Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-750 zamakhowe zakha izinhlobo ze- "russula". Ama-specimens ajwayelekile, kepha makhulu futhi anemibala egqamile, okwenza i-russula ibe olunye lwezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zamakhowe phakathi kwabafundi be-mycologists nabaqoqi.
URussula - incazelo
Izici ezihlukile ze-russula:
- izigqoko ezinemibala egqamile;
- ukuphrinta kwespore kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kokuphuzi okumnyama;
- ama-gill entekenteke, anamathiselwe;
- ukuntuleka kwejusi elinobisi, iveyili elincane noma izicubu ze-vulvar esiqwini.
Ngokwe-microscopically, lolu hlobo lubonakala ngezinhlamvu ze-amyloid ezihlotshisiwe kanye nomgogodla (tram), oqukethe ama-spherocysts.
I-Russula inesici esiminyene, esibonakala ekubukekeni kwezigilo nemilenze futhi yenza amakhowe abonakale. Akukho mkhondo weveli kuzo (azikho izindandatho noma izinsalela zeveli esigqokweni).
Izigulugula ziyaqhekeka futhi azikhiphi into ebisi ebusweni obusikiwe, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa, futhi azikwazi ukugoba ngaphandle kokwephuka.
Ukuba khona kwamangqamuzana amakhulu ayindilinga ama-spherocysts ku-peduncle kuyisici esibalulekile esihlukanisa ama-russule kusuka kwesinye isikhunta. Isiqu samakhowe siphuka njengenyama ye-apula, kuyilapho kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi sihlukana sibe imicu. Umbala wezinhlayiya ze-spore kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kokhilimu noma ngisho nasolintshi.
Kulula kakhulu ukubona ikhowe lohlobo lwe-russula. Kepha kuvela ubunzima ekuhlonzeni isigaba ngasinye. Le nselelo idinga ukuhlolwa kwezici ezincane kakhulu nokwehluka okucashile kokuzithoba, njengomehluko phakathi kokunambitheka okukhanyayo, okumunyu, nokunethusayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwano ngqo be-phylogenetic yesikhunta abukakaxazululwa emphakathini wobuchwepheshe be-mycological, futhi kuncike ekuhlaziyweni kwe-DNA.
Izici ezilandelayo zibalulekile ekuboneni uhlobo ngalunye:
- umbala oqondile we-spore powder (omhlophe / ukhilimu / ocher);
- ukunambitheka (okumnene / okumunyu / okuhlabayo);
- izinguquko kumbala wenyama;
- ibanga ukusuka esikhungweni lapho ifilimu ye-cap ihlukaniswa khona (iphesenti le-flaking);
- umbala we-cap (uvame ukuguquguquka ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo);
- ukusabela koginindela ku-ferrous sulfate (FeSO 4), i-formalin, i-alkalis namanye amakhemikhali;
- geometry yezingxabano;
- ezinye izici ezincane.
Ngaphandle kobunzima bokukhomba ngokunembile amasampula aqoqiwe, izinhlobo ezinobuthi zitholwa ukunambitheka okubukhali. Ngokuvamile, azikho izinhlobo ezinobuthi ezibulalayo phakathi kwe-russula, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ezinokunambitheka okubabayo okuncane ziyadliwa.
I-russula ihlangana kanjani nemvelo
Zonke izinhlobo ze-russula zakha i-ectomycorrhizal symbiosis enezitshalo nezihlahla eziphakeme, kanti uhlobo ngalunye lwesikhunta lune-spectrum eyodwa noma ehlukahlukene. Ezinye izinhlobo zenza isibopho nomphathi oyedwa noma abaningi ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala, kuyilapho ezinye zilinganiselwe ekukhetheni kwazo umbungazi, ibanga, noma kokubili.
Izidumbu ezithelayo ze-russula zinikela ngomthombo wokudla wonyaka wama-slugs, squirrels, nezinyamazane.
Enye i-russula iqoqa amazinga aphezulu ezinsimbi ezinobuthi ezivela emvelweni. Isibonelo, i-russula emnyama-nsomi iqoqa i-zinc ngenxa yobukhona bama-peptide afana ne-metallothionein emzimbeni wefungus. I-blackening podgruzdok iqongelela umthofu ne-mercury emhlabathini. Izinga lalezi zinsimbi emzimbeni we-fungus liphindwe izikhathi ezi-5 kunasemvelweni.
