Enye yezingwadule ezinkulu nezidume kakhulu emhlabeni iSahara, ehlanganisa insimu yamazwe ayishumi ase-Afrika. Emibhalweni yasendulo, ihlane lalibizwa ngokuthi "likhulu". Lokhu kungukuhamba okungapheli kwesihlabathi, ubumba, itshe, lapho impilo itholakala kuphela kuma-oases angavamile. Munye kuphela umfula ogelezayo lapha, kepha kukhona amachibi amancane ezindaweni ezinamanzi nezinqolobane ezinkulu zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Insimu yogwadule ithatha ngaphezu kwamamitha skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-7700. km, encanyana endaweni kuneBrazil futhi inkulu kune-Australia.
ISahara ayilona ugwadule olulodwa, kodwa inhlanganisela yezingwadule eziningana ezisendaweni eyodwa futhi ezinezimo zezulu ezifanayo. Lezi zingwadule ezilandelayo zingahlukaniswa:
WaseLibya
Okwe-Arabia
I-Nubian
Kukhona futhi izingwadule ezincane, kanye nezintaba nentaba-mlilo engasekho. Ungathola futhi izindawo eziningana eSahara, lapho iQatar ingahlukaniswa khona, ngamamitha ayi-150 ukujula ngaphansi kogu lolwandle.
Isimo sezulu ogwadule
ISahara inesimo sezulu esomile, okungukuthi, esomile nesishisayo, kepha enyakatho ekude iyashisa. Ehlane, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu emhlabeni liyi -58 degrees Celsius. Ngokuqondene nemvula, abekho lapha iminyaka eminingana, futhi lapho bewa, abanaso isikhathi sokufinyelela emhlabathini. Okwenzeka kaningi ogwadule umoya ophakamisa izivunguvungu zothuli. Ijubane lomoya lingafinyelela kumamitha angama-50 ngomzuzwana.
Kunezinguquko ezinamandla emazingeni okushisa ansuku zonke: uma ukushisa kwasemini kungaphezu kwama-30 degrees, okungenakwenzeka ukuphefumula noma ukunyakaza, kuthi ebusuku kuphole futhi izinga lokushisa lehle liye ku-0. Ngisho namadwala anzima kakhulu awakwazi ukumelana nalokhu kushintshashintsha, okuqhekeka kuphenduke isihlabathi.
Enyakatho yogwadule uhla lwezintaba i-Atlas, oluvimbela ukungena kwenqwaba yomoya waseMedithera eSahara. Uquqaba lwesibhakabhaka olunomswakama lusuka eningizimu lusuka eGulf of Guinea. Isimo sezulu sogwadule sithinta izindawo ezingomakhelwane nezemvelo zezulu.
Izimila Zogwadule LwaseSahara
Izimila zisakazeka ngokungalingani kulo lonke elaseSahara. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-30 zezitshalo ezikhona zingatholakala ogwadule. I-Flora imelwe kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Ahaggar naseTibesti, nasenyakatho yehlane.
Phakathi kwezitshalo kukhona okulandelayo:
UFern
UFicus
ICypress
Ama-Xerophytes
Izinhlamvu
Umtholo
UZiziphus
ICactus
Ibhokisa
Utshani bezimpaphe
Usuku lwesundu
Izilwane Ehlane LaseSahara
Izilwane zimelelwa yizilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwabo, eSahara, kukhona ama-jerboas nama-hamsters, ama-gerbils nama-antelopes, izinqama ezinamadoda nama-chanterelles amancane, izimpungushe nama-mongoose, amakati esihlabathi namakamela.
Jerboa
Hamster
UGerbil
Inhlwathi
Inqama enamadoda
Ama-chanterelles amancane
Ujakalasi
AmaMongooses
Amakati we-Dune
Ikamela
Kukhona izibankwa nezinyoka lapha: qapha izibankwa, ama-agama, izinyoka ezinezimpondo, izinhlanzi zesihlabathi.
I-Varan
Agam
Inyoka enezimpondo
USandy Efa
Ugwadule iSahara izwe elikhethekile elinesimo sezulu esomile. Le yindawo eshisa kakhulu emhlabeni, kepha kukhona impilo lapha. Lezi yizilwane, izinyoni, izinambuzane, izitshalo kanye nabantu abayimizulane.
Indawo ehlane
Ugwadule lwaseSahara luseNyakatho Afrika. Kuthatha ubukhulu kusuka engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwekazi kuya empumalanga ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-4.8, nasenyakatho kuya eningizimu amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-0.8-1.2. Indawo ephelele yeSahara icishe ibe yizigidi zamakhilomitha ayisigidi esingu-8.6. Kusuka ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, umkhawulo ogwadule ezintweni ezilandelayo:
- enyakatho - Izintaba ze-Atlas noLwandle iMedithera;
- eningizimu - iSahel, indawo edlulela kuma-savanna;
- entshonalanga - i-Atlantic Ocean;
- empumalanga - uLwandle Olubomvu.
