Sandpiper (Limicolae) - kungokwalabo oda Charadriiformes, okuyinto ukuhlanganisa imindeni 6: plovers, snipes ezinemibala, oysters, oysters, snipes kanye tirkushkovye. Ngokusho kwaleli bhuloho, izindawo ezihlala iziqeshana zesihlabathi zingahlukaniswa zibe yizinyoni zasolwandle, ezintabeni, ezinesihlabathi nezasehlathini. Leli yiqembu lezinyoni ezihamba kakhulu kunazo zonke. Udumo, ukutholakala kuzo zonke izifunda nokuhlukahluka kwenza ama-waders indebe efunwa kakhulu ngabazingeli eRussia (i-woodcock, great snipe, snipe).
Incazelo yesandpiper
Ama-sandpipers - izinyoni zokubukeka okuhlukahlukene... Ubude bomzimba busuka kumasentimitha ayi-14 kuye kwangama-62, isisindo somzimba - kusuka kuma-gramu angama-30 kuye kuma-1.2 kilograms.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kukhona imibono yokuthi umehluko ekubukekeni nasezindleleni zokuphila kudinga ukuhlukaniswa kwama-waders abe ngamaqembu amabili azimele: owokuqala - ama-plovers, ama-shylobeaks, ama-magpie waders, owesibili - i-snipe, i-yakan ne-snipe enemibala.
Lezi zinyoni zingakwazi ukuthanjiswa kalula. Bashesha ukujwayela umuntu, baphendule ekunakekelweni, bavumelane nezimo zokuhlala eziphakanyisiwe kanye nokudla kwasekhaya.
Ukubukeka
Iningi lama-waders yizinyoni eziseduze kwamanzi. Lokhu kunquma izici zokubukeka kwazo. Umzimba unomusa, uzacile, uminyene. Izimpiko zivame ukuba zinde, zivame ukuba mncane futhi zibukhali. Imilenze yama-waders amafushane (ama-plovers, ama-lapwings, ama-snipes), amade (izinyoni, ama-curlews), noma amade kakhulu (ama-stilts). Imilenze inezinzwane ezintathu noma ezine (uzwane lwesine lukhule kabi).
Kwabanye abameleli be-oda (izisiphephu ezinamazinyo anombhede, isinipe enemibala), izisekelo zeminwe zixhunywe ulwelwesi, ezinyonini ezintantayo, ama-scallops esikhumba atholakala ezinhlangothini zeminwe. Umlenze ophakathi kwe-tibia nezinzwani (itarsus) nengxenye engezansi ye-tibia ayinazimpaphe. Imilenze ye-waders imnyama, mpunga, luhlaza, uphuzi futhi ubomvu.
Ukuma komlomo kuncike endaweni nasendleleni yokuthola ukudla. Le nsimbi ingaba yinde futhi ibe ncanyana, iqonde noma igobele phansi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ize igobele phezulu. Ezinhlotsheni ezinjenge-sandpiper enekhala eligobile, uqhwaku luguqekile eceleni. Kukhona izinyoni ezinomlomo wobude obumaphakathi, obufana nomlomo wejuba: ingxenye enkulu ekhinyiwe, amakhala avele emakhoneni abanzi esikhumba esithambile.
Kukhona futhi okunye ukwakheka komlomo - kukhuliswe phezulu, ngokwesibonelo, ku-tirkusha, kulichka, spatula, plovers, abagijimi bezimbuzi. Uqhwaku luzwela kakhulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lama-receptors, ngakho-ke lisebenza njengomsizi othembekile wale nyoni ekutholeni ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni zisebenzisa imilomo yazo ukuthola ukudla enhlabathini ethambile futhi ziphule igobolondo eliqinile lama-crustaceans, zikhiphe imollusk lapho. Ekunciphiseni kwama-mollusk, i-sandpiper ingahambisa itshe elingaphansi kwesisindo kule nyoni uqobo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubude bemilenze kwesinye isikhathi bukhulu kakhulu kunobukhulu bomzimba. Ngakho-ke, iStilt (Himantopus) inobude bomlenze cishe obungamasentimitha angama-20, kanti ubukhulu bomzimba obukhulu ngamasentimitha angama-40.
Izimpaphe zalezi zinyoni ziminyene, azinemibala egqamile. Imibala esemqoka imhlophe, mpunga, ibomvu. Ingubo enesizotha enjalo isici se-waders, ngisho nangesikhathi sokukhwelana. Umbala wabesilisa nabesifazane wehlukile kakhulu. Kepha abanye abameleli be-oda banezimpaphe eziqhakazile eziphikisanayo, ngokwesibonelo, ama-turukhtans, ama-lapwings amaningi, ama-oysters, onogwaja, imilomo yamatshe, i-shiloklyuvki, nezinhlanzi zasendle.
Izinyoni zishintsha izimpaphe kabili ngonyaka... I-molt yasehlobo ingabizwa iphelele, yinde kakhulu - kusuka ekuqaleni kwehlobo kuze kube sebusika. Ekupheleni kobusika kune-molt engakapheli yomshado engaphelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi okunjalo kuthinta nekhwalithi yezingubo: kukhona umehluko ocacile phakathi kombala wezimpaphe zasehlobo nezasebusika zezinye izinambuzane. Umsila we-sandpiper mfushane, ezinye izinyoni zingayinyakazisa, kodwa ungalokothi uyigcine iphakanyisiwe. Amehlo makhulu, avumela izinyoni ukuba zisebenze kakhulu ebusuku. Banamehlo abukhali nokuzwa.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha
I-sandpiper - inyoni yokufunda... Amakholoni ezinyoni aqoqene esidlekeni noma alungiselela ukundiza, abalelwa ezinkulungwaneni zabantu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abayimizulane nabahlala phansi. Zonke izinyoni zalolu hlelo zigijima ngokushesha, zindiza kahle, ezinye ziyakwazi ukubhukuda nokuntywila. Kukholelwa ukuthi i-sandpiper kulula ukuyithambisa.
Ziphila isikhathi esingakanani ama-waders
Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwezinyoni yiminyaka engama-20. Isikhathi sokugcina umhlambi we-Eskimo curlew, owawuhlala esiqhingini saseNyakatho Melika futhi ebusika eNingizimu, wagcina ukubonwa entwasahlobo ka-1926. Eminyakeni engama-30 nje kuphela, ngenxa yokuzingela ngokweqile nokulima umhlaba, lolu hlobo lwaqothulwa ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ze-Kulikov
Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- Zuyki. Inyoni emaphakathi ngesihloko enekhanda elincane, uqhwaku olufushane oluqondile, imilenze emifushane, kodwa umsila omude namaphiko. Isisindo somzimba kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-70 amagremu. Iphiko lingamasentimitha angama-45.
- Ama-Ulits... Izinyoni ezimaphakathi nezikhulu ngokulandelana kwazo zinemilenze emide nemilomo emide, egobile kancane phezulu. Isisindo singama-200 amagremu.
- Amabhande... Inyoni enkulu. Isisindo esifinyelela ku-270 amagremu. Imilenze mide, uqhwaku lunobude obuphakathi nendawo, luqondile. Umbala ubuswa ngokubomvu. Imvamisa ihlala emadlelweni emifuleni emakoloni amancane.
- Ama-curlews... Ummeleli omkhulu kakhulu weqembu lakhe. Isisindo senyoni esikhulile sisuka kumagremu angama-500 kuye kuma-1.2 kilogram. Umlomo omude kakhulu futhi ugobile ubheke phansi. Umsila omnyama unomugqa owodwa omncane omhlophe. Ngokuphila ukhetha amaxhaphozi agcwele utshani obuphansi, amathafa ezikhukhula zemifula.
- Ama-sandboxes. Ifana kakhulu nondlunkulu. Inyoni encane enomusa. Isakhamuzi se-tundra. Uthola ukudla enhlabathini enodaka. Kusebenza ikakhulukazi ebusuku.
- UTurukhtan... Ihluka ngombala okhanyayo. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kuvela ukhololo opholile. Kunzima ukuthola abesilisa abanombala ofanayo emhlambini. Ama-metallic tints egolide, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amnyama, aluhlaza enza ingubo yabesilisa ihluke.
- Snipe... Inyoni ephakathi nendawo - ubude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-25-27, isisindo esisuka ku-80 kuye ku-170 amagremu.
