Eningizimu yendawo yezingwadule ze-arctic kukhona indawo enhle enokhahlo ngaphandle kwehlathi, ihlobo elide nemfudumalo - itundra. Isimo salesi simo sezulu sihle kakhulu futhi imvamisa simhlophe qhwa. Imikhuhlane yasebusika ingafika ku -50⁰С. Ubusika e-tundra buhlala cishe izinyanga eziyi-8; kukhona nobusuku be-polar. Imvelo ye-tundra yehlukile, isitshalo nesilwane ngasinye sivumelane nesimo sezulu esibandayo nesithwathwa.
Amaqiniso athokozisayo ngohlobo lwe-tundra
- Ngesikhathi sasehlobo esifushane, indawo ye-tundra ifudumala ngokwesilinganiso ngesigamu semitha ngokujula.
- Kukhona amaxhaphozi namachibi amaningi ku-tundra, njengoba amanzi avela phezulu ehwamuka kancane ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi njalo.
- Izimbali ze-tundra zinezinhlobonhlobo zama-moss. Ubulembu obuningi buzoncibilika lapha; kungukudla okuthandayo kwe-reindeer ebusika obubandayo.
- Ngenxa yesithwathwa esibi, zimbalwa izihlahla kulesi simo sezulu, imvamisa izitshalo ze-tundra ziyancipha, ngoba umoya obandayo awuzwakali eduze komhlaba.
- Ehlobo, ama-swans amaningi, ama-cranes namahansi eza ku-tundra. Bazama ukuthola inzalo ngokushesha ukuze babe nesikhathi sokukhulisa amatshwele ngaphambi kokuba kufike ubusika.
- Ukufunwa kwamaminerali, uwoyela negesi kuyenziwa kutundra. Amasu nokuthuthwa komsebenzi kuphazamisa inhlabathi, okuholela ekufeni kwezitshalo ezibalulekile empilweni yezilwane.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-tundra
I-tundra ivame ukuhlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu:
- Isigaxa sase-Arctic.
- Isigaxa esiphakathi.
- Isundla eliseningizimu.
Isigaxa sase-Arctic
I-tundra ye-arctic ibonakaliswa ubusika obunzima kakhulu nemimoya ebandayo. Amahlobo apholile futhi ayabanda. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, esimweni sezulu se-arctic setundra bukhoma:
- izimpawu;
- ama-walrus;
- izimpawu;
- Amabhere amhlophe;
- inkabi ye-musk;
- i-reindeer;
- izimpisi;
- Izimpungushe ze-Arctic;
- hares.
Iningi lalesi sifunda lise-Arctic Circle. Isici esivelele salesi sifunda ukuthi asimili izihlahla ezinde. Ehlobo iqhwa liyancibilika kancane bese lenza amaxhaphozi amancane.
Isigaxa esiphakathi
I-tundra emaphakathi noma ejwayelekile embozwe ngobulembu. Ama-sedge amaningi akhula kulesi simo sezulu; ama-reindeer athanda ukuzondla ngawo ebusika. Njengoba isimo sezulu esisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo singekho mpo kune-tundra yase-arctic, kuvela kuyo ama-birch amancane neminyezane. I-tundra emaphakathi nayo iyikhaya lobulembu, ubulembu nezihlahlana ezincane. Amagundane amaningi ahlala lapha, izikhova nezimpungushe zase-arctic zondla kuzo. Ngenxa yamabhogi ku-tundra ejwayelekile, kunezinsalela eziningi nomiyane. Kubantu, le ndawo isetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa. Ubusika obubanda kakhulu nobusika akuvumeli noma yikuphi ukulima lapha.
Isundla eliseningizimu
I-tundra eseningizimu ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ihlathi" ngoba itholakala emngceleni nendawo yehlathi. Le ndawo ifudumele kakhulu kunezinye izindawo. Ngenyanga eshisa kakhulu ehlobo, isimo sezulu sifinyelela + 12⁰⁰ amasonto ambalwa. Ku-tundra eseningizimu, kukhula izihlahla noma amahlathi ngamanye ama-spruces akhula kancane noma ama-birches. Ubuhle be-tundra yehlathi kubantu ukuthi sekuvele kungenzeka ukutshala imifino kuyo, njengamazambane, iklabishi, isithombo kanye no-anyanisi oluhlaza. I-Yagel nezinye izitshalo zama-reindeer eziyizintandokazi zikhula lapha ngokushesha okukhulu kunezinye izindawo ze-tundra, ngakho-ke, ama-reindeer akhetha izindawo eziseningizimu.
Eminye imibhalo ehlobene:
