I-biosphere iqondwa njengengqikithi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Bahlala kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba: kusukela ekujuleni kwezilwandle, emathunjini eplanethi kuya esikhaleni somoya, ososayensi abaningi babiza leli gobolondo ngokuthi yindawo yokuphila. Uhlanga lwesintu ngokwalo nalo luhlala kulo.
Ukwakheka kwe-Biosphere
I-biosphere ibhekwa njengesiyingi semvelo emhlabeni wonke emhlabeni wethu. Iqukethe izindawo eziningana. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-hydrosphere, okungukuthi, yonke imithombo yamanzi nezinqolobane zomhlaba. Lona uLwandle Lomhlaba, amanzi aphansi nangaphezulu. Amanzi ayindawo yokuhlala yezidalwa eziningi eziphilayo futhi ayinto edingekayo empilweni. Ixhasa izinqubo eziningi.
I-biosphere iqukethe umkhathi. Kukhona izinto ezihlukahlukene kuwo, futhi uqobo ugcwele amagesi ahlukahlukene. I-oksijeni, edingekayo empilweni yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, inenani elithile. Futhi, umkhathi udlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wamanzi emvelweni, uthinta isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu.
I-lithosphere, okungukuthi ungqimba olungaphezulu koqweqwe lomhlaba, iyingxenye ye-biosphere. Kuhlala izinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, izinambuzane, amagundane nezinye izilwane zihlala ebugqineni boMhlaba, izitshalo ziyakhula, futhi abantu bahlala ngaphezulu.
Izwe lezitshalo nezilwane yizona zakhamuzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-biosphere. Bahlala esikhaleni esikhulu hhayi kuphela emhlabeni, kepha futhi nasekujuleni ekujuleni, bahlala emachibini futhi batholakala emkhathini. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ziyahlukahluka kusuka kubulembu, ubulembu notshani kuya ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Ngokuqondene nezilwane, abamele abancane kakhulu ngamagciwane angenangqamuzana elilodwa namagciwane, kanti okukhulu kunakho konke izidalwa zomhlaba nezasolwandle (izindlovu, amabhere, obhejane nemikhomo). Zonke zihluke kakhulu futhi uhlobo ngalunye lubalulekile emhlabeni wethu.
Inani le-biosphere
I-biosphere yafundwa ososayensi abahlukahlukene kuzo zonke izinkathi zomlando. Ukunakwa okuningi kwanikezwa leli gobolondo ngu-V. Vernadsky. Wayekholelwa ukuthi i-biosphere inqunywa yimingcele lapho izinto eziphilayo zihlala khona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke izingxenye zalo zixhumene, futhi izinguquko emkhakheni owodwa zizoholela kuzinguquko kuwo wonke amagobolondo. I-biosphere idlala indima ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kokugeleza kwamandla eplanethi.
Ngakho-ke, i-biosphere yindawo yokuhlala yabantu, izilwane nezitshalo. Iqukethe izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu nemithombo yemvelo njengamanzi, umoya-mpilo, umhlaba nokunye. Ithonywe kakhulu ngabantu. Ku-biosphere kunomjikelezo wezinto emvelweni, impilo igcwele ngokugcwele futhi kwenziwa izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ithonya lomuntu ku-biosphere
Ithonya lomuntu ku-biosphere liyimpikiswano. Ngekhulu ngalinye, umsebenzi we-anthropogenic uba namandla kakhulu, ubhubhise futhi ube mkhulu, ngakho-ke abantu banezela ekuveleni kwezinkinga zemvelo hhayi kuphela, kepha nezomhlaba wonke.
Omunye wemiphumela yethonya lomuntu ku-biosphere ukwehla kwenani lezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni, kanye nokunyamalala kwezinhlobo eziningi ebusweni bomhlaba. Isibonelo, izindawo zezitshalo ziyancipha ngenxa yemisebenzi yezolimo nokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Izihlahla eziningi, izihlahlana notshani kusezingeni lesibili, okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezintsha zatshalwa esikhundleni sekhava eyinhloko yezimila. Ngokulandelayo, inani lezilwane libhujiswa abazingeli hhayi nje ngenxa yokudla, kodwa futhi ngenhloso yokuthengisa izikhumba ezibalulekile, amathambo, amaphiko oshaka, amazinyo endlovu, izimpondo zobhejane, kanye nezitho zomzimba ezahlukahlukene emakethe emnyama.
