Ngaphandle kokubukeka okwesabekayo, ibhere elimnyama imvamisa ayikhombisi ulaka futhi ayibeki ingozi kubantu. Ukuhlala cishe kuyo yonke iNyakatho Melika nasenkabeni yeMexico, ukhetha amahlathi angenakudlula nezindawo ezinezintaba. Kwezinye izindawo, izinhlobo zawo zisengozini yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Black Bear
Ibhere elimnyama, noma njengoba libizwa nangokuthi, i-baribal, yisilwane esincelisayo sohlelo lokudla, umndeni webhere, uhlobo oluthile lwamabhere. Uyibhere elivame kakhulu kuyo yonke iMelika. Ububanzi bayo busuka e-Alaska, eCanada, emazweni amaningi ase-US, nakuyo yonke iMexico emaphakathi. Umlando wemvelaphi yebhere elimnyama ungaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-12. Ukhokho waso uyisilwane esifana ngosayizi we-raccoon wanamuhla.
Ividiyo: Ibhele Elimnyama
Njengoba yazivelela kanye nabamele amakhulu kangaka amabhere njengebhere elifushane elalivele lanyamalala cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule nebhere elalikhona namanje, lincane kakhulu kunabo, lishesha kakhulu futhi liyashesha. Ujwayele nokuhlala ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ezifana nemigede, indawo enezintaba, amahlathi angenakudlula nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi.
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, u-baribal wayemelwe kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kepha waqothulwa futhi okwamanje awutholakali lapho. Igama lesiLatin Ibhere laseMelika lanikezwa ngokususelwa endaweni yokuhlala yalolu hlobo, kepha yanikezwa kuphela ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwayo engxenyeni yaseYurophu yomhlaba.
Okwamanje, ososayensi bazi izinhlobo ezi-16 zebhere elimnyama. Lokhu kufaka phakathi - i-glacial bear, ukhozi ibhere elimnyama, njalonjalo. Wonke ama-subspecies ahlukile komunye nomunye endaweni yokuhlala, imikhuba yokudla, isisindo, usayizi nezinye izici. Kodwa-ke, yize kukhona umehluko, bakha uhlobo olulodwa - amabhere amnyama. Njengoba igama lisho, isici esivelele salolu hlobo lwamabhere uboya bawo obukhulu, obumnyama ngokuphelele.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibhere elimnyama lezilwane
Ibhere laseMelika lehlukile ezihlotsheni zalo ezinkulu ngobukhulu obumaphakathi.
- ubude bomzimba - amasentimitha angu-170;
- umsila - 8-12 amasentimitha;
- ukuphakama kubuna - kufika kumasentimitha ayi-100.
Phakathi kwamabhere amnyama, kukhona womabili amancane, angeqi kuma-60 kg, namabhere amakhulu anesisindo esingaba ngama-300 kg. Isisindo esimaphakathi ngokuvamile singama-150 kilograms. Ukwehluka okuphawulekayo ngosayizi kungenxa yokuthi kukhona ama-subspecies ayi-16 emvelweni, ahlukile ngesisindo. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu.
Isici esivelele yisifonyo esicijile, esinezikhala eziningi, izindlebe ezinkulu kakhulu. Izinyawo ziphakeme, zinezinyawo ezimfushane nezinzipho ezinde ngokwanele, eziklanyelwe ngokukhuphuka kwezihlahla. Umehluko kumfowabo osondele kakhulu, ibhere eli-grizzly, ukungabikho kwesihlombe kanye nokubuna okuphansi.
Ijazi lebhere laseMelika lifushane futhi liyacwebezela, limnyama ngokuphelele ngombala. Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi kuze kube yiminyaka emibili ubudala ama-baribala bear amawundlu anombala okhanyayo, bese ushintsha ube mnyama. Imvamisa, ngaphansi nje komphimbo, kungabonakala indawo ekhanyayo emhlophe, beige noma nsundu ngokukhanyayo.
Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathole neminye imibala. Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu kuzoba nsundu. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi bobabili amawundlu amnyama nansundu angatholakala kudoti ofanayo. Imibala engavamile kakhulu iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mnyama nomhlophe ophuzi, okungekhona ukubonakaliswa kwe-albinism.