Ukuqina
Abantu baqoqa izinhlobo eziningana ze-russula. ENyakatho Melika, ukwelulekwa kuyalulekwa lapho kudliwa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-russula. Abavuni bamakhowe baseYurophu bathandeka kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo futhi uhlu lwe-russula edliwayo e-European cuisine luyamangalisa. IRussula nayo iyadliwa eMexico, Madagascar, Asia naseziQhingini zasePacific.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-russula
AmaRussia adla ngaphandle kokwesaba:
IPodgruzdok emhlophe
Elinye lamakhowe amakhulu kakhulu e-russula. Umhlonyane ongaphansi obisi olumhlophe uvela emhlabathini uphusha izinaliti zikaphayini, i-peat noma amaqabunga awile, yingakho ikepisi elikhulu elimhlophe livame ukungcola futhi lilimale. I-podgruzdok emhlophe ijwayelekile emahlathini anezihlahla ezibanzi, ezitholakala ezifundeni ezinenhlabathi ene-alkaline noma engathathi hlangothi.
Isigqoko
Iyanda kakhulu ngesikhathi kufika isikhunta emhlabathini, bese sithatha inhlabathi namaqabunga awile. I-convex, onqenqemeni oligoqiwe ize ivuthwe ngokuphelele, ikepisi ngokushesha liba nsundu elimise okofeleba, libe nsundu ngokumpunga ngombala. Ubuso bungu-matt futhi bomile.
Umtfumbu
Mhlophe futhi awushintshi umbala uma usikekile.
Umlenze
Cylindrical, iDemo, bushelelezi, akukho indandatho core.
Ukunuka / ukunambitha
Ubuthakathaka obuzwakala buntlanzi noma obunamafutha, obumunyu futhi obukhaliphile emithanjeni, kepha buthambile ekhepheni nasesiqu.
URussula uphuzi
Uhlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama emahlathini e-birch nase-aspen kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Isici esihlukile yisigqoko esiphuzi, izigaxa ezimhlophe nemilenze, iba mpunga ezindaweni zokulimala. Inokunambitheka okuncane futhi kubhekwa njengokuhle ukudliwa.
Isigqoko
I-yolk ephuzi, enamathela kancane lapho imanzi, amaqabunga kanye nenye imfucumfucu inamathela kuyo. Ukucindezeleka okuncane kubonakala phakathi kwabantu abavuthiwe, unqenqema luyavutha.
Umlenze
Mhlophe, uqinile, uqondile.
Ama-Gill
I-ocher ephaphathekile.
Zonke izingxenye ziphenduka zibe mpunga uma sezindala noma zilimele. Iphunga liyisithelo.
I-Russula tuberous azure
I-maroon noma i-mushroom edliwayo ebubende ekhula eceleni kwama-conifers ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla. Kutholakala eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.
Isigqoko
Umbala onsomi onsundu, onesikhungo esimnyama, kwesinye isikhathi esicishe sibe mnyama. Ekuqaleni, i-convex noma icishe yakha insimbi, kepha kamuva yaxegiswa. Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi igcina indawo ebanzi, ekhonjiwe maphakathi nendawo, okuyisici esihlukile salolu hlobo. Isikhumba siyaphuma ngo-2/3, sinomphetho onqenqemeni.
Umlenze
Iqinile, imhlophe, ibanzi futhi icishe ifane neklabhu. Ama-Gill buffy akhanyayo, izinhlamvu zombala ofanayo. Ekuqaleni, ama-gill ahlukaniswe kakhulu. Inyama imhlophe futhi inokunambitheka okuncane, kepha isikhumba sekepisi olimini siyababa.
URussula oluhlaza
Ikhowe elidliwayo lisabalele ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezinamazinga okushisa, ezitholakala ngaphansi kwe-birch emahlathini kaphayini.
Isigqoko
Iflethi, emise okwefaneli futhi imthende kancane, ithi ukunamathela futhi icwebezele, kusuka kokuluhlaza okukhanyayo kuya kokukhanyayo okumpunga okuluhlaza okotshani, okungajwayelekile okuluhlaza okomnqumo.
Ama-Gill
Kusethwe ngokuseduze, ukhilimu okhanyayo usemncane, kamuva kukhanya kuphuzi lapho izinhlamvu zivuthwa.
