Ngolimi lwabantu bomdabu base-Afrika - isizwe samaLuba - "imfene" isho "ukufana nabantu." Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezimfene nabantu zahluka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha kuphela edlule. Futhi namuhla ngummeli ogqame futhi omangalisa kakhulu wohlobo lwezinkawu ezinkulu, ezofuzo nangokwemvelo okusondele kakhulu kuHomo sapiens. Isibonelo, ukufana phakathi kwe-DNA yethu kucishe kube ngu-90%.
Incazelo yezimfene
Kepha kuphela ukufana kwe-DNA "ubuntu" bezimfene akugcini.
Ukubukeka
Izimfene, njengabantu, zinezinhlobo zegazi neminwe ngayinye.... Ungabahlukanisa ngazo - iphethini ayiphindi. Izimfene zihlukile kubantu ngobude. Abesilisa abakhulu kunabo bonke abeqi ngamamitha ayi-1.5 ukuphakama. Abesifazane baphansi nangaphansi - amamitha ayi-1.3. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izimfene zinamandla kakhulu emzimbeni futhi zinemisipha ekhule kahle, okungewona wonke amaHomo sapiens angaziqhayisa ngayo.
Ukwakheka kogebhezi kuhlukaniswa ngamakhothamo aphakanyisiwe, impumulo eyisicaba nomhlathi ophume ngokuqinile ohlome ngamazinyo abukhali. Ukhakhayi lwenziwa ngemvelo ngesigcini - ubuchopho buthatha isigamu nje sevolumu yaso. Imilenze yangaphambili neyangemuva yoshimpanzi inobude obulinganayo. Isici esivelele sokwakheka kwezidladla zabo isithupha, esisendaweni ekude ukusuka kokunye futhi esivumela inkawu ukuphatha ngobuciko izinto ezincane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Igazi le-chimpanzee le-pygmy - ama-bonobos - lingafakwa kubantu ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwangaphambili.
Umzimba wonke wemfene umbozwe izinwele. Imvelo yenze okuhlukile ebusweni, ezintendeni nasematheni ezinyawo zenkawu. Izimfene zentsha zinendawo encane emhlophe ku-coccyx phakathi kwejazi elimnyama, elijiyile. Ngenkathi inkawu ikhula, izinwele ziba mnyama futhi zibe nsundu. Lesi sici sivumela izimfene ukuthi zihlukanise izingane kubantu abadala futhi ziziphathe ngokufanele. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi izinkawu ezineziqhingi "ezimhlophe" ku-coccyx yazo zibalekela okuningi, okungukuthi, ezinqeni zazo. Ama-primates amadala awajezisi ngemigilingwane futhi awafuni okuningi. Kepha lapho nje izinwele ezimhlophe zinyamalala, ubuntwana buyaphela.
Izinhlobo zezimfene
Izimfene zingezohlobo lwezinkawu ezinkulu futhi zihlobene nama-gorilla nama-orangutan. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezimfene - izimfene ezivamile kanye ne-bonobo chimpanzee. AmaBonobos avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ama-pygmy chimpanzees", okungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele. UBonobo akayona into encane ngaleyo ndlela, ukwakheka komzimba wayo kwehlukile kunemfene ejwayelekile ngomusa omkhulu. Futhi, lolu hlobo, ukuphela kwezinkawu, lunezindebe ezibomvu, njengabantu.
Imfene ejwayelekile ine-subspecies:
- ubuso obumnyama noma imfene lapho - ihlukaniswa amabala ebusweni;
- Imfene yaseNtshonalanga - inesifihla-buso esimise okwevemvane esimnyama;
- I-shveinfurtovsky - inezici ezimbili ezihlukile: ubuso obukhanyayo, ukuthola umbala ongcolile ngeminyaka, kanye nebhantshi elide kunelezihlobo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
UChimpanzee uyisilwane esihlangana nabantu, uhlala ngamaqembu afinyelela kwabangu-20-30... Leli qembu liholwa owesilisa ojwayelekile wezimfene, nowesifazane osemabhonobos. Umholi akayona njalo inyamazane eqine kunayo yonke eqenjini, kepha kufanele kube nguye onobuqili kakhulu. Udinga ukwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano nezihlobo ngendlela yokuthi zimlalele. Ukwenza lokhu, ukhetha inkampani yabasondelene naye, njengonogada, angathembela kuye uma kunengozi. Bonke abanye abancintisana nabesilisa bagcinwa besaba ukulalelwa.