Isikhathi sokuphila singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-25, kepha cishe amabhere angama-90% awafinyeleli eminyakeni emi-2. Imbangela yokufa kuvame ukuba ngabazingeli noma abazingeli abangekho emthethweni.
Ihlala kuphi ibhele elimnyama?
Isithombe: Ibhere elikhulu elimnyama
IBaribala itholakala cishe kulo lonke elaseCanada, e-Alaska, iningi lamazwe ase-US ngisho nasenkabeni yeMexico. Indawo ehlala kuyo ikakhulukazi ihlathi eliphansi namahlathi asezintabeni, kepha ingaphuma kubo iye ezindaweni ezivulekile ifune inyamazane. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba iyakwazi ukuphakama ifike kumamitha ayi-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ebusika, ibhere elimnyama lilala ubusuku bonke. Angakwazi ukuhlomisa umhhume ezimpandeni zezihlahla, awufake ngotshani obomile noma ngamaqabunga, noma amane ambe umgodi omncane bese elala kuwo lapho kuneqhwa. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ehlathini emabhere amnyama kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi zavela kanye nezinhlobo zamabhere ezinkulu nezinolaka, ngokwesibonelo, ibhere le-grizzly, elaqedwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule futhi lisaphila, elahlasela indawo evulekile.
Futhi, obhibi bangatholakala ezindaweni ezingonakalisiwe, zasendle nezasemakhaya. Bayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuhlala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, inqobo nje uma benokudla okwanele. Ngakho-ke, indawo yokuhlala yebhere elimnyama yindawo engafinyeleleki enezimila ezizinzile kanye nokufinyelela kwamahhala kokudla.
Yini edliwa ibhere elimnyama?
Isithombe: I-Black Bear evela eMelika
U-baribal uyi-omnivore. Ukudla kwakhe ikakhulu kubandakanya ukudla okuvela emithini: utshani, amajikijolo nezithelo. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi imikhuba yokudla ingahluka kusuka endaweni kuya endaweni. Akunandaba ukuthi ihlala kuphi, ibhere elimnyama londla ngokudla okunama-carbohydrate aphezulu kanye nokudla okuqukethe amaphesenti aphansi we-beck namafutha.
Kodwa-ke, ingadla izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, inyama nenhlanzi. Inyama ekudleni kwakhe ikakhulukazi iqukethe isidumbu. Ibhere elimnyama londla izilwane ezinomgogodla kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile, ngoba akusona isilwane esidlayo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lawo mabhere adla ukudla okunamaprotheni anesisindo esinzima kakhulu kunabalingani bawo futhi akhombisa ukuzala okwandayo. Ibhere elimnyama liyakwazi ukudla kakhulu njengoba lizongena kulo. Ngemuva kwalokho uyolala, bese ephinda eqala ukufuna ukudla.
Ngesikhathi sokulala kanye nasentwasahlobo, lapho kunokuntuleka kokudla, ibhere lisinda ngokunembile ngenxa yamafutha aqoqwe ngaphambi kobusika. Ngo-Ephreli nangoMeyi, utshani buba yisisekelo sokudla kuka-baribal. Ehlobo, ukudla kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, kuvele izibungu, izinambuzane, amajikijolo, amakhowe nama-acorn. Ezindaweni zase-Alaska naseCanada, lapho u-salmon eya kozala, o-barbali beza ukuzitholela amanzi nezinhlanzi ezingajulile.
Ekwindla, ibhere elimnyama kufanele selivele ligcine inani elanele lamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. Le nkinga ibucayi ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, ngoba kuzofanele bondle amawundlu ebusika. Amafutha agcina amabhere futhi abasize basinde esikhathini sokulamba.
Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwebhere elimnyama kungahlukaniswa:
- ukudla okuvela emithini (amaqabunga, utshani, amajikijolo, amakhowe, amantongomane);
- izibungu;
- izibungu zezikelemu;
- inyama (ikakhulukazi isidumbu kanye namagundane amancane);
- inhlanzi (i-salmon ngesikhathi sokuzala);
- ukudla okuvela emuntwini (lapho isilo sisondela lapho kuhlala khona abantu).