Umlenze
Mhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi inamabala agqwalile phansi, kunalokho amafushane anama-longitudinal grooves.
Umtfumbu
Mhlophe, brittle, ayinaphunga, nokunambitheka okuncane.
I-russula yokudla
Kusakazeke yonke indawo lapho kunezihlahla ze-oki noma ze-beech ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Amagilosa nobuso bomlenze ngokushesha buphenduka umbala obheke eceleni uma uhlikihlwa ngosawoti bensimbi (i-FeSO4) noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusuka ku-guaiac tincture. Lokhu ukuhlolwa okulusizo ngoba umbala wamakhaphethi kanye nama-brill gill brittle uyahluka kakhulu kangangokuba unenani elilinganiselwe lokuxilonga.
Izigqoko
Inemibala ehlukahlukene, kusuka kobomvu obumnyama kuya kobomvu ngokugqamile, kwesinye isikhathi iba nombala onsundu, womnqumo noma oluhlaza. Umbala we "ham endala" uchaza ngokunembile ikepisi le-russula edliwayo.
Ikepisi libushelelezi, ekuqaleni liyindilinga, liyindilinga, kwesinye isikhathi linokucindezeleka okujulile okuphakathi. I-cuticle yabantu abavuthiwe ayifinyeleli emaphethelweni, inyama yekepisi nemiphetho yama-gill iyabonakala ngaphezulu.
Ama-Gill
Ukhilimu omhlophe noma okhanyayo, osondelene kakhulu, omncane, ohlukaniswe eduze kwesiqu.
Umlenze
Ubuso nenyama kumhlophe.
Ukunuka / ukunambitha
Ukunambitheka okumnene okumnene, akukho phunga lesici.
I-russula eboshiwe
Ambalwa amakhowe anezigqoko eziluhlaza, ngakho-ke ukuhlonza akuyona inkinga. I-russula eyimfoloko inesigqoko esiluhlaza esinotshani, kwesinye isikhathi esinombala ophuzi, otholakala kulo lonke izwekazi i-Europe nakwezinye izingxenye eziningi zomhlaba, kubandakanya iNyakatho Melika.
Isigqoko
Umbala oluhlaza okotshani noma obala kakhulu ukufanisa notshani, kancane kancane buya ngokuya ngasemaphethelweni, kuqhephuka phakathi nendawo kuya enkabeni. I-Convex, enokucindezeleka okuncane phakathi nendawo. I-Slimy lapho imanzi, unqenqema luthambile kancane, ubuso abuqhekeki.
Ama-Gill
Mhlophe, phuzi ngokudala.
Umlenze
Imhlophe, icishe ibe yindilinga, kwesinye isikhathi ithinta ezansi.
Umtfumbu
Kancane uphendulela upinki ekuphenduleni kosawoti bensimbi (FeSO4).
Ukunuka / ukunambitha
Akuhlukile.
Ixhaphozi russula
Kulula ukuyiphutha nge-russula enobuthi, ehlabayo, zombili izinhlobo zikhula endaweni efanayo - ihlathi le-coniferous. I-epithet "marsh" ethile isikisela ukuxhumana nomhlaba onamaxhaphozi, futhi impela isikhunta sitholakala kaningi ngaphansi kwama-conifers (ikakhulukazi amaphayini) ku-peat, ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi zamahlathi moss, kodwa hhayi kuphela.
Isigqoko
Umbala obomvu, onsundu noma onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi ube namabala amhlophe, isikhumba sishaya u-1/2 enkabeni. Inyama ibomvana ngaphansi nje kwe-cuticle. I-hemispherical, bese i-convex, iba yisicaba ngomugqa ophakathi; umphetho onemigqa.
Ama-Gill
I-Cream noma i-ocher elula, ejwayelekile.
Umlenze
Okumhlophe, okuyindilinga, kwesinye isikhathi kunwetshwa enkabeni noma ngesisekelo esinesifo esincane.
Ukunuka / ukunambitha
Akuhlukile.
I-russula yamanga
Ayikho i-russula enobuthi. Abantu abafi ngemuva kokudla i-russula yamanga. Abaqoqi bamakhowe abaqoqi izinhlobo ezinuka kamnandi, kepha banokunambitheka okubabayo, okunephunga.