- Ama-Plovers... I-wader ephakathi nendawo enemilenze emide noqhwaku olufushane.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-sandpipers akhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezisondelene nemizimba yamanzi: ngasogwini lolwandle, imifula, amachibi. Phakathi kwabamele leli oda kukhona labo abahlala esidlekeni ezindaweni ezomile ngisho nasehlane. Kukhona ama-waders ahlala ehlathini.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, ungahlangana nama-waders: eziqhingini ezibandayo zoLwandle i-Arctic, ezingwadule zaseCentral Asia nasezintabeni eziphakeme zasePamir.
ERussia, abamele le oda lezinyoni eziningi kakhulu bangatholakala kuzo zonke izifunda: kusukela emingceleni eseningizimu kuye e-Arctic. Abasebenza ngamakhambi, ukuxegiselwa kwezinyawo, abathwali, ama-plover amancane, isidleke sezinkuni eningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude. E-Primorye, kunama-guardrails kanye nama-spinders afana ne-snipe, futhi imifula yezintaba iyindawo eyintandokazi yama-Ussuri plovers.
Ama-snipe aseJapan kanye nolwandle kutholakala kuphela olwandle. Esifundeni sase-Amur, kunendawo yokwakha izidleke zezilonda ezinkulu kanye ne-Okhotsk, i-fifi, izisiphephu ezinzwane ezinde kanye ne-snipe ejwayelekile.
Iningi lama-waders yizinyoni ezifudukayo. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, bakhuphukela ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6,000. Iningi lamalungu eqembu lenza izindiza zamabanga amade: ukusuka eSiberia esepolishi kuya eNew Zealand nase-Australia, ukusuka e-Alaska kuya eningizimu ye-Argentina. Lezi zinyoni zingabizwa ngokufuduka okukude - zindiza zingami kuze kufike kumakhilomitha ayi-11,000, zinqoba amabanga amade ngaphezu kwamanzi, izingwadule, nezintaba.
Ukudla kweSandpiper
Imenyu ye-sandpiper iqukethe izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni ezitholakala ebusweni bomhlaba noma emanzini: izibungu, izibungu, izimbungulu, ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane. Ama-waders yemifino aneliswe izinhlamvu zembewu namajikijolo kuphela. Isilo esithandwa kakhulu yizintethe yisikhonyane. Kubhujiswa endizeni ngamanani amakhulu. Kumajikijolo, i-sandpiper ikhetha ama-blueberries. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinyoni zidla ngenjabulo amagundane namaxoxo. Ama-waders okudoba angathanda izinhlanzi ezincane kunanoma yisiphi esinye isidlo.
Izitha zemvelo
Izinyoni ezidla izitha ziyizitha zama-waders... Ukubonakala kobuhle kubangela ukwethuka phakathi kwama-waders: bayamemeza ngokudabukisayo baziphonse emanzini. Ngokuntywila, izinyoni zithola ithuba lokuphunyuka. Emanzini angajulile, akunakwenzeka ukubalekela abasukelayo. Izimpungushe zase-Arctic, ama-martens, ama-wolverine, amagwababa, ama-buzzards azingela abangenalwazi futhi awasheshi ukushesha, futhi ama-skuas nawo abhubhisa amaqanda.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izilwanyane ezingumzali zivikela ngesibindi inzalo yazo. Uma izimvu eziklabayo zisondela esidlekeni, izinyoni zihlasela usongo olungaba khona ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuba izimvu zibaleke ngokwesaba.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngo-Ephreli, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ama-waders. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni sezisabalalisile indawo yazo yokuhlala. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emakoloni, iningi lezinyoni - ngazimbili ezizodwa. Zihlala ngamaqembu amakhulu noma zodwa. Ndiza phezu kwendawo yokwakha izidleke, ezimatasa ngokuthola umlingani, zikhipha imisindo ebadonsela amehlo. Lesi siko sibukeka sihlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene.
Ekuqaleni, ama-sea plover ashesha ngokushesha ngama-trill, bese-ke, esesemhlabathini, esakaza umsila wawo ku-fan, aphishekela abesifazane. Ukushwibeka, ukuze kudonse ukunakwa, kundizela phezulu, bese uhlela phansi, ushintshe indlela endiza ngayo. Ama-plover amancane andiza ayindilinga ebanzi; sehlele phansi, abesilisa bagijima belandela abesifazane. Ama-curlews aseMpumalanga Ekude, athatha ubude obungamamitha angama-30 kuya kwangu-40, achaza ama-semicircles futhi ngasikhathi sinye ekhipha izingoma zomshado ezizwakalayo futhi ezimnandi.
