I-sea otter Uyilungu lasemanzini lomndeni we-mustelid ohlala ngasogwini lwasePacific eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Ama-sea otters achitha isikhathi esiningi esemanzini, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi aya olwandle ayolala noma aphumule. Ama-otter asolwandle anezinyawo ezine-webbed, uboya obungangeni manzi bokuzigcina bomile futhi zifudumele, namakhala nezindlebe ezivaleka emanzini.
Igama elithi "kalan" livele ngesiRashiya lisuka eKoryak kalag (kolakh) futhi lihunyushwa ngokuthi "isilo". Phambilini, basebenzise igama elithi "sea beaver", kwesinye isikhathi "Kamchatka beaver" noma "sea otter". Emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi kusetshenziswa igama elithi "sea otter".
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kalan
Ama-sea otters angamalungu amakhulu emndenini waseMustelidae (mustelids). Lesi silwane sehlukile ngoba asenzi mingxuma, asinazo izindlala zangasese ezisebenzayo futhi siyakwazi ukuphila impilo yaso yonke emanzini. I-otter yasolwandle yehluke kakhulu kwamanye ama-mustelids kangangokuthi ekuqaleni kuka-1982, abanye ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi yayihlobene kakhulu nezimpawu ngaphandle kwezindlebe.
Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kukhombisa ukuthi izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu ze-otter yasolwandle kwakungu-otter wase-Afrika naseCape ongenazinzipho kanye ne-otter enesibindi engasempumalanga. Ukhokho wabo ojwayelekile wayekhona cishe nge-5 mil. iminyaka edlule.
Izinsalela zibonisa ukuthi umugqa we-Enhydra wahlukaniswa eNyakatho yePacific cishe ama-2 mil. eminyakeni edlule, okuholele ekunyamalaleni kwe-Enhydra macrodonta nokuvela kwe-otter yolwandle yanamuhla, i-Enhydra lutris. Ama-otter asolwandle akhona avele okokuqala enyakatho yeHokkaido naseRussia, abese esabalala empumalanga.
Ividiyo: Kalan
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-cetaceans nama-pinnipeds, angene emanzini cishe ngama-50, 40, nama-20 mil. eminyakeni eyedlule, ama-otter asolwandle ayesanda kufika empilweni yasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ziguqulelwa ngokuphelele emanzini kuneziphini, ezifika emhlabeni noma eqhweni zizale. I-genome ye-otter yasolwandle yasenyakatho yahlelwa ngo-2017, okuzovumela ukutadisha ukwehluka kwesilwane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal sea otter
I-sea otter isilwane esincane esincelisayo sasolwandle, kodwa elinye lamalungu amakhulu kakhulu omndeni wakwaMustelidae, iqembu elihlanganisa ama-skunks nama-weasel. Abesilisa abadala bafika kubude obumaphakathi obungu-1.4 m ngesisindo esijwayelekile esingu-23-45 kg. Ubude besifazane u-1.2 m, isisindo esingu-20 kg. Ama-otter asolwandle anomzimba ovuthayo kakhulu, ovulekile, isifonyo esibuthuntu nekhanda elincane, elibanzi. Banomuzwa ojulile wephunga futhi bayabona kahle ngenhla nangaphansi kobuso bamanzi.
Ama-otter asolwandle anokujwayela ukuwasiza aphile ezindaweni eziyinselele zasolwandle:
- intshebe ende isiza ukuthola ukunyakaza emanzini anodaka;
- Imilenze yangaphambili ebucayi enezinzipho ehlehlekayo isiza ukuhlobisa uboya, ukuthola nokubamba inyamazane, nokusebenzisa amathuluzi;
- imilenze yangemuva ye-otter yasolwandle ine-webbed futhi iyafana namaphiko, isilwane siyisebenzisa kanye nengxenye engezansi yomzimba ukuhamba emanzini;
- umsila omude osicaba usetshenziswa njengephini lokugwedla elengeziwe;
- ukuzwa kungumuzwa ongakaqondakali ngokugcwele, yize ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi luzwela kakhulu kwimisindo yemvamisa ephezulu.
