Bonke abameleli bomndeni wama-salmon bahlonishwa ngomthamo wabo wethenda kanye ne-caviar enkulu emnandi. I-shumon ye-Chum nayo iyinhlangano ehlukile - inhlanzi eyi-anadromous ebanjwa esikalini sezimboni futhi ethandwa kakhulu ngabantu baseMpumalanga Ekude.
Incazelo ye-chum
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-saumon ye-chum, ehlukaniswa yisikhathi sokugijima: ihlobo (likhula lifike ku-60-80 cm) nasekwindla (70-100 cm). I-salmon yehlobo lehlobo ikhula kancane ngokuphawulekayo kunesalmon yasekwindla chum, yingakho ngokuvamile iphansi kuneyesibili ngosayizi.
Okubalulekile! Izinhlanzi ezi-anadromous yilabo abachitha ingxenye eyodwa yomjikelezo wempilo yabo olwandle, kanti enye emifuleni igelezela kuyo (ngesikhathi sokuzala).
Ukubukeka
I-chum inekhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga elinamehlo amancane, elinomhlathi omncane oqondile, oqondile futhi omude... Umzimba ucindezelwe kancane ezinhlangothini zombili futhi unwetshiwe. Amaphiko (womabili endunu nasesinqeni) aqhelelene kakhulu nasekhanda kunasemsileni.
Iningi lazo zonke izinsalela ze-chum ziyafana ne-salmon ebomvana, kepha, ngokungafani nayo, inezikali ezinkulu nama-gill raker ambalwa. Futhi, i-chum salmon ayinazo izindawo ezimnyama ekugcineni kwe-caudal nasemzimbeni. Futhi izici zesibili zocansi ku-salmon ye-chum (ngokumelene nesizinda salmon ephinki) azivelwanga kangako.
Emanzini olwandle, umzimba omkhulu, ohlangene wezinhlanzi ucwebezela ngesiliva. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-chum salmon inenyama ebomvu futhi ekhanyayo ebomvu. Njengoba ukuzala kusondela, ushintsho olubonakalayo lomzimba luyaqala, lubonakale kakhulu kwabesilisa.
Umbala wesiliva uguquka ube nsundu ophuzi, amabala ansomi akhanyayo avele ezinhlangothini, isikhumba sijiye, bese izikali ziba lukhuni. Umzimba ukhula ngobubanzi futhi, njengokungathi, ubambeka, emadodeni imihlathi igobile, lapho kukhula khona amazinyo agobekile ahlaba umxhwele.
Ukusondela kokuzala, inhlanzi iba mnyama ngokwengeziwe (ngaphandle nangaphakathi). Izisekelo zamakhothamo e-gill, ulimi nolwanga kuthola umbala omnyama, futhi inyama iba mnyama futhi ibe mhlophe. I-shumon yeChum kulesi sifundazwe ibizwa ngokuthi i-catfish - inyama yayo ayifanele abantu, kepha isetshenziswa yizinja ngendlela eyi-yukola.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umgcini werekhodi osemthethweni ngobukhulu kwakuyi-chum salmon eyabanjwa esifundazweni esentshonalanga yeCanada, iBritish Columbia. Le ndebe idonse u-19 kg ngobude obungu-cm 112. Kuyiqiniso, izakhamizi zaseKhabarovsk zithi zadonsa ngaphezu kwesisodwa isalmon emfuleni i-Okhota River, imitha eli-1.5 lilinye.
Ukuziphatha kwezinhlanzi
Impilo ye-salmon ye-chum ihlukaniswe kabili: ukufunza (isikhathi sasolwandle) nokuzala (umfula). Isigaba sokuqala sithatha kuze kube sekuthomba. Lapho idla, izinhlanzi ziyaqhwalela futhi zikhuluphele ngenkuthalo olwandle oluvulekile, kude nemingcele yasogwini. Ukuzala kuvame ukuvela eminyakeni emi-3 kuya kwengu-5 ubudala, kungabi kangako eminyakeni engama-6-7.
Lapho nje isalmon ye-chum ingena eminyakeni yokuzala, hhayi ukubukeka kwayo kuphela kepha nendlela yayo yokuphila ishintsha kakhulu. Isimo senhlanzi siwohloka futhi kuvela ubudlova. I-shumon yeChum iyahlangana emihlambini emikhulu ukuze ithuthele emilonyeni yemifula lapho kuzala khona.