Ama-sandpipers ahlukile kwezinye izinyoni ebuhlotsheni obuhlukahlukene bomshado. Zibonakala ngokushada nomuntu oyedwa, isithembu, ngisho ne-polyandry.
- Umuntu oyedwa. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lobudlelwano. Abazali bakhwelana isizini bese bachamela amaqanda ngamunye ngamunye, benakekela inzalo ndawonye.
- Isithembu. Abalingani besilisa abanezinsikazi eziningana ngenkathi eyodwa futhi ababambiqhaza ekuchamuseleni amaqanda futhi abanakekeli amazinyane esikhathini esizayo.
- I-Polyandry. Abesifazane abesilisa nabesilisa abaningana bazalela amaqanda ezidlekeni ezihlukene. Kulokhu, amaduna afukamela amaqanda namachwane achamusele.
- Ukushutheka kabili. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ezidlekeni ezimbili, kwesinye ifukamela amaqanda uqobo, kowesibili owesilisa onakekelayo achanyusele amaphuphu. Abazali basiza amaphuphu ukuthi nawo akhule ngokwahlukana.
Ama-sandpipers adla phansi, amaqanda abekwa emgodini ngaphandle kolwelwesi. Ngokwesiko, lawa angamaqanda amane amise okwepheya anombala oluhlaza okotshani. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezidlekeni zezinyoni ezisezihlahleni ngonyaka owedlule.
Amachwane azalwa enamehlo. Umzimba wabo umbozwe ngogqinsi phansi. Izingane zingazitholela ukudla kwazo kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala, kepha imvamisa abazali bayaqhubeka nokunakekela izingane - ukufudumeza, ukuvikela ezingozini nokukhombisa izindawo lapho kunokudla okuningi khona. Futhi abadobi bezinyoni baletha ngisho nokudla ezindlekeni zabo. Lapho ineminyaka emibili, ama-wader akulungele ukukhwelana.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, kunezinhlobo ezisuka emhlabeni eziyi-181 kuya kwezingama-214, lapho kunezinhlobo ezingama-94 eRussia. Izinhlobo ezimbili: i-curlew enezinhlawulo ezincane kanye ne-lapwing lapwing zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani le-steppe pick ne-sandpiper lehle kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-waders zibhalwe kuRed Data Books.
Okubalulekile! Imbangela yemiphumela edabukisayo enjalo, okokuqala, imisebenzi yabantu.
Ugu lolwandle oluzungeze i-Asia luyingozi enkulu ezinyonini ezifudukayo nezasebusika. Lapha, ngemizamo yabantu, izindawo ezinkulu zamachibi asogwini zikhishwe. Izindawo zenziwa amazwe ase-East Asia - iChina neKorea. Njengomphumela wokuphazanyiswa okunjalo ezinqubweni zemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi zemifula ogwini lwasePacific zincishwa ithuba lokukhulisa ubukhulu besibalo sabantu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zibhujiswa zaphela.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi ukuze kulondolozwe i-wader, kuyadingeka ukuthi izame ukuyizalela lapho iboshiwe bese izidedela izinyoni ziye emvelweni.... Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bayazi ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuwagcina futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzala ama-waders ekuthunjweni.
I-Red Book ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN CC) ifaka izinhlobo ezi-7 zama-waders: i-grey lapwing, i-Ussuri plover, umnenke wase-Okhotsk, i-snipe yaseJapan, ifosholo, i-Asiatic snipe, ne-Far Eastern curlew. Encwadini Ebomvu yeRussian Federation, kunezinhlobo eziyi-11 zama-waders (uhlu oluvela e-IUCN QC lwanezelwa yi-awl, stilt, amazinyo aphuzi kanye ne-oystercatcher). Sekuvele kunezinhlobo eziyi-14 kwiRed Book yasePrimorsky Territory (futhi nesifutho sentaba, i-warp yesandla kanye ne-curlew yengane).