Umsebenzi we-Anthropogenic unethonya elinamandla kunqubo yokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, ukugawula izihlahla nokulima amasimu kuholela ekugugulekeni komoya namanzi. Ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwesembozo semifino luholela eqinisweni lokuthi ezinye izinhlobo ziyabandakanyeka enqubweni yokwakheka kwenhlabathi, ngakho-ke, kwakhiwa uhlobo oluhlukile lomhlabathi. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komanyolo abahlukahlukene kwezolimo, ukukhishwa kukadoti oqinile noketshezi emhlabathini, ukwakheka kwe-physicochemical kwenhlabathi kuyashintsha.
Izinqubo zeDemographic zinomthelela omubi ku-biosphere:
- inani lomhlaba liyakhula, elisebenzisa kakhulu izinsiza zemvelo;
- izinga lokukhiqizwa kwezimboni liyakhula;
- kuvela udoti omningi;
- indawo yomhlaba wezolimo iyanda.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu banegalelo ekungcolisweni kwazo zonke izingqimba ze-biosphere. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemithombo yokungcola namuhla:
- qeda amagesi ezimoto;
- izinhlayiya ezikhishwa ngesikhathi somlilo wephethiloli;
- izinto ezinemisebe;
- imikhiqizo kaphethiloli;
- ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali emoyeni;
- imfucuza eqinile kamasipala;
- izibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo wezimbiwa kanye namakhemikhali ezolimo;
- imisele engcolile evela emabhizinisini nakumasipala;
- amadivayisi kagesi;
- uphethiloli wenuzi;
- amagciwane, amagciwane kanye nezilwanyana ezincane zangaphandle.
Konke lokhu akuholeli kuphela kuzinguquko emvelweni kanye nokwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kepha nasekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Ngenxa yethonya lohlanga lwesintu ku-biosphere, kunomphumela wokushisa nokushisa nokwakhiwa kwezimbobo ze-ozone, ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, izinguquko ezingeni lolwandle nolwandle, imvula ene-asidi, njll.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-biosphere iya ngokuya ingazinzi, okuholela ekubhujisweni kwezinto eziningi zemvelo zeplanethi. Ososayensi abaningi kanye nezibalo zomphakathi zisekela ukunciphisa ithonya lomphakathi wesintu emvelweni ukuze kuvikelwe umhlaba womhlaba ekubhujisweni.
Ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukwakheka kwe-biosphere kungabonwa ngokubuka okuhlukahlukene. Uma sikhuluma ngokwakhiwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, khona-ke kufaka izingxenye eziyisikhombisa ezihlukile:
- Into ephilayo ingukuphela kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni wethu. Banokwakheka okuyisisekelo, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagobolondo, banesisindo esiphansi, badla amandla elanga, basabalalisa emvelweni. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zakha amandla amakhulu e-geochemical, asakazeka ngokungalingani ebusweni bomhlaba.
- Into ephilayo. Lezi yizingxenye zamaminerali-eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo kuphela ezidalwe ngezinto eziphilayo, okungukuthi, amaminerali avuthayo.
- Into efakiwe. Lezi yizinsiza ezingaphili ezakhiwe ngaphandle kokuphela kwezidalwa eziphilayo, ngokwazo, okungukuthi, isihlabathi se-quartz, ubumba obuhlukahlukene, kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
- Into ye-bioinert etholwe ngokuhlangana kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphakathi kwe-inert. Lokhu kungumhlabathi namatshe asezingeni lentaba, umkhathi, imifula, amachibi nezinye izindawo ezingaphezulu kwamanzi.
- Izinto ezinemisebe efana nezinto ze-uranium, i-radium, i-thorium.
