere elinamabele amhlophe noma ibhere le-himalayan (I-Ursus thibetаnus) - uhlukaniswa ngomthethosisekelo omncane, isifonyo esicijile nesincane, izindlebe ezinkulu nezindilinga. Isisindo esimaphakathi ngu-120-140 kg ngobude obungu-80-85 cm;
- UGubach noma "Ibhere lobuvila» (I-Melursus ursinus) - inokubukeka okwehlukile, inobude bomzimba obufinyelela ku-180 cm ngesisindo ebangeni lama-55-140 kg. Abamele lezi zinhlobo banomzimba omkhulu kakhulu nemilenze ephakeme, inhloko enkulu enebuso eliphansi, isifonyo esiqinile, uboya obude nobude obude, obakha umhlwenga ongahlanzekile entanyeni nasemahlombe;
- I-Biruang noma i-Malay Bear (Ama-Helаrctоs mаlаyаnus) - ngummeli omncane womndeni onobude bomzimba obungeqile kumitha elilodwa nohhafu nobunzima obungamakhilomitha angama-26-65 kg. Isidlakela esinamandla futhi esinamandla kakhulu sinomlomo omfishane futhi obanzi, omfishane, obushelelezi futhi onzima omnyama onombala ophuzi we-roan esigaxeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Namuhla, izazi eziningi zezilwane zivame ukuthi ipanda hhayi amabhere, kepha kubameli abakhulu bomndeni weRaccoon. Futhi, okwamanje kuphikiswa isimo samabhere akwaGrizzly, phambilini abebonakala njengenhlobo ehlukile.
Izinhlobo ezingasekho zifaka: Umgede waseFlorida noma amabhere abhekene nobuso obufushane (i-Tremarstos florianus), amabhere ama-Giant anobuso obufushane (i-Arstodus simus), amabhere amancane anobuso obufushane (i-Arstodus pristinus), amabhere e-Atlas (i-Urstodus pristinus), amabhere e-Atlas (i-Urstodus borethos) Amabhere ansundu aseMexico (U. аrсtos nеlsоni), kanye namabhere ase-Etruscan (U.еtrusсus), amabhere omgede (U. spelaeus) kanye namabhere amancane ama-cave (U. rossiсus).
Indawo, ukusatshalaliswa
Amabhere agqamile yiwona kuphela amalungu omndeni wakwaBear ahlala eNingizimu Melika, lapho umhlaseli ethanda khona amahlathi asezintabeni eVenezuela nase-Ecuador, eColombia nasePeru, kanye naseBolivia nasePanama. Ibhere elinsundu lakha umcengezi wemifula i-Lena, Kolyma ne-Anadyr, iningi laseMpumalanga yeSiberia kanye nommango waseStanovoy, eNyakatho yeMongolia, ezinye izifunda zaseChina kanye nomngcele weMpumalanga Kazakhstan.
AmaGrizzlies atholakala kakhulu entshonalanga yeCanada nase-Alaska, kanti isibalo esincane sisinda ezwekazini laseMelika, kubandakanya iMontana kanye nenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeWashington. Amabhere ansundu weTien Shan atholakala emabangeni eTien Shan, naseZhungar Alatau, enezintaba ezincikene, kanti iMazalai itholakala ezintabeni eziwugwadule zaseTagan-Bogdo nase-Atas-Bogdo, lapho kutholakala khona amahlathi angavamile neziteshi ezomile zokuhambisa amanzi.
Amabhere we-polar asatshalaliswa i-circumpolar, futhi ahlala ezifundeni ze-circumpolar enyakatho ye-hemisphere yomhlaba wethu. Amabhere aseHimalaya anezifuba ezimhlophe athanda amahlathi anamagquma nezintaba ase-Iran nase-Afghanistan, ePakistan naseHimalaya, aze afike eJapan naseKorea. Abamele lezi zinhlobo ehlobo e-Himalaya bakhuphukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu noma ezine, futhi lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo behlela enyaweni lentaba.
