Sekuyisikhathi eside kube nezinganekwane eziningi namahemuhemu ngale nhlanzi enkulu ehlala olwandle oluseningizimu. Abantu, besatshiswa ukubukeka nobukhulu bayo, bachaze ushaka whale njengesilo esibi esinesizungu esivela kwalasha wolwandle. Kuphela emva kwesikhathi eside kwavela ukuthi lo mhlaseli, naphezu kokubukeka kwakhe okwesabekayo, akuyona ingozi. Kepha, ushaka whale kuze kube namuhla ihlala ingenye yezinhlanzi eziyimfihlakalo kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Whale shark
I-whale shark ayizange ihehe iso labaphenyi isikhathi eside, futhi kulezi zincazelo ezimbalwa ezazikhona kwakukhona izingqikithi eziningi kuneqiniso. Ngokokuqala ngqá, lesi silwane (isifanekiso esiyimitha elingu-4,5 esatholwa eNingizimu Afrika) sachazwa ngu-E. Smith ngo-1828. Njengamanje, ushaka whale whale eParis. Izinhlobo ze-bio-izinhlobo zaqanjwa ngokuthi izinhlobo zeRhincodon. Inhlanzi ingeyomndeni woshaka. Ngosayizi, lidlula hhayi kuphela ozakwabo abakhulu kakhulu, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi.
Igama elithi "umkhomo" linikezwe ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nendlela yokudla. Ngokwakheka kwemihlathi, lesi silwane sifana nama-cetaceans amaningi kunezihlobo zikashaka. Ngokuqondene nomlando we-biovid, okhokho basendulo be-whale shark babehlala esikhathini se-Silurian, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-440-410 edlule. Ngokwe-hypothesis ejwayelekile kakhulu, ama-placoderms aba ngukhokho oqondile wezinhlanzi ezinjengoshaka: olwandle noma amanzi angenasawoti.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Furious Whale Shark
Kunzima ukudida ushaka whale nabanye abamele umbuso wezilwane. Isizathu ukuthi, ngaphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu, inezinye izici zangaphandle:
- Umzimba onamandla ombozwe ngesikhumba esijiyile esinezikali ezincanyana ezi-spiky. Isikhumba esisendaweni yesisu sincane ngandlela thile, ngakho-ke esimweni esiyingozi inhlanzi izama ukufihla indawo esengozini, ifulathele isitha sayo.
- Incanyana, ikhanda elithambile, eliphenduka libe isifonyo esisicaba ngomlomo obanzi (cishe imitha elilodwa nohhafu). Umlomo uphakathi nendawo kwempumulo. Lesi ngesinye isici esithile esihlukanisa lo shaki kwamanye amalungu omndeni (umlomo wabo utholakala engxenyeni engezansi yesifonyo).
- Ngemuva kwekhanda, ezinhlangothini zomzimba, kunama-gill slits amahlanu. Zisebenza njengohlobo lwama-sieve avumela amanzi adlule. Ngama-gill ayaphuma nokuthi inhlanzi ayikwazi ukugwinya.
- Amehlo mancane, ajulile. Ngisho nakubantu abakhulu, ubukhulu beso leso abudluli kuma-50 mm. Zitholakala cishe emaphethelweni omlomo. Oshaka be-Whale abanazo ulwelwesi olucwayizayo. Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka ingozi, amehlo abo adonsela ekujuleni kwemizila futhi avalwe ngokuqinile ngesibaya sesikhumba.
- Ububanzi bomzimba obukhulu buqonde ngqo ekhanda. Ihamba kancane iye ngasemsileni.
- Oshaka be-Whale banamaphiko ama-dorsal amabili, emuva emuva. Owokuqala mkhulu kancane futhi mude kunowesibili, ngesimo sonxantathu cishe ojwayelekile. Umsila woshaka bamamitha ayishumi nambili ufinyelela ku-5 m, kanti i-pectoral fin ingu-2.5 m.