Iningi leSahara lihlala ezindaweni zasendle nezingahlali muntu, lapho kwesinye isikhathi ungahlangana khona nemizulane. Ugwadule luhlukaniswe phakathi kwamazwe afana neGibhithe neNiger, Algeria neSudan, iChad neWestern Sahara, iLibya neMorocco, iTunisia neMauritania.
Imephu Yasehlane LaseSahara
Ukukhululwa
Eqinisweni, isihlabathi sithatha ingxenye yesine kuphela yeSahara, kuyilapho yonke le ndawo ihlala izakhiwo zamatshe nezintaba ezinomsuka wentaba-mlilo. Ngokuvamile, izinto ezinjalo zingahlukaniswa endaweni eyihlane:
- I-Western Sahara - amathafa, izintaba nezindawo eziphansi;
- I-Ahaggar - izinkangala;
- Tibesti - ithafa;
- I-Tenere - ukunwebeka kwesihlabathi;
- Ugwadule LweLibya;
- Air - ithafa;
- ITalak iyihlane;
- I-Ennedy - amathafa;
- Ugwadule lwase-Algeria;
- I-Adrar-Ifhoras - ithafa elisentabeni;
- Ugwadule Lwase-Arabia;
- U-El Hamra;
- Ugwadule LwaseNubian.
Ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwesihlabathi kusezilwandle ezinesihlabathi njenge-Igidi neBolshoi East Erg, iTenenre ne-Idekhan-Marzuk, iShesh ne-Aubari, iBolshoi West Erg ne-Erg Shebbi. Kukhona nezindunduma nezindunduma zezimo ezahlukahlukene. Kwezinye izindawo kunesimo sokuhamba, kanye nesihlabathi sokucula.
Ukukhululeka kogwadule
Uma sikhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngosizo, izihlabathi nemvelaphi yogwadule, ososayensi-ke bathi iSahara phambilini ibiyisisekelo solwandle. Kukhona ngisho noGwadule Olumhlophe, lapho amadwala amhlophe ayizinsalela zamagciwane ahlukahlukene asendulo, futhi ngenkathi kumbiwa, izazi ze-paleontologists zithola amathambo ezilwane ezahlukahlukene ezaziphila ezigidini zeminyaka eyedlule.
Manje izihlabathi zimboza ezinye izingxenye zogwadule, futhi kwezinye izindawo ukujula kwazo kufinyelela kumamitha angama-200. Isihlabathi sihlale sithwalwa yimimoya, sakha ukwakheka okusha komhlaba. Ngaphansi kwezindunduma nezindunduma zesihlabathi, kukhona amadiphozi amatshe namaminerali ahlukahlukene. Lapho abantu bethola imali kawoyela negesi yemvelo, baqala ukuyikhipha lapha, yize kunzima kakhulu kunezinye izindawo emhlabeni.
Imithombo yamanzi eSahara
Umthombo omkhulu woGwadule iSahara yimifula iNayile neNiger, kanye neChibi iChad. Imifula yaqhamuka ngaphandle kogwadule, idla ngaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba. Imingenela emikhulu yeNayile yi-White and Blue Nile, ehlangana engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yehlane. INiger igeleza ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSahara, ogwini lwayo olunamachibi amaningana. Enyakatho, kukhona ama-wadis nemifudlana eyakha ngemuva kwemvula enkulu, futhi iphinde yehle yehla ibanga lezintaba. Ngaphakathi ogwadule uqobo, kunenethiwekhi ye-wadi eyakhiwa endulo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphansi kwesihlabathi seSahara kunamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ondla imizimba ethile yamanzi. Zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokunisela.
Umfula iNayile
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeSahara
Phakathi kwamaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeSahara, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ayilahliwe ngokuphelele. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-500 zezitshalo nezinhlobo ezingamakhulu amaningana zezilwane zitholakala lapha. Ukwehlukahluka kwezimbali nezilwane kwakha imvelo ekhethekile emhlabeni.
Emathunjini omhlaba ngaphansi kwezilwandle ezinesihlabathi sogwadule kunemithombo yamanzi e-artesian. Enye yezinto ezithakazelisayo ukuthi insimu yaseSahara iyashintsha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izithombe zesathelayithi zikhombisa ukuthi indawo eyihlane iyanda futhi iyancipha. Ukube ngaphambi kweSahara bekuyi-savanna, manje eyihlane, kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa izokwenzani ngayo nokuthi lemvelo iyoba yini.
