Umuntu kudala enika izicabucabu izinto eziyimfihlakalo. Phakathi kwama-arthropod amaningi emhlabeni isicabucabu se-karakurt ikakhulukazi edumile. Amandla anobuthi bezilwane ezingajwayelekile adlula ubuthi bezinyoka eziyingozi kakhulu.
Incazelo nezici
Umlando wesicabucabu, ngenxa yokulandelwa kwe-amber efriziwe, ubuyela emuva eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Igama ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi "isibungu esimnyama", esichazwa ngombala oyisisekelo womzimba, ikhono lokuhamba ngokushesha.
Umzimba wezicabucabu ezinobuthi uyindilinga. I-dimorphism yezocansi iyabizwa. I-karakurt yesifazane inkulu kakhulu kuneduna, umzimba wayo nobude bomlenze icishe ibe ngu-2,5 cm ubude, abesilisa bancane kakhulu - ngu-6-7 mm kuphela. Amabili emilenze atholakala ngapha nangapha kwesifuba. Amaphara amabili wetars aphakathi nendawo ambozwe izinwele. Amabili okuqala nawokugcina ahlukaniswa ngobude obude kakhulu.
I-karakurt yesilisa incane kakhulu kunensikazi, futhi ukulunywa kwayo akuyona ingozi kangako kumuntu.
Umbala wesicabucabu uhlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwamabala abomvu noma awolintshi ezinhlobonhlobo. Kwesinye isikhathi ekudwebeni emzimbeni, indawo ngayinye yengezwa umngcele omhlophe. Karakurt esithombeni kubukeka kumangalisa, ngezimpawu ezinjalo kulula ukuhlukanisa nalokho kuma-arthropod ahlobene. Lapho izicabucabu zifinyelela ebusheni, ukumaka okukhanyayo emzimbeni kunganyamalala, kushiye umbala omnyama ocebile ngokukhanya okucacile.
Izicabucabu zithola umbala ogqamile ngenkathi yokukhula. Izinsana zisanda kucaca. Nge-molt ngayinye, umzimba uba mnyama, futhi imibuthano emhlophe esiswini igcwele okubomvu. Lapho i-molt ivame ukwenzeka, isicabucabu sikhula ngokushesha. Izinga lentuthuko lithonywa ukunikezwa kokudla kwama-arthropods.
Ukukhula okusheshayo kuholela kuma-molts ayisi-6 noma ayi-7, ngemuva kwalokho abesilisa basebenze ngokungafuneki ukudla, kepha abesifazane ngokuzala. Isici se-karakurt yigazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala awunqunywa yi-hemoglobin, njengezilwane eziningi, kepha yi-hemocyanin, enikeza umthunzi ongajwayelekile. Amehlo wesicabucabu abona kahle imini nobusuku.
Karakurt waziwa ngobuthi obuqine kakhulu, obukhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile. Inhloso enkulu yesikhali ukukhubaza izinambuzane, amagundane amancane njengezisulu. Izicabucabu ngemuva kwalokho zangena emigodini yezilwane ekhululiwe.
Ubuthi besicabucabu sowesifazane bungaholela umuntu ekufeni uma kunganikezwa usizo oluphuthumayo. Okokuqala, abantu abanezimpawu ezinzima zokungezwani komzimba basengozini yemiphumela emibi. Abesilisa, ngenxa yobungako besizotha sabo, abakwazi ngisho ukuluma ngesikhumba somuntu.
Isicabucabu asikhombisi ubudlova uma singaphazanyiswa yizenzo ezingahleliwe. Izivakashi ezihlakaniphile, ngaphambi kokuchitha ubusuku, zifaka isigubhu esikhethekile, esifakwe ngaphansi kombhede, ukuvimbela ukungena kwezicabucabu. Ngakho-ke, I-Crimean karakurt kuvame kakhulu enhlonhlweni, lapho abahambi abaningi bangaphandle besaba ukuhlangana nomhlali we-arthropod.
Ukulunywa akuzwakali ngokushesha, umphumela wobuthi uvela kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10-15. Izimpawu eziyinhloko ubuhlungu obuvuthayo esifubeni, emhlane ongezansi, esiswini. Ukudakwa komzimba kubangela ama-spasms ku-bronchi, ukuhlanza, ukuphefumula. Ukuhlushwa okukhulu kobuthi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezicabucabu. Ngezinye izikhathi, ayinabungozi kangako.