- Amazinyo mancane kakhulu. Ngisho nasezinhlanzini ezinkulu kakhulu, azidluli u-0.6 cm. Kodwa inani lamazinyo likhulu kakhulu (cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-15). Kungakho igama lesiLatini lesilwane - iRhincodon, elihunyushwa okusho ukuthi "ukuququda amazinyo."
Isikhathi eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi ubude obukhulu babamele lolu hlobo cishe bungu-12.7 m. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, izilwane zifinyelela osayizi abakhulu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwavela imininingwane eqoshiwe ngokusemthethweni engabantu ngabanye abangamamitha angama-20, isisindo sayo sifinyelela kumathani angama-34. Kodwa-ke, i-colossi enjalo ayitholakali ngisho naphakathi koshaka bemikhomo. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bazo bungamamitha ayi-9.7, nobunzima obungamathani angaba ngu-9. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlanzi zomhlaba, zingompetha ngosayizi.
Umbala wezinhlanzi ubonakala kakhulu. Izindonga ezingemuva nezemuva zomzimba zimpunga emnyama. Lesi sizinda sinemigqa ephuzi noma emhlophe emide futhi enqamulelayo. Phakathi kwazo kunezimpawu zomthunzi ofanayo, oyindilinga. Izinhloko zekhanda neziphephelo zinamachashazi afanayo, atholakala kaningi futhi ahlasele. Isisu simpunga okhanyayo. Esikhunjeni samaphiko nasemzimbeni kunemifantu yokunweba ehlangana iphethini eyodwa. Isimo "sephethini" yomuntu ngamunye sihlukile. Ngokukhula, ayiguquki; ngokubonakala kwephethini, inhlanzi eyodwa noma enye ingabonakala.
Uhlala kuphi ushaka whale?
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ushaka whale
Oshaka be-Whale bahlala olwandle olushisayo, olunamazinga okushisa angaphezulu kwamanzi angama-21-26 degrees. Imidondoshiya engasheshi ayitholakali ngaphezu kwesiqephu samashumi amane. Lokhu kubangelwa hhayi kakhulu yi-thermophilicity ye-sea colossi, njengokuthanda kokudla kwabo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kumanzi afudumele lapho kutholakala khona iplankton eningi - ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu yilezi zinhlanzi.
Ububanzi be-whale shark budlulela kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- Amanzi olwandle eduze kwaseSeychelles.
- Izifunda ezakhelene neMadagascar nezwekazi eliseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-20% wabantu sebonke balezi zinhlanzi bahlala emanzini oLwandlekazi i-Indian ngaseMozambique.
- Abantu be-Whale shark batholakala eduze kwase-Australia, eChile, eziqhingini zasePhilippines naseGulf of Mexico.
Yini edliwa whale shark?
Isithombe: Ushaka omkhulu whale
Njengezinye izinhlobo zikashaka, le nhlanzi ingeyesigaba sabadlayo. Kodwa-ke, umuntu ngeke amsole ngokuthanda igazi. Yize ibukeka iyesabeka futhi inegama lesiLatini elisabisayo, ushaka whale "ugedla amazinyo" udla ama-zooplankton nezinhlanzi ezincane ezifundayo (i-tuna encane, i-mackerel, ama-sardine, ama-anchovies). Le nhlanzi ayisebenzisi amazinyo ayo ukuhlafuna inyamazane yayo, kepha ukuyivimbela ukuthi ingaphumi emlonyeni wayo omkhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, lawa akuwona amatshe okusila okugaya ukudla, kodwa uhlobo “lwezikhiye” zokukukhiya.
Njengemikhomo ye-baleen, ushaka "uyadla" isikhathi eside. Efaka amanzi emlonyeni wakhe, ukhipha iplankton. Inhlanzi ivale umlomo wayo, bese amanzi ephuma ngemigodi yokuhlunga. Ngakho-ke, kuphela labo bantu abahlala olwandle abakwaziyo ukungena endaweni encane yezinhlanzi (ububanzi bayo bufinyelela ku-100 mm kuphela) abasala emlonyeni wenhlanzi. Ukuze ithole okwanele, i-whale shark kufanele ichithe cishe amahora angama-8-9 nsuku zonke ekudleni. Isikhathi esingangehora, sidlula emigodini engamamitha ayi-cubic metres ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha amanzi olwandle. Ngezinye izikhathi izilwane ezincane zivimba izihlungi. Ukuzisula, inhlanzi "isula umphimbo wayo". Ngasikhathi sinye, ukudla okuhlanganisiwe kuphuma ngokoqobo emlonyeni wesilwane.
