Phakathi kwabavuni bamakhowe, amakhowe obisi ahlonishwa kakhulu futhi athandwa kakhulu. Amakhowe obisi olunosawoti emiphongolweni ayisibiliboco semvelo esiyintandokazi kubathandi bamakhowe. Iphunga elijiyile lamakhowe nalo liyaziswa lapho kulungiswa izitsha zamakhowe ezishisayo. Impuphu eminyene yamakhowe imunce iphunga lehlathi, futhi amakhowe enza eminye imikhiqizo ibe nephunga uma iphekwe ndawonye.
Amakhowe amnandi obisi akugcwalisa ngokushesha. Isakhiwo esinyene samakhowe sikuvumela ukuthi ulethe isivuno esivuniwe ekhishini lonke. Amakhowe obisi angavamile ukukhula yedwa. Ngokuzingela ngempumelelo kwamakhowe, baqoqa obhasikidi abaningana bamakhowe asezingeni lokuqala.
Ngokwemvelo, amakhowe obisi akhethe amahlathi ahlukene, kepha asathanda amapheshana e-birch ne-pine-birch. Bacasha ngaphansi kohlaka lwezinaliti eziwile namahlamvu. Bathola amakhowe ngokuphakamisa phansi ihlathi elibunile.
Izinhlobo zamakhowe
Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamakhowe akhethwe ngabaqoqi bamakhowe?
Ubisi lwangempela
Emhlabeni wonke, abantu bayasolisa ngamakhowe adliwayo anemibandela ethile, futhi yiRussian Federation kuphela okuyikhowe eliyisibiliboco. Amakhowe amancane atholakala kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya maphakathi noSepthemba, enosawoti, adliwe ngo-ukhilimu omuncu namazambane abilisiwe.
Amakhowe wangempela akhula emakholoni otshanini, ngaphansi kwamahlamvu emapheshana e-birch kanye ne-pine-birch. Abakuthandi ukukhanya, bakhetha izindawo ezinomthunzi, ezinomswakama, ngakho-ke abacosha amakhowe bafuna amakhowe obisi ngenduku, basakaze udoti wehlathi.
I-pulp iqinile, imhlophe, i-brittle enephunga elimnandi nelihlukile. Uma ikhowe lilimele, kukhishwa ujusi onobisi obomvu, uphenduka uphuzi emoyeni, okonakalisa umbono wobuciko bamakhowe.
Isigqoko samakhowe simise okofele, umphetho onqenqemeni uhlala umanzi, noma ngabe kunesimo sezulu esomile, u-fluffy-fibrous. Amakhowe amancane anenqola emhlophe ecwebezelayo efinyelela ku-10 cm ububanzi onqenqemeni olubheke phansi. Ububanzi besigqoko samakhowe avuthiwe cishe ngama-20 cm, umbala uphuzi kancane.
I-cylindrical, bushelelezi, mhlophe, iyize ngaphakathi emlenzeni, ifinyelela ku-5 cm. Kuma-specimens amadala, ithola umbala ophuzi. Amagilosa amhlophe ajwayelekile amhlophe we-hymenophore adlula asuka cap kuya emlenzeni.
Faka ubisi
Ukhunta owaziwa kakhulu omise okwefaneli uphuma amaconsi abisi (i-lactate) asenyameni nasenyameni lapho elimele.
I-aspen mushroom ihlukaniswa ngamaphaphu ayo abomvana nokumaka, okuvame ukutholakala emasongweni agxilile ngaphezulu phezulu kwekepisi. Njengezinye isikhunta sohlobo lohlobo lwaso, sinomgogodla ongahluziwe. Ama-specimens avuthiwe amise okomsele, anama-gill aqondile nesembozo se-concave. Inenyama eqinile nesiqu esibanzi esifushane kunomzimba othelayo. Ukuphrinta kwe-Spore ngombala opinki.
Imvamisa, i-aspen mushroom ikhula eduze kweminyezane enwabuzelayo ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi nasezixhaphozini nasemahlathini e-aspen.
Leli khowe libhekwa njengelingadleki eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngenxa yokunambitheka kwalo okunomunyu, kepha liyadliwa futhi livunwe ngokuhweba eSerbia, eRussia naseTurkey.
Isigaxa se-oki
Qoqa amakhowe e-oki ekwindla emahlathini afudumele ashubile. Ikepisi likhulu, lifinyelela ku-12 cm ububanzi, i-hemispherical, ngekhefu eliphakathi nendawo, elimiswe ngentaba elinomphetho obushelelezi, oyinkimbinkimbi, limanzi futhi linamathele esimweni sezulu esimanzi.
