Incwadi Ebomvu. Inventory yezinhlanzi ezingavamile nezisengozini yokuqothulwa
Ukwehla kwesibalo nokunyamalala kancane kancane kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, kubandakanya nezinhlanzi, sekuyinto yesikhathi sethu. Ukubheka izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene ezingandile futhi unqume izindlela zokuzisindisa, kubhalwe iRed Books.
Lezi zinhlobo zama-cadastres wabamele abasengozini yezilwane ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Yonke iminyango kanye nezakhamizi ngazinye ziphoqelekile ukuthi zibheke imininingwane efakwe kwiRed Book.
Isimo sezinhlobo simelwe ngamazinga ahlukene:
- Isigaba 1 - izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ukutakulwa kungenzeka ngokuzalanisa okwenziwayo, ukuvikelwa ezindaweni ezigciniwe kanye nasezinqolobaneni.
- Isigaba 2 - ukwehla kwezinhlobo. Ukusongelwa kokuqothulwa kucindezelwa ukuvinjelwa kokubamba.
- Isigaba 3 - izinhlobo ezingavamile. Izinombolo ezincane ziyimbangela yokuba sengozini kwemvelo. Ukuvikelwa nokulawulwa kwezinhlobo eziqinile kombuso kuxwayisa ngengozi yokuqothulwa.
Ukubala inani lezinhlanzi kunzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ukuthola yiziphi izinhlanzi eziseBhukwini Elibomvu kwenzeka ngengozi, futhi yiziphi izinhlobo ezidinga kakhulu ukuvikelwa, kungenzeka ngesisekelo senqubo yokukhetha engacacile.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namakhulu ezilwane zomhlaba ezibalwe kuhlu lwezinhlobo ezivikelwe, inhlanzi Red Book zimelwe yizinhlobonhlobo ezingama-50 kuphela, phakathi kwazo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngokwesayensi:
USakhalin sturgeon
Idluliselwa esigabeni sokuqala sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Uma ama-sturgeon ayewuphawu lwengcebo, ayevezwa ngisho nangezembatho zezingalo. Inhlanzi yayibizwa ngokuthi ebomvu ngombono wobuhle, inyama ye-sturgeon imhlophe.
Ama-Sturgeon anezimpondo ezine ebusweni bawo zokutadisha ngezansi nokudlulisa amasiginali mayelana nokunquma inyamazane yomlomo. Awekho amathambo avamile, ithambo elikhethekile le-cartilaginous lithatha indawo yalo.
I-carapace ephezulu eqinile enezinsipho ezicijile ivikela i-sturgeon ekungeneleleni kwezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Ama-sturgeon amadlozi amakhulu atholakala enesisindo esifinyelela ku-2 centners.
Namuhla, ama-specimens ajwayelekile afinyelela ku-1.5 m no-40 kg, anombala womnqumo, enomzimba omise okokuphotha ombozwe amapuleti amathambo, noma izimbungulu ezibekwe ngemuva, ezinhlangothini nasesiswini.
Kepha udinga ukuzama ukuzithola. Inhlanzi ibanjwa ngaphambi kokuba isisindo. Phakathi kwe- izinhlanzi zeRed Book yaseRussia I-Sakhalin sturgeon ithatha indawo ekhethekile.
Esithombeni izinhlanzi yiSakhalin sturgeon
Esikhathini esedlule, ama-stakhalge eSakhalin aya kozala emifuleni ehlukene yeKhabarovsk Territory, eSakhalin, Japan, China, Korea, Primorye. Ekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule, lezi zinhlobo zisondele ekuqothulweni ngenxa yokudoba okungenasihe.
Indawo yokugcina yokuzalela njengamanje umfula wezintaba iTumnin, ogeleza emithambekeni emikhulu yeSikhote-Alin. Kodwa nalapho, ukuqhubeka komndeni wasebukhosini wama-sturgeon, okuhola umlando kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seJurassic, kwaba yinto engenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabantu. Ukuzalanisa okufakelwayo kuyindlela kuphela yokusindisa ama-sturgeons aseSakhalin namuhla.
