Ngokomlando, iYurophu ingenye yezindawo emhlabeni lapho okwenziwa khona umsebenzi womuntu ikakhulukazi. Amadolobha amakhulu, izimboni ezithuthukile kanye nenani elikhulu labantu ligxile lapha. Umphumela walokhu ube yizinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo, ukulwa nazo okudinga umzamo omkhulu nemali.
Umsuka wenkinga
Ukuthuthukiswa kwengxenye yeplanethi yaseYurophu ikakhulu kubangelwa ukugxila okuphezulu kwamaminerali ahlukahlukene kule nsimu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo akufani, ngokwesibonelo, izinsiza zikaphethiloli (amalahle) zivelele engxenyeni esenyakatho yesifunda, kanti eningizimu cishe azikho. Lokhu-ke kube nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha eseyithuthuke kahle, evumela ukuhambisa ngokushesha itshe elimbiwa ibanga elide.
Imisebenzi yezimboni nezokuthutha iholele ekukhishweni kwenqwaba yezinto ezinobungozi emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga zokuqala zemvelo zavela lapha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufika kwezimoto. Amalahle afanayo ayeyimbangela. Isibonelo, izakhamizi zaseLondon zayisebenzisa ngenkuthalo ukushisa amakhaya azo kwaze kwavela intuthu eminyene phezu kwedolobha. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni emuva ngo-1306 uhulumeni waphoqeleka ukuthi ashaye umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle edolobheni.
Empeleni, intuthu yamalahle ekhungathekisayo ayikaze iye ndawo futhi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-600 kamuva, iye yashaya elinye igalelo eLondon. Ebusika bango-1952, intuthu eminyene yehlela edolobheni, eyathatha izinsuku ezinhlanu. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, abantu abasukela ku-4,000 kuya ku-12,000 babulawa ukuminyaniswa nokwandiswa kwezifo. Ingxenye eyinhloko yentuthu kwakungamalahle.
Isimo samanje
Namuhla, isimo semvelo eYurophu sibonakala ngezinye izinhlobo nezindlela zokungcola. Amalahle athathelwe indawo ukukhishwa kwemoto nokukhishwa kwezimboni. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale mithombo emibili kwenziwa lula yifilosofi entsha yempilo yasemadolobheni, eyakha "umphakathi wabathengi".
I-European yanamuhla inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphila, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okuningi kokupakisha, ukuhlobisa nezinye izinto ezifeza umsebenzi wazo ngokushesha futhi ezithunyelwa endaweni yokulahla udoti. Ukulahlwa kwenhlabathi emazweni amaningi aseYurophu kugcwele ngokweqile, isimo sisindiswa ubuchwepheshe obethuliwe bokuhlunga, ukucubungula nokuvuselela imfucuza.
Isimo semvelo esifundeni sibhebhetheka ngobuningi nosayizi omncane wamazwe amaningi. Awekho amahlathi lapha, anwebeka ngamakhulu amakhilomitha, futhi akwazi ukuhlanza kahle umoya. Isimo esincane sezindawo eziningi asikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi ye-anthropogenic.
Izindlela zokulawula
Njengamanje, wonke amazwe aseYurophu abhekisisa kakhulu izinkinga zemvelo. Ukuhlelwa kwaminyaka yonke kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvikela imvelo kuyenziwa. Njengengxenye yokulwela imvelo, ezokuthutha zikagesi kanye namabhayisikili kuyakhuthazwa, izindawo zamapaki kazwelonke ziyanda. Ubuchwepheshe obonga amandla bufakwa ngenkuthalo ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza nokuhlunga ezifakiwe.
Yize kunezinyathelo ezithathiwe, izinkomba zemvelo zisenelisa emazweni afana nePoland, iBelgium, iCzech Republic namanye. Isimo sezimboni ePoland saholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngawo-1980 idolobha laseKrakow lathola isikhundla sendawo yenhlekelele yemvelo ngenxa yokukhishwa kwesitshalo se-metallurgical. Ngokwezibalo, abantu baseYurophu abangaphezu kwama-30% bahlala unomphela ezimweni ezingezinhle zemvelo.