I-serum ekhethekile isetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukulunywa, kepha usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ochwepheshe ngokushesha bafaka ukuluma ngomentshisi ukuze babhubhise ubuthi obabungenaso isikhathi sokungena egazini. Ukujula okuncane kokuluma, kuze kufike ku-0.5 mm, kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukumisa ngokushesha ukusakazeka kobuthi.
Ezilwaneni, izinkomo, amagundane, amahhashi, namakamela yizona ezizwela kakhulu entweni esebenzayo yalo shevu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinja, ama-hedgehogs azweli kancane. Iminyaka yokuzala kabusha kwe-karakurt iholela ekufeni kwemfuyo, ukulahleka kwezilwane.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zesicabucabu zihlanganisa izindawo eziwugwadule zaseKazakhstan, ama-Kalmyk steppes, kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu neRussia. Ngabe ikarakurt ibukeka kanjani? eyaziwa kahle e-Altai, e-Asia Ephakathi, e-Afghanistan, eNyakatho Afrika.
I-Karakurt ingatholakala ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia
Izinhlobo
Izicabucabu zihlukaniswa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene obuthi, indawo yokuhlala, nokubukeka. Phakathi kwezicabucabu ezinamabala anobuthi, noma izicabucabu ezinamaphoyinti ayishumi nantathu, kunezinhlobo zase-Asia naseYurophu. Lezi zokugcina zaziwa ngegama lesibili - abafelokazi baseYurophu.
UKarakurt ungumfelokazi omnyama. Ukutholakala kwama-arthropod kuhlobo lwabafelokazi abamnyama kukhombisa okuhlukile kwabesifazane ukushwabadela abesilisa ngemuva nje kokukhwelana. Ngale ndlela, isicabucabu sinikwa amandla okwenza nokuvikela ukubamba kwamaqanda. Umzimba omnyama oyindilinga umbozwe ngamachashazi abomvu, okukhona ayi-13, lapho abona khona uphawu olungaqondakali.
Lezi zinhlobo zaziwa kakhulu ngobuthi bayo, ukusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezinamasheya ezifunda ezifudumele. Isicabucabu sinamandla aphindwe ka-15-20 kunemfezi emnyama. Ukulwa ne-arthropods eyingozi, ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni zokudla. UKarakurt Dalya uyisicabucabu esimnyama esimnyama. Iyakwazi ukuhlangana nezinhlobo zamaphoyinti ayishumi nantathu, kwesinye isikhathi okwenza kube nzima ukukhomba inzalo.
Umfelokazi Obomvu. Umbala uhlukaniswa ngombala obomvu-olintshi ngaphezulu, phansi okumnyama kwesisu. Indawo yokuhlala itholakala e-USA, e-Florida Peninsula. Indawo elinganiselwe yokusabalalisa iyisizathu semininingwane enganele mayelana nezinga lobuthi bezinhlobo.
I-karakurt emhlophe. Igama libonisa ukucaciswa kombala ophuzi okhanyayo. Ngokungafani nezihlobo, awekho amabala, amachashazi, amaphethini. Esikhathini sesicabucabu se-monochromatic, kuphela imibala yombala eguqukayo. Ukudlulela, i-cephalothorax imnyama kakhulu kunomzimba.
Ngemuva kunamachashazi amane amnyama, amabhlogo akha unxande. Ubuthi be-karakurt emhlophe bungaphansi kwesicabucabu esimnyama lapho kuhlanganiswa ubuthi. Izicabucabu ezimhlophe zihlala e-Asia Ephakathi, eningizimu yeRussia. Abesifazane balezi zinhlobo babakhulu kunabo bonke phakathi kwe-karakurt, kunabantu abafinyelela ku-10 cm ngobude bezitho.
Ngendlela ekhethekile yokuhamba ngokuthinta imilenze ye-karakurt emhlophe, bakubiza ngokuthi isicabucabu esidansayo. Abanikazi bokuzwa okuphelele ngale ndlela badlulisela imininingwane komunye nomunye. Izicabucabu zikhetha ukuhlala ezingwadule, ngakho-ke, ezimweni zemvelo, ukuhlangana nabantu akuvamile kakhulu.
Izicabucabu ezimhlophe ziguqulelwa kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibandayo, ngakho-ke zitholakala ezifundeni lapho sekunzima khona ukuthi abafowethu abamnyama baphile, ngokwesibonelo, entshonalanga yeKazakhstan.