Isisindo soshaka be-whale singaba ngu-0.3 m3. Inhlanzi ichitha ingxenye yokubamba ekugcineni ibhalansi yamandla. Inani elithile lokudla ligcinwa egumbini elikhethekile lesisu njengesiqiwi. Ingxenye yezakhamzimba ifakwe esibindini sesilwane - uhlobo lwenqolobane yamandla. Lokhu kungabizwa njengendawo yokulondolozwa "yemvula". Isibindi sika-whale shark sincane kakhulu, futhi asifanelekile njenge- "float" yokubamba umzimba omkhulu, osindayo kukholamu lamanzi. Lezi zinhlanzi azinayo i-swim bladder. Ukuze siphume kangcono, lesi silwane sigwinya umoya, siwudedele lapho singena ekujuleni kolwandle.
Ngokocwaningo lwamuva olwenziwe izazi zezilwane zaseJapane, ukudla oshaka be-whale kuhluke kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kokudla kwezilwane, ngokungangabazeki okwakha isisekelo semenyu, baphinde badle ulwelwe, futhi, uma kunesidingo, bangabulawa yindlala. Izinhlanzi "ziyashesha" ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufuduka kusuka kwesinye isisekelo sokudla kuya kwesinye. Ngokushoda kokudla okuyisisekelo, i-whale shark isikhathi esithile yanelisekile "ngokudla" kwemifino.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ushaka omkhulu
Iningi lama-ichthyologists livame ukubheka oshaka be-whale izidalwa ezizolile, ezinokuthula futhi ezihamba kancane. Njengomthetho, isilwane sihlala siseduze nobuso bamanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi siya ngamamitha ayi-700 ukujula. Izinhlanzi zibhukuda ngejubane eliphansi - cishe u-5 km / h, futhi kwesinye isikhathi noma ngaphansi. Usebenza cishe ubusuku nemini, enamathongo amafushane.
Lolu hlobo lukashaka luphephe ngokuphelele kubantu. Abatshuzi basebenzisa lokhu futhi bangagcini nje ngokusondela ezinhlanzini, kepha bakhuphukela kuzo. Kodwa-ke, abantu abalimele bangaba yingozi. Ukushaywa komunye umsila kwanele ukubulala umuntu noma ukulimaza isikebhe esincane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Whale shark
Oshaka be-Whale bahlala bodwa noma bahlala ngamaqembu amancane. Ukugxila okukhulu kwamakhulu abantu akuvamile. Kwabhalwa umhlambi omkhulu wezidlakela zasolwandle (abantu abayi-420) ngo-Agasti 2009 ngaseNhlonhlweni Yucatan. Cishe, bakhangwa i-mackerel caviar esanda kushanyelwa, ethokozelwa yimidondoshiya. Isikhathi sokuthomba soshaka whale siside impela. Ngokuphila kweminyaka engama-70-100, ilungele ukuzala ineminyaka engama-30-35, kwesinye isikhathi ibe neminyaka engama-50. Ubude bomuntu ovuthiwe busuka ku-4.5 kuye ku-5.6 m (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, 8-9 m). Ubude bomzimba besilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili bungamamitha ayi-9.
Ayikho imininingwane eqondile ngesilinganiso esiphakathi kwenani labesifazane nabesilisa kubantu. Ukufunda umhlambi wezinhlanzi ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Australia (iNingaloo Reef Marine Reserve), ososayensi bathole ukuthi inani labesifazane enanini eliphelele lezilwane ezibonwayo alidluli ku-17%. Kodwa-ke, lolu lwazi alukwazi ukubizwa nge-100% ngokuthembekile, ngoba oshaka be-whale basebenzisa lesi sifunda hhayi ukuzala inzalo, kepha ukondla. Isilwane singaphansi kwesigaba senhlanzi e-ovoviviparous cartilaginous. Isikhathi esithile, u-whale shark wabizwa ngokuthi yi-oviparous, ngoba amaqanda anemibungu atholakala esibelethweni sowesifazane abanjwe ogwini lwaseCeylon. Ubude nobubanzi bombungu owodwa ku-capsule bungu-0.6 no-0.4 m, ngokulandelana.