Amadamu amaningi emifula eziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi asephenduke isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa ekuzalweni kwezinhlanzi. Eminyakeni yaseSoviet, abantu baqala ukubona ukunyamalala okusheshayo kwama-sturgeon.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sturgeon caviar kungenzeka kuphela emanzini amasha emifula, bese impilo iqhubeka olwandle, lapho izinhlanzi zikhuluphele khona, zandisa isisindo sazo. Kuthatha kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba i-sturgeon ikhule ngokugcwele. Uma impilo ingapheli ngaphambi kwesikhathi, khona-ke ubude bayo bufinyelela eminyakeni engama-50.
Impunga yaseYurophu
Kwakungokwesigaba 2 sezinhlobo ezincishayo. Indawo yokuhlala empunga ihlotshaniswa namanzi apholile futhi acwebile emifula, imifudlana namachibi. Yasakazwa emadamini aseYurophu kusuka eGreat Britain, eFrance kuya emfuleni u-Ural eRussia.
Ubukhulu be-grayling bufinyelela ku-60 cm ubude futhi bunesisindo esifinyelela ku-7 kg. Igama lezinhlobo livela enkulumweni yesiGreki, okusho ukuthi "iphunga le-thyme". Inhlanzi inuka ngempela kanjalo.
Bondla izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-grayling kuhlala ngoMeyi ekujuleni okujulile kwedamu. Amaqanda abekwa emhlabathini oqinile. Impilo yengwevu ayidluli eminyakeni eyi-14.
Njengamanje, isibalo se-brook ecotype, esivumelaniswe kakhulu nomthelela wemvelo, sisindile. Izizukulwane ezinkulu zemifula namachibi aqala ukunyamalala kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Esithombeni, inhlanzi empunga
Okokuqala, impunga ishiye umcengezi woMfula i-Ural, yase iyeka ukuvela e-Oka. Abantu abancane abanesithakazelo kangako kubazingeli abazingela ngokungemthetho, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinhlanzi kuyashesha, yize ichibi lezakhi zofuzo ngokungangabazeki liyindlala.
Ukwehla kwezinhlobo ezimpunga emifuleni iVolga naseUral kuhlotshaniswa nokudoba okunamandla, ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi ngokugeleza kwamanzi, okuholela ekusongelweni kokuqothulwa kwezinhlanzi. Lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe kuRed Book laseRussia futhi zingaphansi kokuvikelwa.
I-Russian bastard
Kwakungokwesigaba 2 sezinhlobo ezincishayo. Ama-subspecies omndeni we-carp, phambilini abelulwa esuka eFrance aya ku-Ural Range. Babazi ukudla okusheshayo kwaseRussia emigodini ye-Dnieper, iDon, iVolga. Itholakala enkambweni esheshayo yemifula, ngakho-ke inegama elifanayo. Ezikoleni ezincane zezinhlanzi ihlala eduze kwamanzi. Ububanzi buphazamisekile ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwesifunda saseSamara.
Inhlanzi incane ngosayizi, isukela ku-5 kuye ku-13 cm ubude futhi inesisindo cishe esingu-2-3 g.Ikhanda lincane, umzimba uphakeme, nezikali zesiliva ezisesilinganiso esiphakathi. Umugqa omnyama onamachashazi welula ulayini we-lateral usuka ezigulini uye ekugcineni kwe-caudal. Isikhathi sokuphila senhlanzi asidluli eminyakeni emi-5-6. Idla izinambuzane ezincane ezingaphezulu kanye ne-zooplankton.
Ukuzila ukudla kwaseRussia akufundwe kangako. Inhlanzi yomjikelezo omfushane inganyamalala ngokuphelele emfuleni, bese ivela ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa. Isibalo sezinhlobo kunzima ukusungula. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuqala kusukela eminyakeni emibili yokuphila esikhathini kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni.
Iroll roll
Isigaba 3, izinhlobo ezingavamile. Ukusabalala kungumfanekiso. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu yiNyakatho Melika. Iroli emfushane yaqala ukutholwa eRussia emachibini amakhulu futhi ajulile eChukotka Peninsula, amadamu anemvelaphi yeqhwa.
Izinhlanzi ezibhalwe encwadini ebomvu, kufaka phakathi ama-woodworms, angahamba ukusuka kokungajwayelekile aye esigabeni esisengcupheni yokulawulwa uma ukulawulwa kwabantu kunciphile.
Inhlanzi encane ayingeni emifuleni, ihlala ebusuku emanzini angajulile, kanti emini icwila echibini elingafika kumamitha angama-30. Ubude besidumbu cishe bungu-9-11 cm, isisindo esingu-6-8 g. Umbala wesiliva onombala oluhlaza okotshani ngemuva nasekhanda.
