Kukhona inani elikhulu lamanzi eMhlabeni, izithombe ezivela esikhaleni zifakazela leli qiniso. Futhi manje kunokukhathazeka ngokungcoliswa okusheshayo kwala manzi. Imithombo yokungcola ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile asezindlini nasezimbonini olwandlekazi iWorld Ocean, izinto ezinemisebe ekhipha imisebe.
Izimbangela zokungcola kwamanzi oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba
Abantu bebelokhu bephokophele ukuthola amanzi, bekuyizindawo lezi lapho abantu bazame ukuzazi kahle kuqala. Cishe amaphesenti ayisithupha awo wonke amadolobha amakhulu atholakala endaweni esogwini. Ngakho ogwini lweMedithera kunezindawo ezinabantu abayizigidi ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisihlanu. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, izakhiwo ezinkulu zezimboni ziphonsa olwandle cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane eziningana azo zonke izinhlobo zemfucuza, kufaka phakathi amadolobha amakhulu nendle. Ngakho-ke, akumele kumangaze ukuthi lapho amanzi ethathwa njengesampula, kutholakala inani elikhulu lamagciwane ahlukahlukene ayingozi lapho.
Ngokukhula kwesibalo samadolobha nokwanda kwenani lemfucuza ethelwa olwandle. Ngisho insiza yemvelo enkulu kangaka ayikwazi ukusebenzisa kabusha imfucuza engaka. Kukhona ubuthi bezilwane nezitshalo, kokubili olwandle nolwandle, ukwehla kwemboni yezinhlanzi.
Balwa nokungcoliswa kwedolobha ngale ndlela elandelayo - imfucuza ilahlwa ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka ogwini nasekujuleni okukhulu kusetshenziswa amakhilomitha amaningi amapayipi. Kepha lokhu akuxazululi lutho, kepha kubambezela isikhathi sokubhujiswa kwezimila nezilwane ngokuphelele zolwandle.
Izinhlobo zokungcola kwezilwandle
Okunye kokungcola okubaluleke kakhulu kwamanzi olwandle uwoyela. Ifika lapho ngazo zonke izindlela ezingaba khona: ngesikhathi sokuwa kwabathwali bamafutha; izingozi emasimini kawoyela asogwini, lapho kukhishwa uwoyela olwandle. Ngenxa kawoyela, izinhlanzi ziyafa, kanti okusalayo kunambitheka nephunga elingathandeki. Izinyoni zasolwandle ziyafa, ngonyaka odlule kuphela, kwafa amadada ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu - amadada anomsila omude ngaseSweden ngenxa yamafilimu kawoyela ebusweni bamanzi. Uwoyela, ukuntanta ngasogwini lolwandle, nokuhamba ngomkhumbi uye ogwini, kwenze izindawo eziningi zokungcebeleka zingakulungele ukuzijabulisa nokubhukuda.
Ngakho-ke i-Intergovernmental Maritime Society yenze isivumelwano ngokuya ngokuthi uwoyela ungafakwa kanjani emanzini amakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu ukusuka ogwini, iningi lamandla olwandle lasayina.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe yolwandle kwenzeka njalo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuvuza kogesi ophehla amandla enuzi noma ngemikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi eshonile, okuholela ekushintsheni kwemisebe yezitshalo nezilwane, wasizwa kulokhu njengamanje nangosizo lwamaketanga okudla kusuka ku-plankton kuya kufishi enkulu. Okwamanje, amandla amaningi enuzi asebenzisa uLwandlekazi Lomhlaba ukufaka izikhali zemicibisholo yenuzi ngemikhumbi-ngwenya, nokulahla udoti osetshenzisiwe.
Enye yezinhlekelele zasolwandle ukuqhakaza kwamanzi, okuhambisana nokukhula kwe-algae. Lokhu kuholela ekwehlisweni kokubanjwa kwama-salmon. Ukwanda okusheshayo kwe-algae kungenxa yenani elikhulu lamagciwane amancane avela ngenxa yokulahlwa kukadoti ezimbonini. Futhi ekugcineni, ake sihlaziye izindlela zokuzihlanza kwamanzi. Zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu.
- Amanzi amakhemikhali - usawoti acebile ngamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, lapho izinqubo ze-oxidative zenzeka lapho umoya-mpilo ungena, kanye nemisebe yokukhanya, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kusetshenzwa ngempumelelo ubuthi be-anthropogenic. Usawoti obangelwa ukusabela umane uhlale phansi.
- I-Biological - lonke uquqaba lwezilwane zasolwandle ezihlala ezansi, zidlulisa wonke amanzi endawo yasogwini ngemigodi yazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zisebenza njengezihlungi, yize zifa ezinkulungwaneni
- Imishini - lapho ukugeleza kuhamba kancane, udaba olumisiwe lungena ngokushesha. Umphumela uba ukulahlwa kokugcina kwezinto ze-anthropogenic.
Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali olwandle
Njalo ngonyaka, amanzi oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba aya ngokuya angcoliswa imfucuza evela embonini yamakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, ukuthambekela kokwanda kwenani le-arsenic emanzini olwandle kwaqashelwa. Ibhalansi yemvelo yenziwa buthaka yinsimbi esindayo efana nomthofu ne-zinc, i-nickel ne-cadmium, i-chromium nethusi. Zonke izinhlobo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, njenge-endrin, i-aldrin, i-dieldrin, nayo idala umonakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-substance tributyltin chloride, esetshenziselwa ukupenda imikhumbi, inomthelela omubi kubahlali basolwandle. Kuvikela indawo engaphezulu kokugcwala ulwelwe namagobolondo. Ngakho-ke, zonke lezi zinto kufanele zithathelwe indawo ezinobuthi obuncane ukuze zingalimazi izitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane.
Ukungcola kwamanzi oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba kuhlotshaniswa hhayi kuphela nemboni yamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi nezinye izindawo zomsebenzi wabantu, ikakhulukazi, amandla, izimoto, insimbi nokudla, imboni elula. Izinsiza, ezolimo, nezokuthutha zilimaza ngokufanayo. Imithombo evame kakhulu yokungcola kwamanzi udoti wezimboni nowendle, kanye nomanyolo kanye nokubulala ukhula.
Ukusingathwa okwenziwa yimikhumbi yabathengisi kanye nabadobi namathangi kawoyela kufaka isandla ekungcolisweni kwamanzi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu, izinto ezinjenge-mercury, izinto zeqembu le-dioxin nama-PCB zingena emanzini. Ukuqoqeka emzimbeni, amakhemikhali ayingozi avusa ukuvela kwezifo ezimbi: imetabolism iyaphazamiseka, ukuzivikela kuyancipha, uhlelo lokuzala alusebenzi kahle, futhi kuvela nezinkinga ezinkulu zesibindi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi zamakhemikhali zingathonya futhi ziguqule izakhi zofuzo.
Ukungcola kwezilwandle ngamapulasitiki
Imfucumfucu yePulasitiki yakha amaqoqo aphelele namabala emanzini olwandle iPacific, i-Atlantic nolweNdiya. Udoti omningi wenziwa ngokulahla imfucuza evela ezindaweni ezisogwini ezinabantu abaningi. Imvamisa, izilwane zasolwandle zigwinya amaphakheji nezinhlayiya ezincane zepulasitiki, zibadide ngokudla, okuholela ekufeni kwabo.
Ipulasitiki isisabalale kuze kube manje ukuthi isivele itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Kutholakale ukuthi kuphela emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific inani lepulasitiki lenyuke ngamahlandla ayi-100 (kwenziwa ucwaningo eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule). Ngisho nezinhlayiya ezincane zingashintsha imvelo yolwandle yemvelo. Ngesikhathi kubalwa, cishe izilwane ezingama-90% ezifela ogwini zibulawa imfucumfucu epulasitiki, okuyiphutha lokudla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa, okwenzeka ngenxa yokubola kwezinto zepulasitiki, kuyingozi. Ukugwinya izakhi zamakhemikhali, izakhamuzi zasolwandle zizibhekise ekuhlushweni kanzima ngisho nasekufeni. Khumbula ukuthi abantu bangadla nezinhlanzi ezingcoliswe imfucuza. Inyama yayo iqukethe inani elikhulu lomthofu ne-mercury.
Imiphumela yokungcola kwezilwandle
Amanzi angcolile abangela izifo eziningi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lezitshalo nezilwane liyancipha, kanti abanye bayafa nokufa. Konke lokhu kuholela ekuguqulweni komhlaba wonke ezindaweni zemvelo zazo zonke izindawo zamanzi. Zonke izilwandle zingcoliswe ngokwanele. Olunye lolwandle olungcoliswe kakhulu iMedithera. Amanzi angcolile avela emadolobheni angama-20 agelezela kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivakashi ezivela ezindaweni zokungcebeleka ezidumile zaseMedithera zenza umnikelo omubi. Imifula engcole kakhulu emhlabeni yiTsitarum ese-Indonesia, iGanges eNdiya, iYangzi eChina kanye neKing River eTasmania. Phakathi kwamachibi angcolile, ongoti babiza iGreat North Lakes American, i-Onondaga e-United States kanye ne-Tai eChina.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kwenzeka izinguquko eziphawulekayo emanzini oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, okuholela ekutheni isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke sinyamalale, kwakheke iziqhingi zikadoti, kuqhakaze amanzi ngenxa yokuzala kwe-algae, futhi izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka, kubangele ukufudumala komhlaba. Imiphumela yalezi zinqubo imbi kakhulu futhi usongo olukhulu ukwehla kancane kancane ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo, kanye nokwehla kwezinsiza zolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko engathandeki ingabonakala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene: ukuthuthukiswa kwesomiso ezindaweni ezithile, izikhukhula, ama-tsunami. Ukuvikelwa kwezilwandle kufanele kube umgomo ophambili kuso sonke isintu.
