Njalo ngonyaka inkinga yokuntuleka kwamanzi ahlanzekile iba yimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ososayensi babikezela ukuthi ikhulu lama-21 lizoba yinkinga kulokhu, ngoba ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ngenxa yokwanda njalo kwabantu kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-80 ngonyaka, ngo-2030, amanzi afanele ukuphuza ngeke anele ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zabantu emhlabeni ... Ngakho-ke, maqondana nenhlekelele ezayo ezweni lonke, inkinga yokuthola imithombo emisha yamanzi ahlanzekile kumele ixazululwe manje. Namuhla, uketshezi olulungele ukuphuza lutholwa ngokuncipha kweziduli, kuncibilikise iqhwa neziqongo zeziqongo zezintaba, kodwa okuthembisayo kakhulu, nokho, kuyindlela yokususa usawoti emanzini olwandle.
Izindlela zokwehlisa amanzi emanzini olwandle
Imvamisa, ikhilogremu elilodwa lamanzi olwandle nolwandle, inani lalo lonke emhlabeni liyi-70%, liqukethe cishe ama-gramu angama-36 kasawoti ahlukahlukene, okwenza kungakulungeli ukusetshenziswa kwabantu nokunisela komhlaba wezolimo. Indlela yokukhipha usawoti emanzini anjalo ukuthi usawoti oqukethwe ukhishwa kuwo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Njengamanje, izindlela ezilandelayo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle ziyasetshenziswa:
- amakhemikhali;
- ukuhlolwa kwe-electrodialysis;
- i-ultrafiltration;
- ziphuzo zazihluzwa;
- iqhwa.
Ividiyo ye-Nuclear desalination
Inqubo yokuhlanza amanzi olwandle nolwandle
Ukususwa kwezidakamizwa ngamakhemikhali - kuqukethe ukwahlukaniswa kosawoti ngokungeza ama-reagents asuselwa ku-barium nesiliva emanzini anosawoti. Ngokuphendula ngosawoti, lezi zinto zenza ungancibiliki, okwenza kube lula ukukhipha amakristalu kasawoti. Le ndlela isetshenziswa ngokungajwayelekile ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphakeme nezakhiwo ezinobuthi zama-reagents.
I-Electrodialysis yinqubo yokuhlanza amanzi kasawoti usebenzisa amandla kagesi. Ukwenza lokhu, uketshezi olunosawoti lubekwa kudivayisi ekhethekile yesenzo esiqhubekayo, ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ngama-partitions akhethekile, ezinye zalezi zingqimba zibamba izingqimba, nezinye - izingodo. Ukuhamba ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kokwahlukanisa, amanzi ayahlanzwa, nosawoti asuswe kuwo asuswe kancane kancane ngomsele okhethekile.
I-Ultrafiltration, noma njengoba ibizwa kanjalo, i-reverse osmosis, iyindlela lapho kuthelwa khona isisombululo sikasawoti kwelinye lamakamelo esitsha esikhethekile, esihlukaniswe ulwelwesi lwe-anti-cellulose. Amanzi athonywa yipiston enamandla amakhulu, okuthi, uma icindezelwa, ayenze ingene ezimbotsheni zembalo, ishiye izingxenye zikasawoti ezinkulu egumbini lokuqala. Le ndlela ibiza kakhulu ngakho-ke ayisebenzi.
Ukuqandisa kuyindlela ejwayeleke kakhulu, kususelwa ekutheni lapho amanzi kasawoti eba yiqhwa, ukwakheka kokuqala kweqhwa kwenzeka nengxenye yawo entsha, kuthi ingxenye enosawoti woketshezi ibambe kancane kakhulu futhi emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngemuva kwalokho iqhwa lifudunyezwa lize lifinyelele kuma-degree angama-20, liphoqe ukuthi lincibilike, futhi amanzi azobe engenasawoti. Inkinga yokuqandisa ukuthi ukuyinikeza, udinga imishini ekhethekile, ebiza kakhulu futhi efanelekile.
I-distillation, noma njengoba ibizwa kanjalo, indlela yokushisa, uhlobo olonga kakhulu lokususa usawoti, oluqukethe ukufingqa okulula, okungukuthi, uketshezi olunosawoti luyabiliswa, futhi amanzi amasha atholakala emiphefumulweni epholile.
Izinkinga zokwehliswa kwetyuwa
Inkinga yokuhlanzwa kwamanzi olwandle, okokuqala, ngezindleko eziphakeme ezihambisana nenqubo uqobo lwayo. Imvamisa, izindleko zokususa usawoti kuketshezi azikhokhi, ngakho-ke azivamile ukusetshenziswa. Futhi, njalo ngonyaka kunzima ukuhlanza amanzi ezilwandle nezilwandle - kunzima kakhulu ukuwafaka, ngoba izinsalela zikasawoti ezivela emanzini asevele ahlanziwe azisetshenziswa, kepha zibuyiselwa ezindaweni zamanzi, okwenza ukuthi usawoti ungene kuwo kaningi ukuphakama. Ngokuya ngalokhu, singaphetha ngokuthi isintu kusamele sisebenze ekutholeni izindlela ezintsha, eziphumelela kakhulu zokwenza usawoti emanzini olwandle.