Lapho umholi "ephuka" ngenxa yokuguga noma ukulimala, indawo yakhe ithathwa ngokushesha "ngumphathi" omncane futhi othembisayo... Abesifazane emhlambini nabo bangaphansi kobukhosi obuqinile. Kukhona abaholi besifazane abasesimweni esikhethekile. Abesilisa babanaka ngokukhethekile, futhi lokhu kubalungisa isimo sabakhethiweyo. Izimfene ezinje zithola izigaxa ezihlwabusayo kakhulu nenani elikhulu labashushisi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaBonobos, ngenxa yokushoda kobudlova esimilweni sawo, axazulula zonke izingxabano ngaphakathi kweqembu ngokuthula - ngokukhwelana.
Ngokuvamile, izimpendulo zokuziphatha zezimfene zabesilisa nabesifazane ziyehluka ezingeni lobuhlakani nolaka. Uma abesilisa bethanda izimpi, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokuvikela indawo yabo, khona-ke abesifazane banokuthula futhi bakwazi ngisho nemizwelo "yabantu" njengozwela nozwela. Bangathatha iwundlu eliyintandane ngaphansi kwabo, bazwakalise ukuzwelana nesihlobo esilimele, babelane ngokudla. Kepha! Ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi umuntu akufanele athi inkawu, ngisho "nomuntu" owaziwa kakhulu kunazo zonke, izimfanelo ezingekho kuyo. Kunezimo lapho izimfene zidle uhlobo lwazo futhi zazama nokuhlasela abantu.
Izimfene zesifazane zibhekwa njengokulalela kakhulu kwezemfundo nasekuqeqesheni, kepha zihlakaniphe kancane kunabesilisa. Kepha bakhombisa uthando olukhulu ngomuntu futhi abakufihli ukusongela kokungalaleli okunolaka, ngokungafani nabesilisa, "abadukiswa ulungile" umuzwa wokubusa. Indlela yokuphila yomphakathi yenza kube lula ngezimfene ukuzingela, ukuvikela inzalo, futhi kusize ukuqongelela amakhono awusizo eqenjini. Bafunda okuningi komunye nomunye ngenkathi behlala ndawonye. Ososayensi bakhombisile ukuthi izinkawu ezinesizungu zinciphise izinkomba zezempilo zizonke. Isifiso sokudla sibi kakhulu kunezihlobo ezihlangene, futhi imetabolism yehlisiwe.
Izimfene - abahlali basehlathini... Badinga izihlahla. Bakha izidleke phezu kwabo, bathole ukudla, babaleke eduze kwabo, babambe amagatsha, kusuka esitheni. Kodwa, ngokuphumelela ngokulinganayo, lezi zinkawu zihamba phansi, zisebenzisa yonke imilenze emine. Ukuhamba ume mpo, ngemilenze emibili, akuyona into ejwayelekile ngezimfene endaweni yazo yemvelo.
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi izimfene zingaphansi kwama-orangutan ekukhuphukeni kwezihlahla, kodwa ama-gorilla anqoba ekuhlanzekeni kwezidleke zawo. Idizayini yezidleke ze-chimpanzee ayihlukaniswa ngomusa futhi yenziwa ngokungathobeki - kusuka emagatsheni nasezinduku ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ngendlela exakile. Izimfene zilala izidleke kuphela, ezihlahleni - ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha.
Izimfene ziyabhukuda, kepha aziwuthandi lo msebenzi.... Ngokuvamile bakhetha ukungabi manzi ngaphandle uma kunesidingo. Ukuzijabulisa kwabo okuyinhloko ukudla nokuphumula. Yonke into ayijahile futhi iyalinganiswa. Ukuphela kwento ephazamisa ukuvumelana kwempilo yezinkawu ukuvela kwesitha. Kulokhu, izimfene zikhala kakhulu. Izimfene ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 zemisindo, kepha azikwazi ukukhiqiza inkulumo yomuntu, ngoba "zikhuluma" ngokuphefumula, hhayi ngokuhogela umoya, njengomuntu. Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kweqembu nakho kusizwa ngolimi lwezandla nokuma komzimba. Kukhona nobuso. Izimfene zingamamatheka futhi zishintshe isimo sobuso.
Izimfene yizilwane ezihlakaniphile. Lezi zinkawu zingabafundi abasheshayo. Ukuhlala nomuntu, bathatha kalula imikhuba nemikhuba yakhe, kwesinye isikhathi kukhombisa imiphumela emangalisayo. Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo lapho inkawu yasolwandle ibhekana nehange noseyili, yayazi ukushisa isitofu egalini nokugcina umlilo kuyo.
Ukuhlala eqenjini, izimfene zabelana ngempumelelo ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwazo. Izilwane ezisencane zifunda ezinyangeni ezivuthiwe ngokumane zibuke futhi zikopishe indlela eziziphatha ngayo. Lezi zinkawu endaweni yazo yemvelo uqobo lwazo zacabanga ukusebenzisa induku netshe njengethuluzi lokuthola ukudla, kanye namaqabunga amakhulu ezitshalo njengeziphuzo zamanzi noma isambulela uma imvula, noma ifeni, noma ngisho nephepha langasese.