I-russula enobuthi enobuthi enobuthi. Izimpawu zobuthi
Iphethini eyinhloko yobuthi obubonwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-russula ingukucindezeleka kwamathumbu kulabo bantu abadle amakhowe abukhali engaphekiwe noma engaphekiwe.
Ngemuva kokuthi umuntu adle i-russula yamanga, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lomzimba, kufaka phakathi umlomo namathumbu, kuyacasuka. I-russula yamanga ilingisa imizimba ethelayo yezinhlobo ezidliwayo, ihlukanisa amakhowe ayingozi ngo:
- umbala okhanyayo okhanyayo;
- ucwecwe noma isiketi emlenzeni;
- uginindela ominyene ongalinyazwa yizinambuzane nezibungu;
- umbala obomvana phansi komlenze;
- ama-gill coarser;
- uginindela, ushintsha umbala ngesikhathi sokupheka.
I-russula engadliwayo:
Okuphinki
I-Birch
Okubomvu
UKele
Oqinile
Ukuhlaba
I-Bilious
URussula - izinzuzo
Amakhowe acebile nge-lecithin, amaminerali, amavithamini, aqukethe i-fiber eningi yokudla, ama-carbohydrate alula, ama-fatty acid, kepha anama-calories amancane. Abantu badla i-russula lapho befuna ukwenza lokhu:
- ukuncipha emsimbeni;
- hlanza umgudu wokugaya ukudla;
- ukuxazulula izinkinga zokugaya ukudla.
I-enzyme evela ku-russula curdles ubisi; ikhowe liyengezwa emakhaya lapho kwenziwa ushizi ne-cottage shizi.
Ukulimala kukaRussula
Abantu abane-gastritis, izilonda kanye nesifo senhliziyo kufanele bayeke izitsha ze-russula. Amakhowe awangeni kalula emzimbeni. Ngisho nabantu abangenazo izinkinga ezinkulu bathola ukulimala okungaphezu kokuhle uma bedla ama-russula amaningi esidlweni esisodwa.
Umthamo ojwayelekile wamakhowe wabantu abadala awukho ngaphezu kwamagremu ayi-150 ngasikhathi sinye, noma ngabe lezi kuyizibonelo ezisezingeni eliphakeme eziqoqwe ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ngokwemvelo. Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye nabantu abadala kufanele futhi bayeke ukudla okuqukethe i-russula.
Ungayipheka kanjani i-russula kahle
Ekusebenzeni okupheka, amakhowe asetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngaphambi kokupheka, i-russula ithululelwa ngamanzi amahora amaningana. Amanzi ayakhanywa, abiliswe emanzini amasha imizuzu engu-5 ukususa umunyu.
I-russula ayisetshenziswa ezifundweni zokuqala, ngoba ukudla kuba munyu. Amakhowe athosiwe noma aphekwe esosheni njengokhilimu omuncu. I-russula ethosiwe isidlo esihlukile noma isengezo, sithi, amazambane.
Izigqoko ze-russula zigaywe kanye nenyama ibe ama-cutlets noma ithosiwe ku-batter kanye nemvuthu yesinkwa. Amakhowe ahlanganiswe nemifino ethosiwe noma ethosiwe.
I-russula ifakwe usawoti, ifakwe emanzini anosawoti bese isetshenziswa njengesibiliboco. Ukunambitheka kwekhowe kuzothuthukiswa ngegalikhi, u-anyanisi, upelepele nezinye izinongo. Ngosuku olulandelayo i-russula iyadliwa.
Izitsha ezingajwayelekile futhi ezinomsoco zitholakala lapho ama-russule engezwa kwamanye amakhowe, amakhambi, u-anyanisi, nokunongwe ngamakha.
Lapho ama-russule akhula khona
Lawa makhowe afanelana nezihlahla eziningi, ngakho-ke i-russula ayiqoqwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezihlahla njenge-boletus noma eduze kwe-beech njenge-chanterelles.
URussula ukhula yonke indawo. Le ifomu lokuphila elimangalisayo elithanda umswakama nobumswakama bokukhula okusebenzayo. Bheka i-russula ngemuva kwemvula. Bathela izithelo ezindaweni ezifanayo unyaka nonyaka. Thola i-mycelium kanye bese uyibeka minyaka yonke.