I-karakurt emhlophe iyisicabucabu esinobuthi kakhulu
Ensimini yase-Eurasia, kunezicabucabu ezifana nokubukeka kwazo kanye nokuma kwazo njenge-karakurt enobuthi - amakhanda ezinyoka ohlobo lwe-steatode, noma abafelokazi bamanga.
Umehluko wombala umhlophe, beige, amabala abomvu, umugqa omncane ophuzi ngemuva, umugqa obomvu osondele esiswini. Amamaki abomvu osayizi be-karakurt amanga ayimbangela yokudideka.
Kepha ama-steatode awabuthi kangako, yize ngokwezimpawu, isenzo sikalo shevu sifana kakhulu nabamele beqiniso. Ngemuva kokulunywa ngumfelokazi wamanga, umzimba uyalulama emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.
Izicabucabu ze-steatode zifana kakhulu nokubukeka kwe-karakurt
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Isicabucabu sivame kakhulu emithambekeni efudumele yelanga emihosheni, emiseleni, osebeni lwemisele. Ikhetha izindawo ezingamahlane, izindawo zezintombi, umhlaba olimekayo, ama-steppes owomile, ama-semi-desert. Emaphethelweni agcwele amachibi anosawoti nemifula, kungaba khona izicabucabu eziningi ezinobuthi.
Ngomjikelezo wokuphila ogcwele, i-karakurt idinga ihlobo elide, ikwindla efudumele, ubusika obumnene. Ama-arthropods agwema indawo eyisicaba, khetha ama-rocky reliefs, anezimpawu ezisemhlabathini ukuze kube nokuhleleka okuphumelelayo.
Izicabucabu zikhangwa yimigodi elahliwe, imifantu yobumba, nezindawo ezisemhlabathini. I-karakurt emnyama ingahlala egumbini lensiza, ikhuphukele esakhiweni esinesizungu, ingene endlini. Izimo zezulu zezifunda eziseningizimu yeRussia ziyindawo ekahle ye-arthropods.
UKarakurt Dalya unombala omnyama oqinile
Kukhona ama-karakurt amaningi ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, eKalmykia, eKrasnodar, eStavropol Territories. Uma ihlobo elishisayo libambezelekile, izicabucabu ziya enyakatho, ezifundeni zaseVoronezh, eTambov. Karakurt esifundeni eMoscow - into engavamile ngokweqile. Kodwa kungenzeka. Ngesimo sezulu sokuqala esibandayo, zizofa zonke, futhi omfece abangakwesobunxele nenzalo yabo bazobanda phakathi nobusika obude.
Izicabucabu ezinobuthi ziyasebenza ubusuku nemini. Ngokuluka ubulembu, babeka amanetha ukuze babambe inyamazane. Kulula ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi we-karakurt ngenqwaba yemicu eyindida, ngokungafani nezicabucabu ze-orb-web, ezinamaphethini afanele okweluka.
Indiza evundlile yewebhu ngesinye isici esenza ukuthi i-karakurt ivelele. Ngakho-ke baphumelela ngokwengeziwe ekuqapheni izisulu eziyinhloko ezivela phezulu - izinkumbi, izintethe, ezihamba phansi. Ezinye izingibe zesithunzi ikakhulukazi izicupho eziqondile.
Abavakashi abaqaphele iwebhu evundlile evundlile emigodini enamadwala akufanele basethe itende eduze, ngoba kunamathuba amaningi okuhlangana ngengozi nomzingeli onobuthi. Izicabucabu ngokuvamile aziqali ukuhlasela. Ukulunywa kungenzeka esimweni lapho umuntu engazange abone i-karakurt, wanyathela isidleke, wathinta ubulembu.
I-lair ye-karakurt kulula ukuyibona ngewebhu evundlile evundlile
Amatende kufanele afakwe umoya ngenetha futhi avikelwe ngombhede. Kuphela karakurt wesilisakepha akakwazi ukwenza okubi okuningi. Lapho uhamba izintaba, kuyadingeka ukugqoka izicathulo nezingubo ezivaliwe ezivikela umzimba ekuhlaselweni okungazelelwe kwezidalwa eziphilayo.
Awukwazi ukushiya izinto, izicathulo ngaphandle kwetende ebusuku. Izicabucabu zibaphutha ngokufihla izindawo. Ukuluma akunakugwenywa uma ikarakurt ingaphakathi ebhuthini efakwa isivakashi ekuseni ngaphandle kokuyinyakazisa. I-karakurt enobuthi ivundile kakhulu, ngezikhathi ezithile ubukhulu besibalo sabantu bethola inani eliphakeme lokukhuphuka okukhulu.
