Izingwadule nezingwadule ziyizindawo ezinabantu abambalwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ubuningi obumaphakathi umuntu ongu-1 ku-4-5 sq. km, ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba amasonto ngaphandle kokuhlangana nomuntu oyedwa. Isimo sezulu sezingwadule nezingwadule ezingama-semi somile, nomswakama ophansi, ubonakala ngokushintshashintsha okukhulu ekushiseni komoya phakathi kwamanani emini nawasebusuku ngaphakathi kwama-25-40 degrees Celsius. Imvula yenzeka lapha njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Ngenxa yezimo ezithile zesimo sezulu, umhlaba okhethekile wezimila nezilwane usuthuthukile endaweni yezingwadule nezingwadule.
Ososayensi bathi izingwadule ngokwazo ziyinkinga enkulu yemvelo yomhlaba, okuyinqubo yokwenziwa ihlane, ngenxa yalokho imvelo ilahlekelwa yizinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane futhi ayikwazi ukuzimela ngokwayo.
Izinhlobo zamahlane nezingwadule
Ngokwesigaba semvelo, kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zamahlane nezingwadule:
- indawo eyomile - ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele, inesimo sezulu esishisayo esomile;
- i-anthropogenic - ivela ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu eyingozi;
- owakhiwe - unemifula nama-oases, okuba yizindawo zokuhlala zabantu;
- zezimboni - imvelo iphulwa ngemisebenzi yokwenziwa kwabantu;
- i-arctic - inezembozo zeqhwa neqhwa, lapho izidalwa eziphilayo zingatholakali khona.
Kutholakale ukuthi izingwadule eziningi zinezinqolobane ezibalulekile zikawoyela negesi, kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu, eziholele ekwakhiweni kwalezi zindawo ngabantu. Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kukhuphula izinga lobungozi. Uma kwenzeka kuchitheka uwoyela, yonke imvelo icekelwa phansi.
Enye inkinga yezemvelo ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, ngenxa yalokhu kucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yokushoda komswakama, kunenkinga yokushoda kwamanzi. Enye inkinga uthuli neziphepho zesihlabathi. Ngokuvamile, lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izinkinga ezikhona zamahlane nezingwadule.
Ukukhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngezinkinga zemvelo zamahlane asenkangala, inkinga enkulu ukunwetshwa kwazo. Izindawo eziningi eziwugwadule ziyizindawo zemvelo zesikhashana ezisuka emaqeleni kuya ezingwadule, kepha ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezithile, zandisa indawo yazo, ziphinde ziphenduke izingwadule. Iningi lale nqubo lishukumisa umsebenzi we-anthropogenic - ukugawula izihlahla, ukuqothula izilwane, ukwakha umkhiqizo wezimboni, ukuncipha kwenhlabathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-semi-desert iswela umswakama, izitshalo ziyafa, njengezinye zezilwane, kanti ezinye ziyafuduka. Ngakho-ke i-semi-desert empeleni isheshe iphenduke ihlane elingenampilo (noma cishe elingaphili).
Izinkinga zemvelo zezingwadule zase-arctic
Izingwadule zase-Arctic zitholakala ezigxotsheni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, lapho amazinga okushisa komoya we-subzero ebusa cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, kuneqhwa futhi kunenqwaba yezinguzunga zeqhwa. Izingwadule zase-Arctic nase-Antarctic zakhiwa ngaphandle kwethonya lomuntu. Izinga lokushisa ebusika elijwayelekile lisukela ku- -30 kuye ku- -60 degrees Celsius, kanti ehlobo lingakhuphukela ku- +3 degrees. Imvula yonyaka ingama-400 mm ngokwesilinganiso. Njengoba ubuso bezingwadule bumbozwe yiqhwa, azikho neze izitshalo lapha, ngaphandle kobulembu nobulembu. Izilwane zijwayele izimo zezulu ezinzima.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izingwadule zase-arctic ziye zabhekana nethonya elibi lomuntu. Ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu, imvelo yase-Arctic nase-Antarctic yaqala ukushintsha. Ngakho-ke ukudotshwa kwezimboni kwaholela ekwehleni kwabantu babo. Njalo ngonyaka inani lezinsalela nama-walrus, amabhere we-polar nezimpungushe ze-arctic ziyancipha lapha. Ezinye izinhlobo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngenxa yabantu.
Endaweni yezingwadule zase-arctic, ososayensi bathole izinqolobane ezibalulekile zamaminerali. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwabo kwaqala, futhi lokhu akuhlali kwenziwa ngempumelelo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezingozi, bese kuchitheka uwoyela endaweni yemvelo, izinto eziyingozi zingena emkhathini, futhi kwenzeka ukungcola komhlaba jikelele kwe-biosphere.
Akunakwenzeka ukungathinti isihloko sokufudumala komhlaba. Ukushisa okungajwayelekile kunomthelela ekuncibilikeni kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kuzo zombili izindawo eziseningizimu nasenyakatho. Ngenxa yalokhu, insimu yezingwadule zase-Arctic iyancipha, izinga lamanzi oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba liyakhuphuka. Lokhu kunegalelo hhayi kuphela kuzinguquko emvelweni, kepha nasekuhambeni kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ziye kwezinye izindawo nasekuqothulweni kwazo ngokwengxenye.
Ngakho-ke, inkinga yezingwadule nezingwadule iba semhlabeni jikelele. Inani labo landa kuphela ngephutha lomuntu, ngakho-ke awudingi nje kuphela ukucabanga ukuthi ungayimisa kanjani le nqubo, kepha futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezinqala zokugcina imvelo.