Ama-gill aqondile, aminyene, ukhilimu omhlophe noma u-ocher-cream ngombala. Isiqu sinombala onsundu, 3-6 cm ukuphakama, sifushane, siyisifaca, siqondile, sijiyile maphakathi.
Inyama yekepisi imhlophe, inzima futhi inzima, intekenteke esiqwini esiyize. Ijusi elimhlophe elinobisi eliningi, i-acrid. Kubhekwa njengengadliwa eNtshonalanga ngenxa yomunyu wayo omkhulu.
Isifuba esimnyama
Ukusuka eYurophu naseSiberia, isigaxa esimnyama safika e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Ikhula ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezinama-birches, ama-spruces, amaphayini nezinye izihlahla ehlathini elixubekile.
Ikepisi lingama-8-20 cm ububanzi.Phezulu kunombala onsundu okomnqumo noma oluhlaza okotshani, kuthi phakathi nendawo kunamathele noma kushelele. Ama-specimens amancane anezindawo ze-velvety shaggy emaphethelweni. Kamuva, ikepisi liba okwe-faneli, umbala ube mnyama kube mnyama.
Amagilosa amhlophe qwa, anombala onsundu womnqumo onobisi olunobisi, oluqala lube mhlophe ngokuxhumana nomoya.
Ukuphakama kwemilenze kuze kufike ku-7 cm, 3 cm ububanzi, kufana nombala wekepisi, kepha kukhanya kakhulu. Inyama imhlophe qwa, iba nsundu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukunambitheka (ikakhulukazi ubisi) kuyakhipha.
Kubikwa ukuthi lolu hlobo luqukethe i-mutagen noncatorin, ngakho-ke akunconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe. Ukubilisa kwehlisa ukuhluka kwalesi sakhi kepha kungakususi ngempumelelo.
Ngemuva kokupheka, amakhowe amnyama obisi asetshenziswa njengesinongo ezitsheni zamakhowe enyakatho nasempumalanga yeYurophu naseSiberia. Okheniwe futhi zifakwe emanzini anosawoti eRussia.
Isisindo esomile
Ikhowe ikakhulukazi limhlophe, linamaki aphuzi nsundu noma ansundu ekhanda kanye nesiqu esifushane esiqinile. Ikhowe elidliwayo kodwa elingemnandi limila emahlathini anezihlahla ze-conifers, ezinamaqabunga abanzi noma ezixubekile.
Ama-basidiocarps abonakala engathandi ukushiya inhlabathi futhi angcwatshwe uhhafu, noma akhule ngokungacabangi. Ngenxa yalokho, amakepisi amabi angama-16 cm ngaphesheya ambozwe imfucumfucu yamaqabunga nomhlabathi. Zimhlophe, zine-ocher noma nsundu, onqenqemeni olunemiphetho oluhlala luhlala lumhlophe. Ekuqaleni, amakepisi ayajiya, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ashelele futhi abe nesimo sefaneli.
Isiqu esiqinile, esimhlophe, esifushane nesiwugqinsi ukuphakama okungu-2-6 cm nobubanzi obungu-2-4 cm. Ama-gill aqondile futhi ekuqaleni asondele impela. Ukuphrinta kwe-spore kumhlophe okakhilimu, ama-oarty spores oval 8-12 x 7-9 µm ngosayizi.
I-pulp imhlophe futhi ayishintshi umbala lapho isikwa. Ebusheni bayo, ikhowe lobisi elomile linephunga elimnandi lezithelo, kepha lapho selikhulile liqala ukuhogela iphunga elingemnandanga elifana nenhlanzi. Ukunambitheka kuyababa, kuyababa.
Kusatshalaliswe ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezipholile zaseYurophu nase-Asia, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga yeMedithera. Kuyinto yezinhlobo ze-thermophilic ezikhula ngezikhathi ezishisayo.
Leli khowe liyadla, kepha alinambitheki kangako kunokulunga. Kodwa-ke, eCyprus, kanye naseziqhingini zaseGrisi, iyaqoqwa futhi idliwe ngemuva kokucolisiswa emafutheni omnqumo, uviniga noma i-brine ngemuva kwethumba elide.
Amila amakhowe obisi lapho evuna
Amakhowe obisi awathandi isizungu. Izindawo zemindeni yamakhowe zikhethwa eduze kwamalindens nama-birches. Kuvunwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla emahlathini ahlabayo noma axubekile. Amakhowe akha amakoloni amakhulu emakhazeni lapho ubumba olumhlophe luseduze nobuso.