Amabhere amaSloth ahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nakumahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNdiya nasePakistan, eSri Lanka naseNepal, kanye naseBangladesh naseBhutan. IBiruangi isatshalaliswa isuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya iye e-Indonesia, kufaka phakathi iSumatra neKalimantan, kanti isiqhingi saseBorneo kuhlala ama-subspecies iHelarctos mаlаyаnus eurysrlus.
Amabhere esimisweni semvelo seplanethi
Bonke abamele umndeni wakwaBhele, ngenxa yemikhawulo yokudla kwabo nosayizi omangalisayo, banomthelela obonakalayo kakhulu ezilwaneni nasezintweni ezihlala ezindaweni zabo. Izinhlobo Izinhlobo zamabhere amhlophe nansundu ayabandakanyeka ekulawuleni inani eliphelele lama-ungulates nezinye izilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kungamabhere ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene lapho inani elikhulu lama-parasites angaphandle, kanye nama-endoparasites amaningi kakhulu, akhubazeka khona.
Zonke izinhlobo zamabhere ezidla kakhulu zifaka isandla ekusakazekeni okusebenzayo kwembewu yezitshalo eziningi. Amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo avame ukuhambisana nezimpungushe ze-arctic ezidla isisulu sazo.
Ukudla kwamabhere
Amabhere agqamile yiwona adla kakhulu emndenini, futhi ukudla kwawo okuyinhloko kufaka amahlumela anotshani, izithelo nama-rhizomes ezitshalo, izilimo zommbila, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane ngendlela yezintuthwane noma umuhlwa. Inhlanzi ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekudleni kwebhere laseSiberia, kanti ama-Kodiaks angama-omnivores adla zombili izitshalo ezine-herbaceous, amajikijolo nezimpande, nokudla kwenyama, kufaka phakathi inhlanzi nazo zonke izinhlobo zezidumbu.
Amabhere adla iPika noma amabhere ansundu aseTibet adla kakhulu ezitshalweni ezine-herbaceous, kanye nama-pikas, yingakho enegama lawo. Isisulu esikhulu samabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo yizimpawu zemigqa, izimpawu zentshebe, ama-walrus nezinye izilwane eziningi zasolwandle. Umzingeli akayideleli inyama yesidumbu, uzondla ngokuzithandela izinhlanzi ezifile, amaqanda namachwane, angadla utshani nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimila zasolwandle, futhi ezindaweni ezihlala abantu ubheka ukudla ezindaweni eziningi zokulahla udoti.
Ukudla kwamabhere amhlophe noma amabele aseHimalaya kungama-80-85% amelwe yimikhiqizo yezitshalo, kepha umhlaseli uyakwazi ukusebenzisa izintuthwane nezinye izinambuzane, kanye nezimbungulu ezinomsoco kakhulu kanye namaxoxo. Amabhere amaSloth, njengezidliwayo, ayashintshwa ukuze ondle ikakhulukazi izinambuzane zamakholoni, kuhlanganise umuhlwa nezintuthwane. Onke ama-biruangs adla omnivorous, kepha ikakhulukazi adla izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izinyosi nomuhlwa, kanye nezithelo namahlumela, izikelemu zomhlaba nezimpande zezitshalo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngokuvamile, amabhere afinyelele eminyakeni emithathu noma emine ubudala abamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni, kodwa le nqubo ayenzeki ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye njalo ngonyaka, kodwa ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe, esingahluka ukusuka onyakeni owodwa kuye kwemine. Isikhathi sokumitha sebhere lensikazi sifushane, sisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-60 kuye kwezingama-70, kepha ukubambezeleka kokufakwa kwamaqanda embungu kungawandisa kakhulu. Inani lamachwane kudoti owodwa lingahluka futhi lishiye umuntu oyedwa kuye kwabahlanu. Izinhlobo ze-Hibernating zizala amaphuphu ebusika, ngqo emgodini.
