Imvelo yezitshalo ingumkhakha wesayensi ohlukanise imikhakha eye yathuthuka empambanweni yezemvelo, i-botany kanye nejografi. Ufunda ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo. Izici eziningi zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yezitshalo. Ngokuthuthuka okujwayelekile, izihlahla, izihlahla, utshani nezinye izinhlobo zebhayoloji zidinga lezi zinto ezilandelayo zemvelo:
- umswakama;
- khanyisa;
- inhlabathi;
- izinga lokushisa lomoya;
- isiqondiso somoya namandla;
- uhlobo lokukhululwa.
Ohlotsheni ngalunye, kubalulekile ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezikhula eduze kwezindawo zazo zomdabu. Eziningi zihlala ndawonye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kanti kukhona ezinye, ngokwesibonelo, ukhula olulimaza ezinye izitshalo.
Ithonya lemvelo kuzimbali
Izitshalo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo. Njengoba zikhula zisuka emhlabathini, imijikelezo yempilo yazo incike esimweni semvelo esivele nxazonke. Iningi lazo lidinga amanzi okukhula kanye nokudla, okuvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene: imizimba yamanzi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imvula. Uma abantu betshala izilimo ezithile, bavamise ukuzinisela izitshalo uqobo.
Ngokuyinhloko, zonke izinhlobo zezimbali zidonswa elangeni, ukuze kuthuthuke okujwayelekile zidinga ukukhanya okuhle, kepha kunezitshalo ezingakhula ezimeni ezihlukile. Zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu alandelayo:
- labo abathanda ilanga bangama-heliophyte;
- labo abathanda isithunzi bangama-sciophyte;
- ukuthanda ilanga, kepha kwaguqulwa umthunzi - ama-sciogeliophytes.
Imijikelezo yempilo yezimbali incike emazingeni okushisa omoya. Badinga ukushisa ukuze bakhule nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuya ngesizini, amahlamvu ayashintsha, ukuqhakaza, ukubukeka nokuvuthwa kwezithelo.
Ngokuya ngesimo sezulu nezimo zezulu, izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zitholakala. Uma ezingwadule ze-arctic ungathola ikakhulukazi ubulembu nolenge, khona-ke emahlathini asenkabazwe anomswakama akhula cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zezihlahla nezitshalo eziyizimbali eziqhakazayo ezingama-20.
Umphumela
Ngakho-ke, izitshalo emhlabeni zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Zihlukene, kepha indlela yazo yokuphila incike emvelweni. Njengengxenye ye-ecosystem, i-flora ibamba iqhaza emjikelezweni wamanzi emvelweni, iwukudla kwezilwane, izinyoni, izinambuzane nabantu, ihlinzeka nge-oxygen, iqinise inhlabathi, iyivikele ekugugulekeni. Abantu kufanele banakekele ukulondolozwa kwezitshalo, ngoba ngaphandle kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila emhlabeni zizobhubha.