- Ama-athomu asakazekile. Akhiwa ngezinto zemvelaphi yasemhlabeni lapho ethonywe yimisebe ye-cosmic.
- Udaba lomkhathi. Imizimba nezinto ezenziwe esikhaleni esingaphandle ziwela emhlabeni. Kungaba meteorites kanye nemfucumfucu enothuli lwe-cosmic.
Izendlalelo ze-Biosphere
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi wonke amagobolondo e-biosphere asebenzisana njalo, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukuhlukanisa imingcele yesendlalelo esithile. Elinye lamagobolondo abaluleke kakhulu yi-aerosphere. Ifinyelela ebangeni elingaba amakhilomitha angama-22 ngenhla komhlaba, lapho kusekhona izinto eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile, lesi yisikhala somoya lapho kuhlala khona zonke izinto eziphilayo. Leli gobolondo liqukethe umswakama, amandla avela eLangeni kanye namagesi asemkhathini:
- umoya-mpilo;
- i-ozone;
- CO2;
- i-argon;
- i-nitrogen;
- umhwamuko wamanzi.
Inani lamagesi asemkhathini nokwakheka kwawo kuncike ethonyeni lezidalwa eziphilayo.
I-geosphere iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-biosphere, ifaka ingqikithi yezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emkhathini womhlaba. Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa i-lithosphere, umhlaba wezitshalo nezilwane, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nemvilophu yegesi yomhlaba.
Isendlalelo esibalulekile se-biosphere yi-hydrosphere, okungukuthi, yonke imizimba yamanzi ngaphandle kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Leli gobolondo lifaka phakathi iWorld Ocean, amanzi angaphezulu, umswakama womkhathi namaqhwa eqhwa. Wonke umkhakha wamanzi uhlala ngezinto eziphilayo - kusuka kuma-microorganisms kuya ku-algae, inhlanzi nezilwane.
Uma sikhuluma kabanzi ngegobolondo eliqinile loMhlaba, khona-ke liqukethe inhlabathi, amadwala namaminerali. Ngokuya ngemvelo yendawo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi, ezahlukile ngokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo, kuncike ezintweni zemvelo (uhlaza, imizimba yamanzi, izilwane zasendle, ithonya le-anthropogenic) I-lithosphere iqukethe inani elikhulu lamaminerali namatshe, avezwa ngobuningi obungalingani emhlabeni. Okwamanje, sekutholwe amaminerali angaphezu kwizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, kepha izinhlobo eziyi-100-150 kuphela ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni:
- i-quartz;
- i-feldspar;
- i-olivine;
- i-apatite;
- i-gypsum;
- i-carnallite;
- i-calcite;
- ama-phosphorites;
- sylvinite, njll.
Ngokuya ngenani lamatshe nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwezomnotho, amanye awo abalulekile, ikakhulukazi okokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, izinsimbi zensimbi namatshe ayigugu.
Ngokuqondene nomhlaba wezitshalo nezilwane, lokhu kuyigobolondo, elihlanganisa, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, kusuka ezinhlotsheni eziyizigidi eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyishumi. Cishe, izinhlobo ezibalelwa ezigidini ezingama-2.2 zihlala emanzini oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, futhi cishe eziyizigidi ezingama-6.5 - emhlabeni. Abamele umhlaba wezilwane emhlabeni bahlala abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyisi-7.8, nezitshalo ezingaba yisigidi esi-1. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo, akukho ngaphezu kwe-15% okuchaziwe, ngakho-ke kuzothatha isintu amakhulu eminyaka ukutadisha nokuchaza zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezikhona emhlabeni.
Ubudlelwano be-biosphere namanye amagobolondo oMhlaba
Zonke izingxenye ze-biosphere zihlobene kakhulu namanye amagobolondo omhlaba. Lokhu kubonakala kungabonakala kumjikelezo webhayoloji, lapho izilwane nabantu bekhipha isikhutha, ifakwa yizitshalo, ezikhipha umoya-mpilo ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis. Ngakho-ke, la magesi amabili alawulwa njalo emkhathini ngenxa yokuhlangana kwemikhakha ehlukene.
