Impumelelo enkulu kusayensi yemvelo yenziwe yi-V.I. Vernadsky. Unemisebenzi eminingi, futhi waba umsunguli we-biogeochemistry - inkomba entsha yesayensi. Kususelwa kumcabango we-biosphere, osuselwa endimeni yendaba ephilayo ezinqubweni zokwakheka komhlaba.
Ingqikithi yezinto eziphilayo
Namuhla kunemiqondo eminingana ye-biosphere, okuyinhloko phakathi kwayo okulandelayo: i-biosphere iyindawo yokuba khona kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Le ndawo imboza iningi lomkhathi futhi iphela ekuqaleni kocingo lwe-ozone. Futhi, yonke i-hydrosphere nenye ingxenye ye-lithosphere ifakiwe ku-biosphere. Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini, leli gama lisho ukuthi "ibhola" futhi kungaphakathi kwalesi sikhala lapho kuhlala khona zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Usosayensi uVernadsky wayekholelwa ukuthi i-biosphere iyinhlangano ehleliwe yeplanethi exhumana nokuphila. Ubengowokuqala ukudala imfundiso ephelele futhi adalule umqondo we "biosphere". Umsebenzi wososayensi waseRussia waqala ngo-1919, futhi vele ngo-1926 ubuhlakani bethula umhlaba incwadi yakhe ethi "Biosphere".
Ngokusho kukaVernadsky, i-biosphere iyisikhala, indawo, indawo equkethe izinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo yokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usosayensi wayecabanga ukuthi i-biosphere ithathwa. Uphikise ukuthi kuyisimo samaplanethi esinomlingiswa wasemkhathini. Okucacile kwalesi sikhala "kuyinto ephilayo" ehlala esikhaleni futhi kunikeza nokubukeka okuhlukile kwiplanethi yethu. Ngokuphila, usosayensi wayeqonda zonke izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba. UVernadsky wayekholelwa ukuthi izinto ezahlukahlukene zinomthelela emingceleni nasekuthuthukiseni i-biosphere:
- into ephilayo;
- umoya-mpilo;
- isikhutha;
- amanzi angamanzi.
Le ndawo, lapho impilo igxile khona, ingakhawulwa ngamazinga okushisa aphezulu naphansi, amaminerali namanzi anosawoti ngokweqile.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-biosphere ngokusho kukaVernadsky
Ekuqaleni, uVernadsky wayekholelwa ukuthi i-biosphere inezinto eziyisikhombisa ezihlukile, ezihlobene ngokwakheka komhlaba. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- into ephilayo - le nto iqukethe amandla amakhulu wamakhemikhali, adalwe ngenxa yokuzalwa okuqhubekayo nokufa kwezinto eziphilayo;
- into ye-bio-inert - eyenziwe yacutshungulwa ngezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zinto zifaka phakathi inhlabathi, izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, njll.
- into engena ngaphakathi - isho imvelo engaphili;
- into ephilayo - iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo, isibonelo, ihlathi, insimu, iplankton. Ngenxa yokufa kwabo, kwakheka amadwala e-biogenic;
- into enemisebe;
- udaba lwe-cosmic - izakhi zothuli lwe-cosmic nama-meteorites;
- ama-athomu ahlakazekile.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, usosayensi wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi i-biosphere isuselwa ezintweni eziphilayo, eziqondwa njengeqoqo lezinto eziphilayo ezihlangana nendaba yamathambo engaphili. Futhi ku-biosphere kukhona into ephilayo eyenziwe ngosizo lwezinto eziphilayo, futhi lokhu ikakhulukazi kungamatshe namaminerali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biosphere ifaka udaba lwe-bio-inert, olwenzeke ngenxa yokuxhuma kwezinto eziphilayo nezinqubo ze-inert.
Izakhiwo ze-Biosphere
UVernadsky wafunda ngokucophelela izakhiwo ze-biosphere futhi wafika esiphethweni sokuthi isisekelo sokusebenza kohlelo ukujikeleza okungapheli kwezinto namandla. Lezi zinqubo zingenzeka kuphela ngenxa yomsebenzi wesidalwa esiphilayo. Izinto eziphilayo (ama-autotrophs nama-heterotrophs) zakha izakhi zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo lapho zikhona. Ngakho-ke, ngosizo lwama-autotrophs, amandla elanga aguqulwa abe ngamakhemikhali. Ama-heterotrophs wona asebenzisa amandla adaliwe futhi aholele ekubhujisweni kwezinto eziphilayo kumakhemikhali amaminerali. Lezi zokugcina ziyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezinto ezintsha eziphilayo ngama-autotrophs. Ngakho-ke, ukujikeleza kwezinto okuqhubekayo kwenzeka.
Kungenxa yomjikelezo webhayoloji ukuthi i-biosphere iyisistimu yokuzimela. Ukusakazwa kwezakhi zamakhemikhali kuyisisekelo sezinto eziphilayo nokuba khona kwazo emkhathini, i-hydrosphere nomhlabathi.
Izinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zemfundiso ye-biosphere
Izinhlinzeko ezisemqoka zemfundiso uVernadsky evezwe emisebenzini ethi "Biosphere", "Area of life", "Biosphere and space". Usosayensi umake imingcele ye-biosphere, kufaka phakathi yonke i-hydrosphere kanye nokujula kolwandle, ubuso bomhlaba (ungqimba oluphezulu lwe-lithosphere) nengxenye yomkhathi ezingeni le-troposphere. I-biosphere uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe. Uma enye yezinto zayo ifa, imvilophu ye-biosphere izowa.
UVernadsky wayengusosayensi wokuqala owaqala ukusebenzisa umqondo wokuthi "into ephilayo". Uchaze impilo njengesigaba ekuthuthukisweni kwendaba. Yizinto eziphilayo ezinqoba ezinye izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni.
Efanisa i-biosphere, uVernadsky waphikisana nalezi zinhlinzeko ezilandelayo:
- i-biosphere uhlelo oluhlelekile;
- izinto eziphilayo yizona zinto ezihamba phambili kule planethi, futhi zilolonge isimo samanje seplanethi yethu;
- impilo emhlabeni ithonywe amandla e-cosmic
Ngakho-ke, uVernadsky wabeka isisekelo se-biogeochemistry kanye nemfundiso ye-biosphere. Izitatimende zakhe eziningi zisasebenza namuhla. Ososayensi banamuhla bayaqhubeka nokufunda nge-biosphere, kepha futhi bathembele ngokuzethemba ezimfundisweni zikaVernadsky. Impilo ku-biosphere isakazeke yonke indawo futhi yonke indawo kukhona izinto eziphilayo ezingakwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwe-biosphere.
Umphumela
Imisebenzi yososayensi odumile waseRussia isakazeke emhlabeni wonke futhi iyasetshenziswa esikhathini sethu. Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezimfundiso zikaVernadsky kungabonakala hhayi kuphela emvelweni, kodwa naku-geography. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wososayensi, ukuvikelwa nokunakekelwa kwesintu kube ngomunye wemisebenzi ephuthuma kakhulu namuhla. Ngeshwa, unyaka nonyaka kunezinkinga eziningi zemvelo, ezibeka engcupheni ubukhona be-biosphere ngokuzayo. Mayelana nalokhu, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kohlelo nokunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemithelela emibi emvelweni.