Usayizi wesilinganiso sezinhlanzi ezizalayo: izinhlobo zasehlobo - 0.5 m, ekwindla - kusuka ku-0.75 kuye ku-0.8 m. AmaShoal ahlala ehlukaniswe abe ngabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi nabangakakhuli.... Labo abangakulungele ukuzala babuyela ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu. Ama-specimens avuthiwe ngokocansi aqhubeka nendlela yawo eya ezindaweni ezizalela, lapho angahloselwe ukubuyela khona.
Ihlobo le-salmon lehlobo lehlobo lingena emifuleni (okunengqondo) ngaphambi kukasalmon wasekwindla chum, limise inkambo yalo ekuqaleni kohlobo lwekwindla. Ihlobo livame ukubeka amaqanda ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokwindla, kepha leli eledlula kulo ngenani lamaqanda alo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Kukholakala ukuthi ubude bempilo ye-chum salmon buwela phakathi kwesikhawu sika-6-7, okuyiminyaka eyishumi eyedlule.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Phakathi kwawo wonke ama-salmon asePacific, i-chum salmon ivelela uhla olude kakhulu nolubanzi kakhulu. Entshonalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific, uhlala ukusuka eBering Strait (enyakatho) kuya eKorea (eningizimu). Ukuze uzalise ungena emifuleni yamanzi angenasawoti ase-Asia, eMpumalanga Ekude naseNyakatho Melika (kusuka e-Alaska kuya eCalifornia).
I-shumon yeChum itholakala ngobuningi, ikakhulukazi, emifuleni i-Amur ne-Okhota, kanye naseKamchatka, iziQhingi zaseKuril naseSakhalin. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-salmon ye-chum ibuye ihlanganise ne-Arctic Ocean basin, emifuleni yayo (i-Indigirka, Lena, Kolyma ne-Yana) ezalela izinhlanzi.
Ukudla, ukudla okunomsoco
Lapho izinhlanzi zizalela ngobuningi, ziyeka ukudla, okwenza izitho zokugaya ukudla zifeze.
Ngesikhathi sokudla, imenyu yabantu abadala iqukethe:
- ama-crustaceans;
- izimbaza (ezincane);
- kaningi - izinhlanzi ezincane (ama-gerbils, smelt, herring).
Lapho ikhula isalmon endala, izinhlanzi ezimbalwa ekudleni kwayo zithathelwa indawo yi-zooplankton.
Amafry adla kakhulu, engeza kusuka ku-2.5 kuye ku-3.5% wesisindo sawo ngosuku... Badla izibungu zezinambuzane, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini (ezincane) kanye nezidumbu ezibolayo zezihlobo zabo ezindala, kubandakanya nabazali babo.
Isalmon engu-chum engavuthiwe (30-40 cm) ehamba olwandle inezintandokazi zayo zokudla:
- ama-crustaceans (ama-copepod nama-heteropods);
- ama-pteropods;
- tunicates;
- krill;
- amajeli ekamu;
- izinhlanzi ezincane (ama-anchovies, smelt, flounder / gobies, gerbils, herring);
- ingwane yezingane.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-shumon ye-Chum ivame ukuwela lapho kubanjwa khona udobo lapho kudotshwa khona ngesithiyelo esiphilayo nangesihibe. Ngakho-ke uvikela inzalo yakhe engaba khona ezinhlanzini ezincane ezidla amaqanda e-chum.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-Summer chum salmon izala kusukela ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, ekwindla chum salmon kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba (Sakhalin) nokusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba (eJapan). Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela eya endaweni edala ukuhlukahluka kwehlobo imfushane kakhulu kunaleyo yasekwindla. Isibonelo, ehlobo e-Amur, izinhlanzi zinqoba ama-600-700 km phezulu, futhi ekwindla - cishe izinkulungwane ezimbili.
I-chum salmon ingena emifuleni yaseMelika (Columbia naseYukon) ngisho nangaphezulu ukusuka emlonyeni - ebangeni elingaba amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngezindawo zokuzalela, inhlanzi ifuna izindawo ezinomswakamo ozolile naphansi kwamatshe amatshe amancane, anezinga lokushisa elifanele lokuzala (kusuka ku + 1 kuya +12 degrees Celsius). Kuyiqiniso, emakhazeni amabi, i-caviar ivame ukubhubha, ngoba izindawo ezizalanayo ziba yiqhwa phansi.