- amazinyo ahlukile ngoba angamacwecwe futhi enzelwe ukuphuka;
- umzimba we-otter yasolwandle, ngaphandle kwamaphakethe empumulo namaphaphu, umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu, obuqukethe izingqimba ezimbili. Ingubo yangaphansi emfushane ensundu iminyene kakhulu (izinwele eziyizigidi ezi-1 ngemitha ngayinye eyisikwele), okuyenza ibe yisicinene kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo.
Ijazi eliphezulu lenwele ende, engenamanzi, evikelayo lisiza ukugcina ingubo yangaphansi yomile ngokugcina amanzi abandayo ngaphandle kwesikhumba sakho. Imvamisa iba nsundu ngokugqamile oku-silvery grey, futhi ikhanda nentamo kukhanya ngokukhanyayo kunomzimba. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezifana nezimpawu zasolwandle namabhubesi asolwandle, ama-otter asolwandle awanawo amafutha, ngakho-ke ancike kulobu boya obukhulu obukhulu, obumelana namanzi ukuze bafudumale olwandle olubandayo nolusogwini lwasePacific.
Ihlala kuphi i- otter yasolwandle?
Isithombe: Calan (sea otter)
Ama-otter asolwandle ahlala emanzini asogwini asukela ekujuleni kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-23 m futhi avame ukutholakala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ⅔ ukusuka ogwini. Banamathuba amaningi okuthi bakhethe izindawo ezivikeleke emimoyeni enamandla yasolwandle, njengasogwini olunamadwala, ulwelwe oluminyene nezixhobo ezivimbelayo. Yize ama-otter asolwandle ehlotshaniswa ngokuqinile nama-substrates anamadwala, angahlala futhi ezindaweni lapho ulwandle lwakhiwe khona ngodaka, isihlabathi noma udaka. Ububanzi babo basenyakatho bunqunyelwe yiqhwa, ngoba ama-otter asolwandle angaphila ekukhukhulekeleni kweqhwa, kepha hhayi ezintabeni zeqhwa.
Namuhla, ama-subspecies amathathu ka-E. Lutris ayaziwa:
- indawo yokuhlala i-sea otter noma i-Asiatic (E. lutris lutris) isukela eziqhingini zaseKuril iye enyakatho iye eziQhingini zeCommander entshonalanga yePacific Ocean;
- i-otter yolwandle eseningizimu noma iCalifornia (E. lutris nereis) itholakala ngasogwini lwenkabeni yeCalifornia;
- i-otter sea esenyakatho (E. lutris kenyoni) isakazeka kuzo zonke iziQhingi zase-Aleutian naseningizimu ye-Alaska futhi iphinde yafakwa kabusha ezindaweni ezithile.
Ama-sea otters, i-Enhydra lutris, atholakala ezifundeni ezimbili ezisogwini lolwandle iPacific: ngasesiKuril naseCommander Islands ngasogwini lwaseRussia, iziQhingi zase-Aleutian ngaphansi koLwandle iBering, namanzi asogwini asuka eNhlonhlweni ye-Alaska aya esiQhingini saseVancouver eCanada. Futhi nasogwini oluphakathi lwaseCalifornia kusuka esiqhingini sase-Agno Nuevo kuya ePoint Sur. Ama-sea otters atholakala eCanada, e-USA, eRussia, eMexico naseJapan.
Iqhwa lasolwandle lilinganisela ibanga lasenyakatho libe ngaphansi kwama-57 ° ebangeni elisenyakatho, futhi indawo yamahlathi e-kelp (izimila zasolwandle) anciphisa ububanzi bawo baseningizimu cishe ku-22 ° latitude latitude. Ukuzingela ngekhulu le-18 - 19 kwanciphisa kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kwama-otter asolwandle.
Ama-sea otter ahlala emahlathini asogwini ama-algae amakhulu ansundu (M. pyrifera) futhi achitha isikhathi sawo esiningi esisebenzayo efuna ukudla. Bayadla, baphumule futhi bazilungise ebusweni bamanzi. Yize ama-otter asolwandle ekwazi ukujula ngama-45m, akhetha amanzi asogwini aze afinyelele ku-30m ukujula.
Idla ngani i-otter yasolwandle?