Isibonelo esisodwa inhlabathi - umphumela wokusebenzisana kwe-biosphere namanye amagobolondo. Le nqubo ifaka izinto eziphilayo (izinambuzane, amagundane, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, ama-microorganisms), izitshalo, amanzi (amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imvula, imizimba yamanzi), umoya (umoya), amadwala omzali, amandla elanga, isimo sezulu. Zonke lezi zingxenye zisebenzisana kancane, ezifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi ngesilinganiso samamilimitha amabili ngonyaka.
Lapho izingxenye ze-biosphere zihlangana namagobolondo aphilayo, kwakheka amadwala. Ngenxa yethonya lezinto eziphilayo kwi-lithosphere, kwakheka imali yamalahle, ushoki, i-peat kanye ne-limestone. Ngokuhamba komthelela wezinto eziphilayo, i-hydrosphere, usawoti kanye namaminerali, ekushiseni okuthile, ama-coral akhiwa, futhi kuzo, kuvela izixhobo zamakhorali neziqhingi. Futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukwakheka kasawoti kwamanzi oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhululeka zingumphumela oqondile wobudlelwano phakathi kwe-biosphere namanye amagobolondo omhlaba: umkhathi, i-hydrosphere ne-lithosphere. Uhlobo oluthile lokukhululeka luthonywe umbuso wamanzi wendawo nemvula, ubuningi bezinhlayiya zomoya, imisebe yelanga, izinga lokushisa lomoya, yiziphi izinhlobo zezimbali ezikhula lapha, yiziphi izilwane ezihlala kule ndawo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-biosphere emvelweni
Ukubaluleka kwe-biosphere njenge-ecosystem yomhlaba wonke akunakuphakanyiswa ngokweqile. Ngokuya ngemisebenzi yegobolondo lazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, umuntu angabona ukubaluleka kwayo:
- Amandla. Izitshalo zingabalamuli phakathi kweLanga noMhlaba, futhi, ukuthola amandla, ingxenye yayo isatshalaliswa phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ze-biosphere, kanti ingxenye isetshenziselwa ukwakha udaba lwe-biogenic.
- Igesi. Ilawula inani lamagesi ahlukahlukene ku-biosphere, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo, uguquko nokufuduka kwawo.
- Ukuhlushwa. Zonke izidalwa zikhetha ngokukhetha izakhi zomzimba, ngakho-ke zingaba usizo futhi zibe yingozi.
- Kuyabhubhisa. Lokhu kungukucekelwa phansi kwamaminerali namatshe, izinto eziphilayo, ezinikela ngenzuzo entsha yezakhi emvelweni, lapho kuvela khona izinto ezintsha eziphilayo nezingaphili.
- Ukwakha imvelo. Ithinta izimo zemvelo, ukwakheka kwamagesi asemkhathini, amadwala emvelaphi nentaba yomhlaba, ikhwalithi yemvelo yasemanzini, kanye nokulingana kwezinto emhlabeni.
Isikhathi eside, indima ye-biosphere ibukelwe phansi, ngoba, uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imikhakha, ubukhulu bezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni buncane kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izidalwa eziphilayo zingamandla amakhulu emvelo, ngaphandle kwazo izinqubo eziningi, kanye nokuphila uqobo, obekungenakwenzeka. Ngenkathi yokusebenza kwezidalwa eziphilayo, ubudlelwane babo, ithonya ezintweni ezingaphili, kwakhiwa umhlaba kanye nemvelo ebonakalayo.
Indima kaVernadsky esifundweni se-biosphere
Ngokokuqala ngqa, imfundiso ye-biosphere yasungulwa nguVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Uhlukanise leli gobolondo kweminye imikhakha yasemhlabeni, waqinisekisa incazelo yalo futhi wacabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyisigaba esisebenza kakhulu esishintsha futhi sithinte yonke imvelo. Usosayensi waba umsunguli wesiyalo esisha - i-biogeochemistry, ngesisekelo semfundiso ye-biosphere.