Owesifazane wamamitha ayi-12 ngasikhathi sinye angathwala imibungu efinyelela kuma-300. Umbungu ngamunye uboshwe kufakwe iphilisi elibunjwe ngeqanda. Ushaka osanda kuzalwa unobude obungu-0.4-0.5 m.Ngemva kokuzalwa, ingane ikwazi ukuzimela futhi isebenza kahle. Ushiya umzimba kamama unezinto ezanele ezimvumela ukuthi angabheki ukudla isikhathi eside. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho inkonyane eliphilayo lisuswa esibelethweni sowesifazane othunjiwe. Ebekwe e-aquarium, wazizwa enempilo, futhi waqala ukudla kuphela ngosuku lwe-17. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyiminyaka eyi-1.5-2. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, insikazi igcinwa yodwa.
Izitha zemvelo zoshaka be-whale
Isithombe: Giant whale shark
Ngaphezu kwesitha esikhulu - indoda - lezi zigebenga zihlaselwa o-marlin noshaka abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe bayahambisana nabo. Njengomthetho, abantu abasha yibo abasengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa, kodwa ukuhlaselwa kwezinhlanzi ezindala ngokuphelele nakho kuyenzeka. Empeleni, i-whale shark ayikwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphelele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Isikhumba esijiyile, esilinganisiwe asihlali sisebenza ekugcineni izitha kude. Le colossus ayinazo ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela. Oshaka be-Whale nabo basindiswa iqiniso lokuthi isikhumba sinekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuzivuselela. Izinhlanzi ziyaqina ngokungavamile, izilonda ziphola ngokushesha okukhulu. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza imidondoshiya ikwazi ukusinda kuze kube yilolu suku, cishe engashintshiwe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-60.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ushaka whale
Isibalo soshaka be-whale sincane. Ngokweminye imibiko, ingqikithi yalezi zinhlanzi emhlabeni ingabantu abayinkulungwane. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla okukhulu kwezilwane ukubanjwa kwazo okungalawulwa kokuhweba kwazo eziqhingini zasePhilippine naseTaiwan, lapho amaphiko enyama, isibindi kanye nemikhomo yoshaka whale ngentengo ephezulu. Lezi zinhlanzi nazo ziyaqothulwa ngenxa yezicebi zomsoco koshaka uwoyela. Ukwehla kwesibalo sezilwane nakho kwenziwa lula ukuthi abadobi bazama ukubamba abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke (futhi laba, ikakhulukazi, abesifazane). Lezi zilwane ezizolile ziyizisulu ezilula ukuzibamba. Kwesinye isikhathi isilwane esivilaphayo, cishe esingeke sikwazi ukuhamba, siwela ngaphansi kwezinhlamvu zemikhumbi ezihambayo.
Ngokwesimo samazwe omhlaba, i-whale shark ihlukaniswa njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothuka (kusukela ngo-2016, phambilini ibichazwa ngokuthi "isengozini"). Kuze kube ngu-2000, isimo sezilwane sasibhalwe ukuthi "asiqiniseki", ngoba kwakungekho imininingwane eyanele mayelana nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-90s yekhulu elidlule, amazwe amaningi abeke umthetho wokuthi kungabanjwa lezi zinhlanzi.
Ukuvikelwa koshaka Whale
Isithombe: Whale shark
Ngaphandle kwesibalo esincane, izinhlanzi ezinkulu zathola ukusatshalaliswa esikweni labantu baseMpumalanga. Isibonelo, abadobi baseJapan nabaseVietnam banesiqiniseko sokuthi umhlangano no-whale shark - unkulunkulu omuhle wasolwandle - kuyinto enhle. Yize iqiniso lokuthi ukudla kwasolwandle kuyisisekelo sokudla kwabantu bakula mazwe, amaJapan kanye neVietnam abayidli inyama ye-whale shark ukuze bayidle. Igama lesiVietnam lalesi silwane linokuhumusha okungokoqobo: "Master Fish".