Isithombe: Otter sea otter
Ama-otter asolwandle adla izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 zesisulu. Bachitha amandla amaningi begcina ukushisa komzimba okungu-38 ° C. Ngakho-ke, badinga ukudla u-22-25% wesisindo somzimba wabo. Imetabolism yesilwane iphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunesilwane sasemhlabeni esilingana nale.
Ukudla kwabo ikakhulu kuqukethe:
- ama-urchins olwandle;
- izimbaza;
- izimbaza;
- iminenke;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izinkanyezi zasolwandle;
- tunicates, njll.
Ama-Otter nawo adla izinkalankala, octopus, squid nenhlanzi. Njengomthetho, imenyu incike endaweni yokuhlala. Bathola kakhulu uketshezi lwabo esilwaneni sabo, kodwa futhi baphuza namanzi olwandle ukuqeda ukoma kwabo. Ezifundweni ngawo-1960, lapho i-otter yolwandle isengozini, ama-50% okudla okutholakala esiswini sama-otter olwandle kwakuyizinhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezinokunye ukudla okuningi, izinhlanzi zakha ingxenye encane yokudla.
Ama-sea otters adla ngamaqembu amancane. Ukuzingela kwenzeka phansi olwandle. Basebenzisa intshebe yabo ebucayi ukuthola izidalwa ezincane emibhedeni eminyene yama-kelp nasemifantwini. Izilwane zisebenzisa ubungaphambili obudlulisekayo ukubamba inyamazane bese zibeka izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla emaphethweni esikhumba sazo ngaphansi kwekhwapha, zizondle ngaphezulu. Ama-otter olwandle avame ukudliwa ama-3-4 ngosuku.
Ama-otter asolwandle aseCalifornia aqhekeza inyamazane ngezinto ezinzima. Amanye ama-otter abamba itshe esifubeni bese eshaya inyamazane yawo etsheni. Abanye bakhanda ngamatshe isisulu. Itshe elilodwa ligcinelwe ama-dives amaningi. Ama-otter asolwandle ajwayele ukugeza isisulu sawo ngokuwacindezela emzimbeni awaphendule emanzini. Abesilisa bantshontsha ukudla kwabesifazane uma benikezwa ithuba. Ngalesi sizathu, abesifazane badla ezindaweni ezihlukene.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Kalan Red Book
Ama-sea otters ahlangana ngamaqembu ngesikhathi sokuphumula. Abesifazane bavame ukugwema abesilisa ngaphandle uma behlangana. Isikhathi sabo esiningi basichitha olwandle, kepha baphumula emhlabeni. Ama-sea otters axhumana ngokuthintana komzimba nangezimpawu zomsindo, noma kungenjalo kakhulu. Ukukhala kwenganyana kuvamise ukufaniswa nokukhala kwenyoni yasolwandle. Abesifazane bayakhononda lapho ngokusobala bejabule, futhi abesilisa bangakhonona esikhundleni salokho.
Abantu abadala abangajabule noma abethukile bangashaya ikhwela, bashaye ikhwelo, noma, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, baklabalase. Yize izilwane zijwayelene nobudlelwano, azibhekwa njengezinhlalo ngokuphelele. Ama-otter asolwandle achitha isikhathi esiningi eyedwa, futhi umuntu ngamunye omdala angakwazi ukwanelisa izidingo zakhe ngokuzingela, ukuzilungisa nokuvikela.
Ama-otter asolwandle asebenzisa ukunyakaza komzimba okume mpo, okunganciphisi ukubhukuda, ukudonsa izitho zangaphambili nokusebenzisa izitho zangemuva nomsila ukulawula ukunyakaza. Zibhukuda ngejubane elingu-9 km. ihora ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukuhamba ngama-foriving dives kuthatha amasekhondi angama-50 kuya kwangu-90, kepha ama-otter asolwandle angahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe imizuzu eyisithupha.
I-otter yasolwandle inesikhathi sokudla nokudla ekuseni, iqala cishe ngehora ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, ngemuva kokuphumula noma ukulala phakathi nosuku. Ukuzifunela ukudla kuyaqhubeka amahora amaningi ngemuva kwesidlo sasemini futhi kuphela ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga, kanti isikhathi sesithathu sokudla singaba phakathi kwamabili. Abesifazane abanamathole banamathuba amaningi okuthi bondle ebusuku.
