Impilo yaqala eMhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.7 edlule, ngokusho komunye umthombo, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-4.1 edlule. Intuthuko iyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Ngokucabanga konke, impilo izoqhubeka ngokuzayo, ivumelane nemvelo, futhi ukuba khona noma ukungabikho komuntu ngeke kukwazi ukukuphazamisa.
Ososayensi base-Australia bathole izimpawu zokuphila emhlabeni, futhi baneminyaka engama-3.5 billion ubudala. Ukuthola kwabo kuqinisekisile ukuthi impilo yakhiwa emanzini ahlanzekile, hhayi emithonjeni kasawoti. Ososayensi bakhombe la maqiniso futhi bafuna ukuqinisekiswa kwawo kwamanye amazwekazi.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuphila
Izindawo eziyinhloko zempilo zifaka:
- amanzi;
- umoya waphansi;
- inhlabathi;
- okwemvelo (ama-parasites kanye nama-symbionts).
Indawo ngayinye inezici zayo futhi iqukethe izinto ezahlukahlukene eziphilayo, ezizalanayo futhi ziguquke.
Imvelo yomoya ophansi
Le ndawo imele konke ukwehlukahlukana kwempilo yezitshalo nezilwane eMhlabeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yemvelo emhlabeni kwavumela inhlabathi ukuthi ivele. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezitshalo, amahlathi, ama-steppes, i-tundra nezilwane ezahlukahlukene, ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo ezahlukahlukene, kwahamba. Ngenxa yokuvela okuqhubekayo komhlaba wezinto eziphilayo, impilo yasakazeka kuwo wonke amagobolondo aphezulu eMhlabeni - i-hydrosphere, lithosphere, umkhathi. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zathuthukiswa futhi zaguqulelwa ekushintsheni okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa nezindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene. Abamele igazi elifudumele nabanegazi elibandayo lezilwane zezilwane, izinyoni ezahlukahlukene nezinambuzane kwavela. Emvelweni womoya ophansi, izitshalo ziye zajwayela izimo ezahlukahlukene zokukhula. Ezinye zithanda ukukhanya, izindawo ezifudumele, ezinye zikhula emthunzini nasemswakeni, kanti ezinye zisinda emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukwehlukahlukana kwale ndawo kuvezwa ukwehlukahlukana kokuphila okukuyo.
Imvelo yamanzi
Ngokufana nokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yomoya waphansi, ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba wamanzi kwaqhubeka.
Imvelo yasemanzini imelwe yiwo wonke amadamu akhona emhlabeni wethu, kusukela olwandle nasezilwandle kuya emachibini nasemifudlaneni. Ama-95% womhlaba angamanzi.
Izakhamizi ezahlukahlukene ezinkulu zemvelo yasemanzini zashintsha futhi zashintshwa ngaphansi kwamagagasi okuziphendukela kwemvelo, zajwayela imvelo futhi zaba nefomu elandisa kakhulu ukusinda kwabantu. Usayizi wehlile, izindawo zokusabalalisa zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlalisana kwazo zahlukaniswa. Izinhlobonhlobo zokuphila emanzini kuyamangaza futhi kuyajabulisa. Izinga lokushisa endaweni yasemanzini alikho ekushintsheni okubukhali njengasemoyeni womoya womhlaba futhi nasemanzini abandayo kakhulu awehli ngaphansi kuka- +4 degrees Celsius. Hhayi izinhlanzi nezilwane kuphela ezihlala emanzini, kodwa futhi namanzi agcwele ulwelwe oluhlukahlukene. Kuphela ekujuleni okukhulu abekho, lapho kubusa khona ubusuku obungunaphakade, kunokuthuthuka okuhluke ngokuphelele kwezinto eziphilayo.
Indawo yenhlabathi
Ungqimba oluphezulu lomhlaba lungolomhlabathi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi ngamatshe, izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo, kwakha inhlabathi evundile. Akukho kukhanya kule ndawo, kuyo phila, noma kungcono ukhule: imbewu nezinhlamvu zezitshalo, izimpande zezihlahla, izihlahla, utshani. Futhi iqukethe ulwelwe oluncane. Umhlaba uhlala kubhaktheriya, izilwane kanye nesikhunta. Lezi yizakhamizi zayo eziyinhloko.
Umzimba njengendawo yokuhlala
Akekho noyedwa umuntu, isilwane noma uhlobo lwesitshalo eMhlabeni lapho kungekho khona isidalwa noma isinambuzane esihlala khona. Idodo elaziwa kakhulu elezilokazane eziyizitshalo. Kusuka ezinhlamvwini ezincane zembewu kukhula umzimba ophila ngokumunca amandla ezakhamzimba zesitshalo esisingethwe.
Izimuncagazi (ezivela esiGrekini - "i-freeloader") ziyisidalwa esiphila kumphathi waso. Izinto eziningi eziphilayo zikhubaze imizimba yabantu neyezilwane. Zihlukaniswe zaba zesikhashana, ezihlala kumnikazi womjikelezo othile, futhi ezingapheli, ezibeka engcupheni umjikelezo womzimba womgcini ngomjikelezo. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekufeni komgcini wombungazi. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zitholakala ngama-parasites, kusuka kubhaktheriya, futhi izitshalo nezilwane eziphakeme ziqedela lolu hlu. Amagciwane nawo angama-parasites.
Ukuze eziphilayo kungenziwa wanezela Symbiosis (abahlala ndawonye).
I-Symbiosis yezitshalo nezilwane ayimcindezeli umnikazi, kepha isebenza njengomlingani empilweni. Ubudlelwano obulinganayo buvumela izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo nezilwane ukuthi zisinde. I-Symbiosis yigebe eliphakathi kokuhlangana nokuhlangana kwezinto eziphilayo.