Oshaka be-Whale babaluleke kakhulu ebhizinisini lezokuvakasha. Uhambo luthandwa kakhulu lapho izivakashi zingabuka lobu buhle obuvilaphayo obuvela emkhunjini. Futhi amanye ama-daredevils abhukuda abheke kubo nge-scuba diving. Ukuvakasha okunjalo kwe-diving kuyathandwa eMexico, eSeychelles, eCaribbean naseMaldives, e-Australia. Vele, ukunakwa okunjalo okuvela kubantu akubangeli nganoma iyiphi indlela ekukhuleni kwenani lalezi zinhlanzi, esevele liyancipha. Abavakashi kufanele bahlale kude nabo, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, kepha futhi ukuze bangalimazi ungqimba lwamafinyila olungaphandle oluvikela isikhumba sezilwane ezifweni ezincane. Kwenziwa imizamo yokugcina laba oshaka bevalelwe.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kubuyela emuva ku-1934. Izinhlanzi azibekwanga ku-aquarium. Ingxenye ebiyelwe ethekwini ngokukhethekile ibisebenza njengendiza kuye (Iziqhingi zaseJapane. Izinhlanzi zaphila izinsuku eziyi-122. Esikhathini 1980-1996, isibalo esiphezulu salezi zilwane sasigcinwe ekuthunjweni eJapan - 16. Kulaba, abesifazane ababili kanye nabesilisa abayi-14. I-Okinawa Oceanarium iyikhaya lendoda engamamitha angu-4.6, enkulu kunazo zonke oshaka abathunjiweyo be-whale, kanti izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngase-Okinawa zisekelwe kulwandle (izimfene) zasolwandle, ama-squid amancane nezinhlanzi ezincane.
Kusukela ngo-2007, oshaka ababili (3.7 no-4.5 m) ababanjwe ngaseTaiwan batholakala eGeorgia Atlanta Aquarium (USA). Umthamo we-aquarium yalezi zinhlanzi ungaphezu kwe-23.8,000 m3. Umuntu owayegcinwe ngaphambili kule aquarium washona ngo-2007. Okuhlangenwe nakho kososayensi baseTaiwan ekugcineni oshaka be-whale ekuthunjweni akuphumeleli kangako. Oshaka bafa kabili ngemuva nje kokufakwa emanzini, kwathi ngo-2005 umzamo waphumelela. Kuze kube manje, kukhona oshaka ababili be-whale ku-Taiwan Aquarium. Omunye wabo, owesifazane onamamitha angu-4.2, entula i-dorsal fin. Kungenzeka ukuthi wahlushwa abadobi noma amazinyo esidlova. Kusukela ehlobo lika-2008, kugcinwe isifanekiso se-4-mitha eDubai Oceanarium (umthamo wamachibi ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11 m3). Izinhlanzi zondliwa nge-krill, okungukuthi, ukudla kwazo akuhlukile "kwimenyu" yemikhomo ye-baleen.
Ngeshwa, inani loshaka be-whale eMhlabeni liyancipha. Isizathu esikhulu ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, yize ukuvinjelwa kokudoba emazweni amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi akuzona nje kuphela ezinkulu kunazo zonke, kodwa futhi mhlawumbe nezinhlanzi ezingafundiwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Iningi lempilo yabo lichithwa kude nogu, ngakho-ke ukutadisha kwalezi zilwane kudala ubunzima obuthile. Whale shark udinga usizo lwethu. Ukuqondwa okuthuthukile kwezimpawu zabo zokuziphatha, okunomsoco kanye nokuchazwa kwebhayoloji kuzovumela ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezisebenzayo zokugcina lezi zidalwa ezinhle njengama-biospecies.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 31.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-21: 22