Lapho bephumule noma belele, ama-otter asolwandle ayabhukuda emhlane wawo futhi azisonge ngotshani basolwandle ukuze angakhukhuleki. Izitho zazo zangemuva zinamathela emanzini, kanti izingalo zazo zangaphambili zisonga phezu kwesifuba noma zivale amehlo. Babunakekela ngenkuthalo futhi bahlanze uboya babo ukuze kugcinwe impahla yabo ingavikeleki.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby sea otter
Ama-sea otter yizilwane zesithembu. Abesilisa bavikela ngenkuthalo indawo yabo futhi bakhwelana nabesifazane abahlala kuyo. Uma engekho owesilisa endaweni yowesilisa, angaya kobheka intombi ekushiseni. Izingxabano phakathi kwabafakizicelo zixazululwa kusetshenziswa ukuqhuma nezimpawu zomsindo, izimpi azivamile. Lapho ama-otter asolwandle abesilisa ethola owesifazane ongena kalula, aziphatha ngokudlala futhi kwesinye isikhathi anolaka.
Ukuxhumana kwenzeka emanzini futhi kuyaqhubeka kuso sonke isikhathi se-estrus, cishe izinsuku ezintathu. Owesilisa ubamba ikhanda noma ikhala lowesifazane ngemihlathi yakhe ngesikhathi sokubamba. Izibazi ezibonakalayo zivame ukwakha kwabesifazane ezibangelwa imisebenzi enjalo.
Ama-sea otters azala unyaka wonke. Inani eliphakeme lokuzala ngoMeyi-Juni eziQhingini zase-Aleutian nangoJanuwari-Mashi eCalifornia. Ingenye yezinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezincelisayo ezaphuze ukufakwa, okusho ukuthi umbungu awunamathelisi odongeni lwesibeletho esikhathini esisheshayo ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Uhlala esesimweni sokukhula esikhungathekile, okuvumela ukuba azalwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle. Ukufakelwa okulibazisekile kuholela ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhulelwa, ezisukela ezinyangeni ezi-4 kuye kwezingu-12.
Abesifazane bazala cishe kanye ngonyaka, futhi ukuzalwa kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ngokuvamile, izinyane elilodwa lizalwa linesisindo esisuka ku-1.4 kuye ku-2.3 kg. Amawele atholakala ngo-2% wesikhathi, kodwa ingane eyodwa kuphela engakhuliswa ngempumelelo. Ithole lihlala nonina izinyanga ezi-5-6 ngemuva kokuzalwa. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka emi-4, abesilisa abaneminyaka emihlanu kuya kwengu-6.
Omama bama-otter asolwandle banaka njalo imvuthuluka yabo, bayicindezele esifubeni sabo ngamanzi abandayo futhi babheke ngokucophelela uboya bayo. Ngenkathi efuna ukudla, umama ushiya ingane yakhe intanta emanzini, kwesinye isikhathi isongwe ngotshani lwasolwandle ukuze angabhukudi. Uma izinyane liphapheme, likhala kakhulu kuze kubuye unina. Kwakukhona amaqiniso lapho omama bethatha izingane zabo izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokufa.
Izitha zemvelo zama-otters olwandle
Isithombe: Kalan
Izilwane ezihamba phambili ezincelisayo zakulezi zinhlobo zifaka imikhomo ebulalayo namabhubesi olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkozi ezinempandla zingabamba amawundlu ebusweni bamanzi lapho omama bazo beyofuna ukudla. Emhlabathini, ecashe esihlabathini esimweni sezulu esinezivunguvungu, ama-otter asolwandle angabhekana nokuhlaselwa ngamabhere kanye nezimpisi.
Futhi eCalifornia, oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe sebephenduke izisulu zabo eziyinhloko, kepha abukho ubufakazi bokuthi abekho oshaka abagibela ama-otter asolwandle. Ama-sea otter abulawa ukulunywa yizilwane. I-killer whale (i-Orcinus orca) kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iyimbangela yokwehla kwenani lama-otter olwandle e-Alaska, kodwa ubufakazi abuhlangani manje.
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zama-otter asolwandle:
- ama-coyotes (Canis Lantrans);
- oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe (Carcharadon charcarias);
- izinkozi ezinempandla (Haliaeetus leucocephalus);
- imikhomo yokubulala (Orcinus orca);
- amabhubesi olwandle (Zalophus californianus);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens).
Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezithathiwe mayelana nokuzingelwa kwama-otter asolwandle, ukukhula kwenani lama-otter asolwandle kumile. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu sisezinkinga zemvelo. Isibalo sabantu abasezindaweni lapho kusatshalaliswa khona ama-sea otter sikhula njalo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuba ezingozi ezenziwe ngabantu ayanda.
I-runoff yasemadolobheni, ethwala indle yesilwane iye olwandle, ithwala iToxoplasma gondii, igciwane elibulala ama-otter asolwandle. Ukutheleleka nge-Sarcocystis neurona parasitic nakho kuhlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Animal sea otter
Inani labantu le-otter yasolwandle kukholakala ukuthi lalisuka ku-155,000 laya ku-300,000 futhi landa e-arc enqamula iNorth Pacific Ocean ukusuka enyakatho yeJapane kuye enkabeni yeBaja California Peninsula eMexico. Ukuhweba ngoboya, okwaqala ngawo-1740, kwehlise inani lama-otter asolwandle laya cishe ku-1 000-2,000 kumakholoni amancane ayi-13.
Amarekhodi okuzingela acwaningwe yisazi-mlando u-Adele Ogden amisa umkhawulo osentshonalanga wokuzingela oqhele ngasesiqhingini esisenyakatho neJapan seHokkaido kanye nomkhawulo osempumalanga cishe ngamamayela angama-21.5 eningizimu yekapa elisentshonalanga yeCalifornia eMexico.
Cishe u-⅔ wobubanzi bayo bangaphambili, lezi zinhlobo zikumazinga ahlukene okululama, ezinabantu abaningi ezindaweni ezithile futhi zisongela abantu kwezinye. Ama-otter asolwandle njengamanje anesibalo esizinzile ezingxenyeni ezisogwini olusempumalanga yeRussia, e-Alaska, eBritish Columbia, eWashington DC naseCalifornia, ngokuhlanganiswa kabusha eMexico naseJapan. Ukulinganiselwa kwenani labantu elenziwe esikhathini esisuka ku-2004 kuya ku-2007 kukhombisa inani elilinganiselwa ku-107,000.
Ama-otter asolwandle abalulekile empilweni yonke nokwehlukahluka kwe-algal ecosystem. Zithathwa njengezinhlobo ezisemqoka futhi zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini, zilawula izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezidla imifino. Ama-sea otters adla ama-urchins olwandle, ngaleyo ndlela evimbela ukuklaba ngokweqile.
Ama-sea otters aqapha
Isithombe: Kalan ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ngo-1911, lapho sekucaca kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi isikhundla sama-otter asolwandle sasicindezela, kwasayinwa isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esasivimbela ukuzingelwa kwama-otter asolwandle. Futhi ngo-1913, abashisekeli bakha indawo yokuqala yemvelo eziqhingini zase-Aleutian e-United States. E-USSR, ukuzingela kwavinjelwa ngo-1926. IJapane yajoyina ukuvinjelwa kokuzingela ngo-1946. Futhi ngo-1972, umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wamukelwa ukuvikela izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezithathwe umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inani lama-otter asolwandle lenyuka ngo-15% minyaka yonke kwathi ngo-1990 lase lifinyelele kwengxenye yesihlanu yobukhulu bawo bokuqala.
Ngokusho kwe-Otter Foundation, inani lama-otter asolwandle aseCalifornia lehla kusuka ngoJulayi 2008 kuya kuJulayi 2011. Abanye abantu abenyukanga kakhulu phakathi kuka-1990 no-2007. I-Enhydra lutris yafakwa ngaphansi kwe-Endangered Species Act (ESA) ngo-1973 futhi njengamanje ibhalwe ku-CITES Appendices I and II.
ECanada, ama-otter asolwandle avikelwe ngaphansi koMthetho Wezinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokushabalala. Kusukela ngo-2008 IUCN ulwandle otter (E. lutris) kubhekwa njengengcuphe. Ama-sea otters (ama-sea otters) asengozini yokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu, ngokuchitheka kukawoyela okubeka usongo olukhulu kunawo wonke kubantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05/18/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-20: 32