Amakhowe obisi avunwa kusuka ngoJulayi kuze kube yiqhwa lokuqala. Ukuvunwa kwekwindla ngentengo ekhethekile. Amakhowe obisi ngalesi sikhathi awababa kamnandi.
Amakhowe obisi akha ubudlelwano be-symbiotic nezitshalo eziphakeme. Izinhlelo zezimpande zishintshanisa izakhamzimba. Izinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe zakha amakoloni eduze kwezindlwana. Zimbalwa izinhlobo ezikhetha amahlathi e-coniferous. Isihlahla esidala, siyanda amathuba okuthola i-mycelium eduze kwaso.
Emahlathini amancane amade njengendoda, amakhowe obisi awatholakali. Lapho ihlathi lidala, kukhuphuka ithuba lokubamba lawa makhowe.
Ukukhula kwamakhowe, le mibandela elandelayo ibalulekile:
- uhlobo lomhlabathi;
- umswakama emhlabeni;
- njengelanga likhotha umhlabathi.
Iningi lezinhlobo zalo lithanda izindawo ezifudunyezwa yilanga, ezinomswakamo omncane ngotshani, ubulembu noma udoti wamaqabunga abolayo, azizithandi izindawo ezomile nezinamaxhaphozi.
Okunye okuphindwe kabili
Amakhowe obisi namanye amakhowe adliwayo anemibandela yalo mndeni awunabo ubuthi, kepha awajabulisi kakhulu amaqabunga wokunambitha. Abantu balungiselela amakhowe ukulungiselela, bese bepheka. Amakhowe obisi afakwe emanzini, abiliswe isikhathi eside ngosawoti.
Ubisi lwepelepele
Umzimba othelayo wesikhunta umhlophe okakhilimu; kuma-specimens avuthiwe, ikepisi limise okwefaneli ngama-gill amaningi. Uma ucindezelwe, wopha ngobisi olumhlophe olunambitheka onopelepele. Isatshalaliswa kabanzi eYurophu, esifundeni soLwandle Olumnyama enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTurkey, ingxenye esempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, yethulwa e-Australia. Kwakha ubudlelwano be-symbiotic nezihlahla ezinqabayo, kufaka phakathi i-beech ne-hazel, futhi ikhula enhlabathini kusuka ehlobo kuya ekuqaleni kobusika.
Izazi ze-Mycologists zikubheka njengokungadli futhi okunobuthi; abapheki abayincomi ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo. Kunzima ukugaya lapho eluhlaza. Enkambisweni yabantu, isetshenziswa njengesinongo ngemuva kokumiswa, ebilisiwe, ethosiwe ebhotela, eqoshiwe, ebhakwe ngenhlama.
Amakhowe ayaziswa eRussia. Abantu bakha amakhowe kapelepele ngenkathi eyomile, lapho amanye amakhowe adliwayo engatholakali kangako. EFinland, abapheki babilisa amakhowe kaningi, bakhiphe amanzi. Kokugcina, amanzi afakwe usawoti afriziwe agcinwa bonke ubusika, afakwe emanzini noma afakwe kumasaladi.
Ukudla amakhowe amasha naluhlaza kuyacasula izindebe nolimi, ukusabela kuyaphela ngemuva kwehora.
Ubisi camphor (ubisi lwe-camphor)
Bayayazisa ngephunga layo. Ochwepheshe bezokupheka bayisebenzisa njengesipayisi, hhayi ukupheka. Usayizi we-camphor lactarius mncane ukuya kokuphakathi, ikepisi lingaphansi kuka-5 cm ububanzi. Umbala uhluka kusuka ku-orange kuya obomvu obomvu futhi obomvu. Ukuma kwekepisi kuyinto ekhanyayo kuma-specimens amancane, iflethi futhi icindezelekile kancane kumakhowe avuthiwe.
Umzimba othelayo untekenteke futhi uyaqhephuka, unikeza ubisi olumhlophe nolubukeka njengamanzi, olufana nobisi olunamasondo noma olunamafutha. Ijusi ibuthakathaka noma imnandi kancane, kepha ayibaba noma ipunge. Iphunga lekhowe liqhathaniswa nesiraphu ye-maple, i-camphor, i-curry, i-fenugreek, ushukela oshile. Iphunga libuthakathaka kumasampula amasha, liqina lapho umzimba othela izithelo usoma.