Lapho zifika lapho kuzaliswa khona, izinhlanzi zihlukaniswe ngemihlambi equkethe abesilisa abaningana nowesifazane oyedwa. Abesilisa baxosha izinhlanzi zabanye abantu, bavikela imikhuhlane yabo. Lezi zokugcina ziyimigodi ye-caviar embozwe ungqimba lwesihlabathi. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kungu-1.5-2 m ububanzi no-2-3 m ubude.
I-clutch eyodwa iqukethe cishe amaqanda angama-4000... Ukukhulelwa nokuzala kuthatha izinsuku ezi-3 kuye kwezi-5. Isikhathi esingaphezudlwana kwesonto insikazi isalinda isidleke, kepha emva kwezinsuku eziyishumi isiyafa.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-chum salmon inamaqanda amakhulu e-orange ajulile anobubanzi obungu-7.5-9 mm. Umbala wombala unesibopho sokugcwalisa isibungu nge-oxygen (yezinsuku ezingama-90-120) kuze kube yilapho siphenduka isithosi esigcwele.
Ezinye izinsuku ezingama-80 zichithwa ekubuyiselweni kabusha kwe-yolk sac, ngemuva kwalokho ukuthosa kugijimela ezansi nomfula ukufinyelela emanzini olwandle (asogwini). Kuze kube yihlobo elilandelayo, gazinga kudla emachwebeni nakumatheku, kuthi lapho selikhulile, libhukude lingene olwandle, kude nalapho kudala khona imifudlana nemifula.
Inani lezebhizinisi le-chum salmon libaluleke kakhulu, izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngezinga elikhulu
Izitha zemvelo
Izinhlanzi zibalwe ohlwini lwezitha zemvelo ze-chum roe kanye nefry:
- char kanye grey;
- ngaphandle kanye ne-burbot;
- I-Asian smelt;
- nelma neminnow;
- lenok ne-malma;
- u-lamprey no-kaluga.
I-saumon yabantu abadala futhi ekhulayo inehlu oluhlukile lwabangafuni, okubandakanya isilwane esidlayo nezinyoni:
- ibhere;
- uphawu lwe-variegated;
- umkhomo we-beluga;
- i-otter;
- umsele womfula;
- ungene;
- i-tern;
- merganser.
Inani lokuhweba
Ukudoba kwezimboni kwe-chum salmon kwenziwa ngezinga elikhulu, noma kunjalo, kuvunwa ngamanani amancane (uma kuqhathaniswa nama-salmon abomvana).
Phakathi kwezimpahla zendabuko zokudoba kukhona amanetha (okuntantayo / okulungisiwe) kanye nezimbambo (isikhwama semali / ikhethini). Ezweni lakithi, ama-salmon we-chum abanjwa ikakhulukazi ngamanetha abekiwe ezindaweni eziphakathi kwemifula nezindawo ezisogwini lolwandle.... Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chum salmon sekuyisikhathi eside iba isisulu esihlwabusayo sabazingeli abangekho emthethweni.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kwakungenzeka ukuthi kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni nabadobi baseJapan ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha izitshalo eziningi zokucubungula izinhlanzi (kanye nemizana edobayo) azange zibuyiselwe.
Ukuze izinhlanzi zingahambi kabi, kufakwa izitshalo ezisebenza ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka eduze kwezindawo zokubamba. Cishe eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, amabhizinisi amaningi anjalo amiswa ngenxa yephutha laseJapan, elalisetshenziswa ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 wamanethiwekhi emngceleni wamanzi ezwe lase-USSR. I-salmon yasePacific (chum salmon) ayikwazanga ukubuyela ngaleso sikhathi emachibini nasemifuleni yaseKamchatka, ezindaweni zendabuko zokuzala, ezanciphisa kakhulu inani lezinhlanzi eziyigugu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho nokuzingela okungalawulwa, kanye nokonakala kwendawo yemvelo ye-chum salmon kuholele ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kwenani labantu eRussia.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela kuphela ezimenyezelwe ezingeni likahulumeni ezivumele ukuthi abantu babuyiselwe (kuze kube manje ingxenye)... Kulezi zinsuku, ukubamba i-chum salmon yabasafufusa kunqunyelwe futhi kuvunyelwe kuphela ngemuva kokuthenga ilayisense.