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ibhere elimnyama ehlathini
Amabhere amnyama ikakhulukazi ahlala yedwa. Okuwukuphela kwento eyinkathi yokukhwelana namabhere esikazi anamazinyane. Bangaphambuka futhi babe ngamaqembu, ezindaweni lapho kunokudla okwanele khona. Kulokhu, isigaba sobukhosi esifana nesenhlalo sakhiwa emhlambini.
Isikhathi somsebenzi kusihlwa, noma ekuseni kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma kunesidingo sokugwema ukuhlangana nezinye izilwane noma abantu, kungaholela empilweni yasebusuku. Abesilisa bamaka indawo yabo ngephunga lokusabisa amanye amaduna. Bamaka indawo yabo, bahlikihle imihlane yabo esihlahleni. Ibhere elilodwa lihlala kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-50 km2, yize abesifazane abaningi bengaba sendaweni yebhere elilodwa.
Ukuphela kwekwindla isikhathi sokulala ubusika bonke. Isikhathi saso sisukela ezinyangeni ezi-5 kuye kwezi-7, kuya ngesimo sezulu nezinye izimo. Ngesikhathi salo, izinga lokushisa komzimba webhere lehlela kuma-10 degrees Celsius. UBharbali ukude nebhere elixakile. Uyakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-55 km / h, ubhukuda kahle futhi angabhukuda amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ibhere elimnyama lihle kakhulu ekukhuphukeni kwezihlahla, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinzipho ezenzelwe lokhu. Ngakho-ke, la mabhere ayizilwane ezinamandla, ezishesha, eziqinile futhi ezisheshayo ngokwanele.
Ibhere elimnyama linomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga, lidlula elomuntu amahlandla ayikhulu, futhi linokuzwa okuhle kakhulu, okungcono kunomuntu amahlandla ambalwa. Ososayensi baphawula amakhono aphezulu obuhlakani nokuqonda okusheshayo kwalezi zilwane. La mabhere awanalo nolaka nakancane. Bazama ukugwema ukungqubuzana, ukucasha noma ukubaleka. Maqondana nomuntu baziphatha ngokwesaba futhi bakhetha ukungahlaseli, kepha babaleke.
Uma umuntu ehlangana nomuntu ongabhali, akumele azenze umuntu ofile, ekubeni bengabakhwabanisi, noma azame ukugibela esihlahleni, ngoba la mabhele agibela kuwo ngokuphelele. Ukuze ugcine, wesabisa isilo ngokukhala okukhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amantshontsho Emnyama
Insimu yowesilisa oyedwa ingangena endaweni yabesifazane ababili. Abesifazane bahlangana nabesilisa ngesikhathi se-estrus. I-estrus ihlala kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhwelana kuze kube sekukhanyeni kwangempela. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngoJuni kuze kufike engxenyeni yokuqala kaJulayi.
Kuze kube ekwindla, amaqanda avundisiwe awafakwa esibelethweni. Ukubheka ukuthi ukufakelwa akwenzeki ngokushesha, isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-220, futhi kuphela uma kunqwabelana inani elanele lamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. Kuphela emasontweni ayishumi edlule lapho ukukhula kombungu kwenzeka.
Amathole azalwa ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sobusika. Inani lamawundlu lihluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-5. Ngokuvamile kukhona ama-2-3 awo kudoti. Lapho izalwa, ibhere elimnyama linesisindo esingu-200 noma 400 amagremu kuphela. Ingenye yamasayizi amancane kunawo wonke amazinyane ezincelisayo uma kuqhathaniswa nomuntu omdala.
Amathole azalwa eyimpumputhe futhi ebuthakathaka. Ngesikhathi sobusika bukamama, zidla ubisi lwakhe futhi zihlale naye. Ngentwasahlobo bafinyelela ku-2 kuya ku-5 kilogram. Bayayeka ukudla ubisi beneminyaka eyi-6-8, kepha bashiya umama kuphela ngemuva kokufinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-17. Sonke lesi sikhathi, umama ufundisa izingane amakhono adingekayo empilweni. Abesilisa babamba iqhaza ngokungaqondile ekukhuliseni amawundlu, bewavikela ezingozini ezingaba khona, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza ngqo ekuqeqeshweni kwabo.
