Umgodi wamalahle waseKuznetsk uyidiphozi enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia. Kulesi sifunda, isisetshenziswa esibalulekile siyakhishwa futhi sicutshungulwe. Indawo yensimu ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-26.7.
Indawo
Umcengezi wamalahle utholakala eNtshonalanga yeSiberia (engxenyeni yawo eseningizimu). Ingxenye enkulu yale ndawo isendaweni yaseKemerovo, edume ngokunotha kwayo ngamaminerali, kufaka phakathi amalahle ansundu naqinile. Insimu itholakala emgodini ongajulile ozungezwe indawo ephakeme esezingeni eliphakathi ne-Kuznetsk Alatau ngakolunye uhlangothi neSalair Kryazh upland, kanye nesifunda sezintaba-taiga saseGornaya Shoria ngakolunye.
Isifunda sinelinye igama - Kuzbass. I-Taiga isakazeka emaphethelweni asempumalanga naseningizimu, kepha ngokuyisisekelo indawo yesitsha inesimo se-steppe ne-steppe. Imifula emikhulu yale ndawo yiTom, Chumysh, Inya neYaya. Esigodini samalahle kunezikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, kufaka phakathi iProkopyevsk, iNovokuznetsk, iKemerovo. Kulezi zifunda, basebenza embonini yamalahle, insimbi eyinsimbi nengasebenzi, amandla, amakhemikhali nobunjiniyela bemishini.
Isici
Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi cishe izingqimba zamalahle ezingama-350 zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene namandla zinamathele kuhlaka olubamba amalahle. Zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani, ngokwesibonelo, i-suite yeTarbaganskaya ifaka izingqimba eziyi-19, kuyilapho izakhiwo zeBalakhonskaya neKalchuginskaya zinama-237. Ubukhulu obukhulu kakhulu bungamamitha angu-370. kwezinye izifunda, inani lifinyelela ku-9, 15, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngama-20 m.
Ukujula okuphezulu kwezimayini kungamamitha angama-500. Ezimweni eziningi, ukujula kufinyelela kuma-200 m.
Ezindaweni zomcengezi, kungenzeka ukukhipha amaminerali wezimfanelo ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha bathi baphakathi kwabaphambili lapha. Ngakho-ke, amalahle alungile kufanele aqukethe umswakama ongu-5-15%, ukungcola komlotha okungu-4-16%, inani eliphansi le-phosphorus ekubunjweni (kuze kufike ku-0.12%), isibabule esingeqile ku-0,6% kanye nokuhlushwa okuphansi kwezinto ezintekenteke.
Izinkinga
Inkinga enkulu yesigodi samalahle saseKuznetsk yindawo engeyinhle. Iqiniso ukuthi insimu itholakala kude nezindawo eziyinhloko ezingaba abathengi abangaba khona, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengokungenanzuzo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba nobunzima ekuthuthweni kwamaminerali, ngoba amanethiwekhi wesitimela akule ndawo akathuthuki kahle. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunezindleko ezinkulu zokuhamba, okuholela ekwehleni kokuncintisana kwamalahle, kanye namathemba okuthuthuka komcengezi ngokuzayo.
Enye yezinkinga ezibalulekile yisimo semvelo esifundeni. Njengoba umfutho wentuthuko yezomnotho uphezulu, inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi elisebenza ngamayini nelicubungula amalahle lisebenza eduze nezindawo zokuhlala. Kulezi zifunda, isimo semvelo sibonakala njengesimo esibucayi futhi esiyinhlekelele. Idolobha elibi iMezhdurechensk, iNovokuznetsk, iKaltan, i-Osinniki namanye athinteka kakhulu ethonyeni elibi. Ngenxa yomthelela omubi, ukubhujiswa kwamatshe amakhulu kwenzeka, imibuso yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba iyashintsha, umkhathi uvezwe ukungcola kwamakhemikhali.
Imibono
Kunezindlela ezintathu zokumba amalahle e-Kuznetsk Basin: ngaphansi komhlaba, ama-hydraulic futhi avulekile. Lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo luthengwa ngabantu ngabanye namabhizinisi amancane. Yize kunjalo, emgodini, kugaywa amalahle wekhwalithi ehlukile, kokubili amamaki aphansi kakhulu nalawo aphezulu kakhulu.
Ukwanda kwezimayini zamalahle e-opencast kuzoba umfutho omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isifunda kanye nenethiwekhi yezokuthutha. Kakade ngo-2030, isabelo sesifunda saseKemerovo ekukhiqizeni amalahle kufanele sibe yi-51% yenani eliphelele ezweni.
Izindlela zokumba amalahle
Indlela engaphansi komhlaba yezimayini zamalahle ivame kakhulu. Ngosizo lwayo, ungathola izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphakeme, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kuyindlela eyingozi kakhulu. Izimo zivame ukwenzeka lapho abasebenzi belimala kanzima. Amalahle ambiwa ngale ndlela aqukethe okuqukethwe komlotha okuncane kanye nenani lezinto eziguquguqukayo.
Indlela evulekile ifanele ezimweni lapho okufakwa khona amalahle kungajulile. Ukukhipha amaminerali ezinkwalini, abasebenzi basusa umthwalo onzima (imvamisa kusetshenziswa ugandaganda). Le ndlela ithola ukuthandwa ngoba amaminerali abiza kakhulu.
Indlela ye-hydraulic isetshenziswa kuphela lapho kutholakala khona amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Abathengi
Abathengi abakhulu bamalahle amabhizinisi ahlanganyela ezimbonini ezinjenge-coking namakhemikhali. Izimayini ezimbiwa phansi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izibaseli zamandla. Amazwe angaphandle abathengi ababalulekile. Amalahle athunyelwa eJapan, Turkey, Great Britain naseFinland. Njalo ngonyaka ukwandiswa kwempahla futhi kwenziwa izivumelwano ezintsha nezinye izifundazwe, ngokwesibonelo, namazwe ase-Asia. Ingxenye eseningizimu yeRussia neWestern Siberia, kanye ne-Urals, zihlala zingabathengi njalo emakethe yasekhaya.
Amasheya
Iningi lezinqolobane zitholakala ezifundeni zomhlaba nezomnotho ezifana neLeninsky ne-Erunakovsky. Cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-36 amalahle agxilwe lapha. Esifundeni saseTom-Usinsk naseProkopyevsko-Kiselevsk kunamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14, iKondomskaya neMrasskaya - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-8, iKemerovo neBaidaevskaya - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-6.6. Kuze kube manje, amabhizinisi ezimboni asethuthukise ama-16% azo zonke izinqolobane.