Izikali zisuswa kalula, ikhanda namehlo makhulu. Amabala amnyama amancane ahlakazekile ezinhlangothini, atholakala eduze konqenqema olungaphezulu lwangemuva. Izitha ezinkulu zamachibi ama-burbots nama-loach, adla imigwaqo.
Inhlanzi evuthiwe ngokobulili iba neminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala bese izalela emhlabathini onesihlabathi ekwindla emanzini apholile. I-caviar ephuzi elikhanyayo. Uhlobo olungavamile lunganyamalala ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zokugcina i-wallow encane.
Ubungako besibalo sabantu abukakasungulwa. Izindlela zokuzivikela zingafaka ukuvinjelwa kwamanetha anezikhala ezinhle kwezokudotshwa kwezinye izinhlanzi emizimbeni yamanzi lapho kutholakala khona i-pygmy roll.
Isibani solwandle
Ngaphandle, kunzima ukuyiqonda uma kuyinhlanzi. ULamprey ubukeka njengesibungu esikhulu esingaphansi kwamanzi. Umzingeli uqobo lwawo wavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-350 edlule, futhi akakaze aguquke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
ULamprey kukholakala ukuthi ungukhokho wama-vertebrate omhlathi. Isidlakudla sinamazinyo angaba yikhulu emhlathini, futhi futhi asolimini. Kungosizo lolimi lapho eluma khona esikhunjeni salowo ohlukunyezwayo.
Sterlet
Lezi zinhlobo zithathwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zokudoba. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amathani angamakhulu amaningana ezinhlanzi ezingama-sterlet abanjwa minyaka yonke e-Volga basin. Kwathi-ke maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, inani le-sterlet lehla kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu ngokweqile nokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, inani labantu laqala ukwanda futhi. Kukholelwa ukuthi lo mkhuba uhlotshaniswa nezinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo, ezenziwa yonke indawo maqondana nosongo lokuqothulwa kohlobo.
Umdanso onsundu
Inhlanzi ye-Anadromous, echibini noma yemifula evela emndenini we-salmon. Ichibi noma umfula - izinhlobo ezihlala kule salmon zibizwa ngokuthi i-trout.
Ama-taimen ajwayelekile
Kusukela endulo, abantu ababehlala eSiberia babebheka ibhere njengenkosi ye-taiga, futhi ama-taimen njengenkosi yemifula namachibi e-taiga. Le nhlanzi eyigugu ithanda amanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile nezindawo eziqhelile ezingakathintwa, ikakhulukazi imifula egcwele egcwele izishingishane ezinkulu ezisheshayo, ezinamachibi nemigodi.
I-carp emnyama
Uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe yomndeni we-carp, okuwukuphela komele uhlobo lohlobo lweMylopharyngodon. ERussia kuyinto engavamile futhi esengozini yokuqothulwa.
IBersch
Inhlanzi yokuqala yaseRussia, ihlala kuphela emifuleni yesigodi sezilwandle iCaspian neBlack. I-Bersh inokufana okuningi ne-pike perch, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ibuye ifane ne-perch, kulokhu, ngaphambili bekukholelwa ukuthi i-bersh iyisiphambano phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili.
I-sculpin ejwayelekile
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-sculpin nezinye izinhlanzi ezingezansi yinhloko yayo enkulu eyisicaba. Uhlangothi ngalunye luhlome ngophini onamandla, ogobile kancane. Amehlo abomvu nomzimba ocishe ube nqunu kwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa i-sculpin kwezinye izinhlanzi ezincane. Inhlanzi iphila ngokuhlala phansi, impilo yeshumi.
IRed Book iwumsebenzi wochwepheshe abaningi. Ukunquma isimo senani lezinhlanzi kunzima kakhulu. Imininingwane iyalinganiselwa, kepha usongo lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi lungokoqobo.
Ingqondo yomuntu kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezithathiwe ezingavimba ukuncipha kwezikhala zamanzi zeplanethi.
Incazelo namagama ezinhlanzi eRed Book laseRussia ingatholakala ngaphandle kobunzima, kepha abameleli abangajwayelekile emvelweni kuya ngokuya kube nzima ukubona, ngakho-ke, kudingeka imizamo ehlangene yabalondolozi bemvelo.