Amathole azalwa ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari, imvamisa ngesikhathi sokulala komama. Isibalo samawundlu siyahlukahluka sisuka ku-1 siye ku-5. Ngokuvamile amawashi ama-2-3 azalwa kudoti. U-baribal osanda kuzalwa unesisindo esiphakathi kuka-200 no-400 amagremu. Lapho zizalwa, ziyizimpumputhe futhi azikwazi ukuzivikela. Bahlala nonina ubusika bonke futhi badla ubisi lwakhe. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isisindo samawundlu sifinyelela kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-5 kilogram.
Owesifazane ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe eminyakeni emibili noma ngaphezulu kamuva. Bangazala kuphela unyaka ngemuva kokuthomba okugcwele. Abesilisa bavuthwa eminyakeni yobudala engama-3-4. Noma kunjalo, ukukhula kwabo kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10-12. Kungaleso sikhathi-ke lapho zikhula kakhulu khona ukuthi zingalawula amabhere amancane ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela empini.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhere amnyama
Isithombe: Black Bear Baribal
Abantu abadala abanazo izitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, amabhere amakhulu, ama-cougars, amaphakethe wezimpisi nama-coyotes angabeka ingozi kubo. Futhi eNingizimu Melika, i-pike alligator iba yisitha semvelo se-baribal.
Ososayensi baphawula ukuthi ngokushesha lapho inani eliphelele lamabhele ama-grizzly lincipha endaweni ethile, inani lamabhere amnyama landa kakhulu.
Amabhere amnyama amancane ajwayele ukuba yizisulu zamanye amabhere amakhulu, izimpisi, ama-coyotes, ama-cougars namanye ama-canine nama-fining. Amawundlu amancane angahlaselwa yizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye.
Njengoba lolu hlobo lwamabhere lungelona nolaka, luvame ukuba yinto yokuzingelwa ngabantu. Amafutha nenyongo yabo kuvame ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha, izimpahla eziningi zikanokusho zenziwa ngoboya, nenyama yabo nayo iyisibiliboco.
Kwesinye isikhathi, lapho amabhere amnyama ezulazula endaweni yabantu, angadala ukuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo ngesimo semfuyo edabukile nokubhujiswa okujwayelekile. Kuwo wonke umlando, amacala angama-58 kuphela okuhlaselwa komuntu nge-baribal aqoshiwe. Ingozi ekhethekile ivela kwabesifazane abanezinyane.
Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokufa kwebhere elimnyama ngabantu. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yabazingeli abazingeli kanye nabazingeli kwezinye izindawo, u-baribal kwakudingeka athathwe ngaphansi kokuvikelwa nguhulumeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Black Bear
Kusukela ngama-1900s, uhla lwabazingeli lwehliswe kakhulu, kepha ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuvikela izilwane, ibhere elimnyama liphinde laqala ukusabalala ezindaweni zalo ezihlala khona. Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi emapaki naseziqiwini zikazwelonke, inani labantu landa ngokushesha.
Okwamanje, kunabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-600 emhlabeni, iningi labo elihlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeMelika. Ukusabalala kwamabhere kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, uma endaweni eyodwa kunezinkulungwane ezingama-30 zazo, kwenye indawo azikho nhlobo. EMexico, izinhlobo zazo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, ngenxa yalokhu, ukuzingela lezi zilwane akuvunyelwe lapho.
Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo kuvunyelwe ukuzingelwa kwamabhere amnyama. Uboya, inyama namafutha kubhekwa kakhulu emakethe emnyama. Izidladla nenyongo ye-baribal ngokwesiko zisetshenziswa emithini yokwelapha yase-Asia. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lezi zithako bezithathwa njengomthombo wamandla nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Ngakho-ke, izigqoko ezimnyama ezidumile zonogada baseNgilandi zenziwa ngoboya balezi zilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1950 kuphela, kwabulawa amabhere angaba ngu-800. Futhi, la mabhere adutshulwa, njengoba kubhekwa njengezilokazane. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela imfuyo, izingadi ezibhuqayo, amasimu nezidleke, kepha umonakalo ovela kubo unehaba kakhulu.
Ibhere elimnyama uhlala ebhekene nezingozi. Ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo ehlala kuyo, ukonakala kwemvelo nokudutshulwa njalo kwezinye izindawo, kwasongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Kodwa-ke, manje kwenziwa konke okusemandleni ukulondoloza lezi zinhlobo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/15/2019 ngo-18: 40
