Imvelo (i-oykologiya yangaphambi kobudokotela yaseRussia) (evela e-Greek οἶκος yasendulo - indawo yokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala, indlu, impahla kanye ne-λόγος - umqondo, ukufundisa, isayensi) Isayensi efunda ngemithetho yemvelo, ukuxhumana kwezinto eziphilayo nemvelo. Okokuqala kuphakanyiswe umqondo wemvelo ngu-Ernst Haeckel ngo-1866... Kodwa-ke, abantu bebelokhu benesithakazelo ezimfihlakalweni zemvelo kusukela endulo, babenesimo sengqondo esiqaphile ngaso. Kunamakhulu emiqondo yegama elithi "imvelo"; ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ososayensi banikeze izincazelo zabo zemvelo. Igama ngokwalo liqukethe izinhlayiya ezimbili, ezivela esiGrekini "oikos" lihunyushwa njengendlu, futhi "amalogo" - njengemfundiso.
Ngokuthuthuka kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, isimo semvelo saqala ukonakala, okwaheha umphakathi womhlaba. Abantu babona ukuthi umoya ungcolisiwe, izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo zanyamalala, namanzi emifuleni ayesencipha. Lezi nezinye izenzakalo eziningi ziye zabizwa ngokuthi izinkinga zemvelo.
Izinkinga zomhlaba wonke zemvelo
Iningi lezinkinga zemvelo selikhule kusuka kwezasekhaya ziya kwezomhlaba. Ukushintsha i-ecosystem encane endaweni ethile emhlabeni kungathinta imvelo yomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, ushintsho olwandle olwandle lwe-Gulf Stream luzoholela ezinguquko ezinkulu zezulu kanye nesimo sezulu esipholile eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.
Namuhla, ososayensi banezinkinga eziningi zemvelo zomhlaba. Nawa afaneleke kakhulu kubo asongela impilo emhlabeni:
- - Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu;
- - ukungcoliswa komoya;
- - ukuqedwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezintsha;
- - ukwehla kwabantu kanye nokunyamalala kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane;
- - ukubhujiswa kongqimba lwe-ozone;
- - ukungcoliswa koLwandle Lomhlaba;
- - ukubhujiswa nokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi;
- - ukuphela kwamaminerali;
- - imvula eneasidi.
Lolu akulona lonke uhlu lwezinkinga zomhlaba. Ake sithi nje izinkinga zemvelo ezingalinganiswa nenhlekelele kungukungcola kwe-biosphere nokufudumala komhlaba. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lenyuka ngama- + 2 degrees Celsius minyaka yonke. Lokhu kungenxa yamagesi abamba ukushisa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, nomphumela wokushisa okushisa kakhulu.
IParis isingathe ingqungquthela yezemvelo yomhlaba, lapho amazwe amaningi emhlabeni athembisa ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ngenxa yokuxinana okukhulu kwamagesi, iqhwa liyancibilika ezigxotsheni, izinga lamanzi liyakhuphuka, okusongela ngokwengeziwe ukugcwala kweziqhingi nogu lwezwekazi. Ukuvimbela inhlekelele ezayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinyathelo ezihlangene futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezizosiza ukwehlisa ijubane nokumisa inqubo yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Isihloko semvelo
Okwamanje, kunezigaba eziningana zemvelo:
- - imvelo ejwayelekile;
- - imvelo;
- - imvelo yezenhlalo;
- - imvelo yezimboni;
- - imvelo yezolimo;
- - isicelo semvelo;
- - imvelo yabantu;
- - imvelo yezokwelapha.
Isigaba ngasinye semvelo sinesihloko saso esifundwayo. Okuthandwa kakhulu yi-ecology ejwayelekile. Ucwaninga umhlaba ozungezile, oqukethe imvelo, izingxenye zawo ngazinye - izindawo zesimo sezulu kanye nokukhululeka, inhlabathi, izilwane nezitshalo.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo yawo wonke umuntu
Ukunakekela imvelo sekuwumsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu namuhla, isiqalo “eco”Isetshenziswa yonke indawo. Kepha abaningi bethu abakuboni nokujula kwazo zonke izinkinga. Vele, kuhle ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu liye lakhetha ukuphila kweplanethi yethu. Kodwa-ke, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi isimo semvelo sincike kumuntu ngamunye.
Noma ngubani emhlabeni angakwazi ukwenza izinto ezilula nsuku zonke ezizosiza ukuthuthukisa imvelo. Isibonelo, unganikela ngephepha elilahliwe futhi wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, wonge amandla bese ulahla udoti emgqonyeni kadoti, utshale izitshalo bese usebenzisa izinto ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Lapho abantu abaningi belandela le mithetho, maningi amathuba okuba kube khona okusindisa iplanethi yethu.