Amakhowe omisiwe agaywa abe yimpuphu noma afakwe obisini olushisayo. Abanye abantu basebenzisa i-L. camphoratus ukwenza ingxube yokubhema.
I-Violinist (umthwalo owuzwayo)
Yikhowe elikhulu impela elitholakala eduze kwezihlahla ze-beech. Umzimba wezithelo uminyene, awunontambo, futhi uma ulimele, isikhunta sikhipha umbala we-colostrum. Izinhlobo ezivuthiwe zinamakepisi amhlophe kuya kokhilimu, amise okofeleni, afinyelela kuma-25 cm.Umlenze obanzi mfushane kunomzimba othelayo. Ama-gill aqhelelene, ancishisiwe, anezindawo ezinsundu ezivela kusiphu omisiwe. Ukuphrinta kwespore kumhlophe.
Amakhowe avunwa emahlathini ahlabayo kusukela ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuya ekuqaleni kobusika. Ijusi lobisi linambitheka ngokungathathi hlangothi lilodwa, libabayo uma lidliwe ngoginindela. Amakhowe obisi azwakala eNtshonalanga abhekwa njengangenakudliwa ngenxa yokunambitheka kwawo okubabayo. ERussia, ifakwe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokupheka, bese isawoti.
Ubisi oliphuzi lwegolide
Unombala ophaphathekile, onobuthi, ukhula ngokuvumelana nezihlahla ze-oki. Ikepisi li-3-8 cm ngaphesheya, linamaki amnyama amasongo anemigqa noma imivimbo. Ekuqaleni i-convex, kepha kamuva ishelelezi; kuma-specimens amadala kunokudangala okuncane okuphakathi, imiphetho engenalutho.
Isiqu esiphuzi esimhlophe noma esiphaphathekile singenalutho, siyindilinga noma sivuvukile kancane, kwesinye isikhathi sibomvana engxenyeni engezansi. Izigilamkhuba ze-hymenophore zivame, ziqonde, nge-pink tinge, izinhlamvu zimhlophe-ukhilimu.
I-pulp emhlophe inokunambitheka okumuncu, enombala ngobisi oluningi olufihlekile. Ekuqaleni, i-colostrum imhlophe, ngemuva kwemizuzwana embalwa iphenduka isibabule ngokugqamile.
Umgaya wegolide ubonakala ehlobo nasekwindla ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezinesimo sezulu saseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika naseNyakatho Afrika.
Ukusetshenziswa kuholela kwizimpawu ezinzima kakhulu zesisu.
Ingabe amakhowe obisi awusizo
- Lawa makhowe anomsoco, uginindela uyinyama futhi uqukethe amaprotheni (33 g nge-100 g ngemuva kokumiswa), ama-carbohydrate, amaminerali kanye namavithamini ngendlela ecekeleka kalula. Amakhowe obisi abilisiwe abuyisela inyama nenhlanzi uma le mikhiqizo iphikiswa.
- Amavithamini eqembu B, A no-C athuthukisa ukusebenza kwesistimu yezinzwa, i-hematopoiesis, amasosha omzimba.
- Amaminerali asendaweni engatholakali - i-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium ne-phosphorus, uhlobo olusebenzayo lukavithamini D, abandakanyeka ekuvikeleni i-osteoporosis, igcina isikhumba nezinwele ziphilile.
- Ama-antibacterial agents we-peppermint abulala i-tubercle bacillus, aphathe amatshe ezinso kumuthi wesintu.
- Ukukhethwa nokuvutshelwa kwamakhowe kusebenze ukukhiqizwa kwe-lactic acid, anti-inflammatory kanye ne-cholesterol-ehlisa izinto.
Ngubani ongafanele adle amakhowe obisi
Lesi yisidlo esinzima uma umuntu enezinkinga ngamanyikwe, isibindi nenyongo. Amakhowe asehlathini awanikwa izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-7 nabesifazane abakhulelwe. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwamakhowe obisi aqukethe izinto ezisebenzayo kukhulisa ukuzwela komzimba, kukhulisa ukungezwani komzimba.
Ukupheka, ikakhulukazi okudliwayo okunemibandela, amakhowe obisi ngaphandle kokubuka ubuchwepheshe kuyingozi emkhakheni wokugaya ukudla nasemsebenzini wezitho zokukhipha. Ezigulini ezinomfutho wegazi ophakeme nabantu abane-nephrosis, amakhowe abukhali, anosawoti nomuncu aphikisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezingxenye ezincane zamakhowe obisi kuvunyelwe.