Amabhere ayizilwane ezinomfazi oyedwa, njengomthetho, ama-pair akhiwe ahlala isikhathi esifushane, futhi abesilisa abahlanganyeli ekunakekeleni inzalo. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene, kanti abantu abasha bahlala nabesifazane cishe unyaka nohhafu. Abantu bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka emithathu kuya kweyisithupha, kepha izinqubo zokukhula kwesilwane esincelisayo esidlayo ziyaqhubeka zize zibe neminyaka emihlanu, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho neminyaka eyishumi.
Ezinye izinhlobo zinezinga eliphakeme lokufa ebuntwaneni nasebusheni... Isibonelo, izinga lokufa kwabantu abangakavuthwa lifinyelela kuma-52-86%, kanti kumabhere we-polar cishe ngo-10-30% wamazinyane asanda kuzalwa futhi cishe abantu abangavuthiwe ababalelwa ku-3-16% bafa minyaka yonke.
Izitha zemvelo
Abamele abantu abadala bomndeni wakwaBhele cishe abanazo izitha zemvelo, futhi kuphela izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezidlayo ezisuka emndenini wakwaFeline namanye amaCanids okuyingozi enkulu ezilwaneni ezisencane. Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zamabhere ase-Himalaya yizimpisi nama-Amur tigers.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isibalo sebhere elibukiwe alanele ngokwanele, ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa zibekwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List. Inani labantu abadala lama-Kodiaks nalo lehla kakhulu ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa, ngakho-ke umhlaseli wathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa nguhulumeni. Amabhere ansundu ka-Apennine asengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, futhi ezimweni zemvelo, namuhla abekho ngaphezu kwabameleli abangama-50-80 bale subspecies.
Amabhere ansundu weTien Shan ayizinhlobo ezingandile, inani nobubanzi bawo obuncipha kakhulu, ngakho-ke avikelwe yizinqolobane ze-Aksu-Dzhabagly ne-Alma-Atinsky, ama-Alma-Atinsky, amaLepsinsky kanye namaTokinsinski. Amabhere ePika aqothulwe ukuthola i-bile, esetshenziswa emithini yaseChina, kepha imingcele ngqo yesimo sokongiwa kwalesi sidlakela ayikanqunywa ngenxa yokushoda kolwazi.
Amabhere kaGobi ngokufanele anesimo "sezilwane eziyivelakancane kakhulu" futhi asengozini yokuqothulwa okuphelele, ngenxa yobungako besibalo sabantu esincane kakhulu kanye nokuba sengozini okukhulu kwezinkukhu. Amabhere asePolar azala kancane futhi afa ngobuningi bawo esemncane, ngakho-ke asengozini kalula futhi afakwa kwi-IWC, kanye naseRed Book yezwe lakithi.
Okubalulekile! Omunye wabamele ama-subspecies we-Himalayan bear ubuye afakwe kwiRed Book - ibhele laseBaluchistan elinamabele amhlophe, manje elisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.
Amabhere amaSloth nawo abhalwe ku-IWC futhi ayizinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBiruangi iphakathi kwezinhlobo eziyivelakancane nezisengozini kakhulu.
Amabhele nendoda
Kunamacala ambalwa aziwa ngebhere elikhulu le-grizzly elihlasela abantu, kwesinye isikhathi kube nomphumela obulalayo.... Izisulu zebhere elinjalo zivame ukuba izivakashi ezondla izilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma iyiphi indawo yokulahla inkunkuma yokudla enqwabelana eduze kwamakamu namatende wezivakashi ingaheha i-gnawing, futhi i-grizzly, ephazamisekile ngenkathi isondliwa, ingahle ibe nolaka futhi ihlasele.
Amabhere aseHimalaya nawo aziphatha ngodlame kakhulu lapho ehlangana nabantu, ngakho-ke kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezimo eziningi zokuhlaselwa kwabantu, kufaka phakathi nezimo ezinomphumela obulalayo.