Ukutadisha into ephilayo, uVernadsky uphethe ngokuthi zonke izinhlobo zokukhululeka, isimo sezulu, umoya osemkhathini, amadwala avela emhlabathini angumphumela womsebenzi wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Enye yezindima ezibalulekile kulokhu inikezwe abantu abanethonya elikhulu enkambweni yezinqubo eziningi zomhlaba, ngokuba yinto ethile, enamandla athile akwazi ukuguqula ubuso beplanethi.
UVladimir Ivanovich wethule umbono wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo encwadini yakhe ethi "Biosphere" (1926), eyaba nomthelela ekuveleni kwegatsha elisha lesayensi. Isifundiswa emsebenzini wakhe sethule i-biosphere njengohlelo oluhlanganisiwe, yabonisa izingxenye zayo kanye nokuxhumana kwayo, kanye nendima yomuntu. Lapho into ephilayo ihlangana nodaba olungafakwanga, izinqubo eziningi ziyathonywa:
- i-geochemical;
- eziphilayo;
- biogenic;
- ukwakheka komhlaba;
- ukufuduka kwama-athomu.
UVernadsky ubonise ukuthi imingcele ye-biosphere iyinsimu yokuphila kwezinto. Ukuthuthuka kwayo kuthonywe umoya-mpilo nokushisa komoya, amanzi nezakhi zamaminerali, inhlabathi namandla elanga. Futhi, usosayensi wakhomba izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-biosphere, okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, futhi wakhomba okuyinhloko - into ephilayo. Wabuye waqamba yonke imisebenzi ye-biosphere.
Phakathi kokuhlinzekwa okuyinhloko kwemfundiso kaVernadsky ngemvelo ephilayo, kungaqhamuka iziphakamiso ezilandelayo:
- i-biosphere ihlanganisa yonke imvelo yasemanzini kuze kufike ekujuleni kolwandle, kufaka phakathi ungqimba lomhlaba kuze kufike kumakhilomitha ama-3 nendawo yomoya kuze kufike kwi-troposphere;
- ikhombise umehluko phakathi kwe-biosphere namanye amagobolondo ngokuguquguquka kwayo nokusebenza njalo kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo;
- imininingwane yale gobolondo ilele ekujikelezeni okuqhubekayo kwezinto zemvelo ephilayo nengaphili;
- umsebenzi wento ephilayo uholele kuzinguquko ezinkulu kuyo yonke iplanethi;
- ubukhona be-biosphere kungenxa yesimo somhlaba se-astronomical (ibanga ukusuka eSun, ukuthambekela kwe-axis yeplanethi), enquma isimo sezulu, inkambo yemijikelezo yokuphila emhlabeni;
- amandla elanga angumthombo wokuphila wazo zonke izidalwa ze-biosphere.
Mhlawumbe lena imiqondo esemqoka ngemvelo yokuphila eyabekwa nguVernadsky ekufundiseni kwakhe, yize imisebenzi yakhe ingeyomhlaba jikelele futhi idinga ukuqonda okwengeziwe, isasebenza nanamuhla. Baba yisisekelo sokucwaninga kwabanye ososayensi.
Umphumela
Ukufingqa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi impilo ku-biosphere isatshalaliswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene nangokungalingani. Inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo zihlala ebusweni bomhlaba, kungaba emanzini noma emhlabeni. Zonke izidalwa zixhumana namanzi, amaminerali kanye nomoya, ngokuba nokuxhumana okuqhubekayo nazo. Yilokhu okuhlinzeka ngezimo ezifanele zempilo (i-oxygen, amanzi, ukukhanya, ukushisa, izakhamzimba). Ukujula emanzini olwandle noma ngaphansi komhlaba, impilo iyisidina kakhulu.Izinto eziphilayo nazo zisabalele kule ndawo, futhi kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukwehlukahlukana kwezinhlobo zokuphila emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda le mpilo, sizodinga ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nambili, noma ngisho namakhulu, kepha sidinga ukwazisa i-biosphere futhi siyivikele ethonyeni lethu eliyingozi, lomuntu, namuhla.