Izimfene ziyakwazi ukuncoma imbali engenanzuzo yokudla, noma ukutadisha ngokucophelela i-python ekhasayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokungafani nabantu, izimfene ngeke zonakalise izinto nezinto eziphilayo ezingasizi ngalutho futhi ezingenabungozi kuye, kunalokho, ngokuphambene nalokho. Izimfene zaziwa ngokuthi zondla izimfudu. Vele!
Zingaki izimfene ezihlala
Ezimweni ezinzima zasendle, izimfene kuyaqabukela ziphila zineminyaka engama-50 ubudala. Kodwa e-zoo, ngaphansi kokuqondisa komuntu, le nkawu yakhululwa yafika eminyakeni engama-60 ubudala.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izimfene zihlala eCentral naseNtshonalanga Afrika. Bakhetha amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo namahlathi asezintabeni anohlaza oluningi. Namuhla, ama-bonobos atholakala kuphela eMaphakathi ne-Afrika - emahlathini aswakeme phakathi kwemifula iCongo neLualaba.
Abantu abaningi bechimpanzee barekhodwa endaweni yaseCameroon, iGuinea, iCongo, iMali, iNigeria, i-Uganda, iRwanda, iBurundi, iTanzania kanye nezinye izifundazwe eziningi zase-Afrika.
Ukudla kwenkawu kweChimpanzee
Izimfene ziyizidlakudla, kepha iningi lokudla kwazo okujwayelekile: izitshalo, izithelo, uju, amaqanda ezinyoni, izinambuzane... Izinhlanzi nezimbaza zenzeka kodwa akuwona umthetho. Zikhetha ukudla kwezitshalo, izinkawu zithanda izithelo namaqabunga, zishiya izimpande nezikhonkwane zecala elilambile, elilambile. Ukugcina isisindo sabo (izimfene zinesisindo esingama-50 kg), zidinga ukudla okuningi futhi njalo, ezikwenzayo, zichithe uhhafu wamahora azo okuvuka zifuna futhi zimunce ukudla.
Ososayensi abavumelani ngokudla kwezilwane kwama-chimpanzee. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincane nezinambuzane zihlala njalo ohlwini lwezinkawu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukudla okunjalo kutholakala kuphela ekwindla nasenanini elincane kakhulu. Izimfene ezivamile zibonakala zidla izinkawu nama-colobuses, aqoqwe ndawonye, ahlele ngokucophelela ukuzingela. AmaBonobos awabonwa kulokhu. Uma zibamba izinkawu, akukhona ukudla, kodwa kujabulisa. AmaBonobos adlala "nendebe" yabo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izimfene azinayo inkathi ecacile yokuzalanisa. Ukukhwelana kungenzeka nganoma yiluphi usuku kanye nenkathi. Ukukhulelwa kwezimfene kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-7.5. Kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Lapho izalwa, umntwana “uboya” ngezinwele ezilula ezingakhanyi, eziba nkulu futhi zibe mnyama njengoba zikhula.
Okubalulekile! Imfene ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili ngeminyaka eyi-6-10. Kepha kuze kube kwenzeka lokho, isibopho sakhe nonina siqine ngokwanele.
Izimfene zesifazane ziyizalukazi ezikhathalelayo. Kuze kube yilapho izinyane lifunda ukuhamba ngokuzimela, bahlala bekuthwala esiswini noma emhlane, kungazivumeli ukuba zingabonakali emehlweni nezidladla zabo.
Izitha zemvelo
Umzingeli oyingozi kakhulu wezimfene yingwe, ngoba ingazimela kuzo zombili phansi nasesigabeni. Izenzo ezihlangene kuphela ezingasindisa inkawu uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa ingwe. Ibona isitha, imfene iqala ukumemeza kakhulu, ibize izihlobo. Ngokuhlangana, bacosha isililo baphonse izinduku kumzingeli. Imvamisa, ingwe ayimeli isimilo esinjalo futhi iyahlehla.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kodwa kwakungeyona ingwe eyaholela ekuqothulweni kwemfene, kodwa indoda - ngokuphatha kwayo imvelo nezakhamuzi zayo ngokungenangqondo. Njengamanje, zombili izimfene namabhonono zisengozini futhi zibhalwe kuRed Book.... Lesi simo ngokwengxenye sisindiswa iqiniso lokuthi izimfene zizalanisa kahle lapho zithunjiwe futhi zizwana nabantu uma bezwana nazo.