Kusukela ngoJuni, bathutha befuna indawo yokukhosela emlilweni, izindawo ezifanele zokukhwelana. Ngokwemvelo, izicabucabu zinezitha ezingadla ngisho i-karakurt ngaphandle kokwesaba ubuthi. Ukungazweli kubuthi, izingulube, izimvu, izimbuzi kunyathela amahektha aphelele ama-steppes kanye nezidleke, lapho karakurt uyaphila.
Abelusi kuphela ngemuva kwempatho enjalo badedela amahhashi namakamela azwelana nobuthi besicabucabu bokudla. Iminyovu ebhobozayo ibhubhisa izicabucabu ngendlela yayo, ijova into ekhubazayo. Amabhungane agibeleyo athola imifece ye-karakurt yokubeka izibungu zawo kuyo. Inzalo yamabhungane ibulala izigaxa zesicabucabu ezingakwazi ukuzivikela. I-Karakurt yama-hedgehogs iyisibiliboco. Izinaliti zivikela isilwane kusongo lokulunywa, isicabucabu asikwazi ukulimaza isitha esihlabayo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izinambuzane ezincane zakha isisekelo sokudla kwama-arthropods. Iwebhu yokubamba izisulu ayihlukaniswa nobuhle bokubulawa, kepha i-viscosity yemicu ayishiyi muntu ithuba lokuphuma kuyo. UKarakurt usakaze amanetha budebuduze nesidleke futhi abheke isicupho esinamathelayo.
Ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu singena kuwebhu, sihlala otshanini, isicabucabu siphuthuma ukujova ushevu wokukhubaza lesi sinambuzane, ukucubungula kancane kancane izicubu zesisulu ngaphansi kwethonya lobuthi. Ngisho nesembozo esinzima se-chitinous akusona isithiyo se-karakurt ekuqotheni inyamazane.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, isicabucabu sondla isisulu, simunca okungaphakathi okucutshungulwe kube uketshezi. Igobolondo, okungasali lutho ngaphansi kwalo, lihlala lilenga kuwebhu isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile, omiyane, izimpukane, izimpukane, May mabhungane, izintethe ziwela emanetheni aluliwe. Izinkumbi, ngisho namaphela, ziba yizisulu.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
I-Karakurt ivundile kakhulu. Ngonyaka owodwa, insikazi izalela okungenani amaqanda ayi-1000. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kuba nokuqubuka kokuzala, lapho abesifazane bekhulisa amaqanda ku-clutch cishe isikhathi esisodwa nengxenye phakathi nenkathi. Ukuphakama kwezicabucabu kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kweleshumi nambili noma engamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zandisa amanani azo ngokumangazayo.
Isikhathi sokumataniswa kwama-arthropod siphakathi nehlobo, lapho kufika ukushisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhamba okusebenzayo kwe-karakurt kuqala ekufuneni izindawo ezicashile zokweluka amanetha omshado. Abesilisa banuka iphunga lesicabucabu ngama-pheromones ukuheha insikazi. Iwebhu enjalo isebenza isikhashana, kuphela izicabucabu zokuzalela, eluka emakhoneni avikelwe ekushiseni.
Abafelokazi abamnyama, ngokulandela imvelo yemvelo, badla abesilisa ngemuva kokukhwelana, befuna indawo entsha yokubeka amaqanda. I-lair ivame ukuxazululwa phakathi kokungalingani kwenhlabathi, ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, izimbobo ezishiyiwe zamagundane. Izinsikazi zekarakurt nazo zingena ezinhlelweni zokungenisa umoya, zisuka lapho zingena khona ezindlini zabantu.
Emnyango wendlu ehlonyelwe, isicabucabu silula inetha lezintambo ezihlangene ezixakile. Ngaphakathi wenza i-clutch, ulenga ama-cocoons ama-2-4 anamaqanda kuwebhu. Eduze kunewebhu yokuzingela evundlile yesakhiwo esilinganayo. Ukuzingela ngesineke kuyahluka kwamanye ama-arthropod ngokungabikho kwemibuthano egxilile.
Izicabucabu ngokushesha, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-15, kuya ngezimo zezulu, ziyazalwa, kepha zihlala kukhukhunathi ofudumele, ungashiyi indawo yokukhosela. Umfece owelukiwe ngowesifazane uzobavumela ukuba baphume emakhazeni futhi basinde ezinyangeni zasebusika. Okokuqala, amawundlu e-karakurt adla eziqiwini zemvelo, ezibekwa emizimbeni yazo lapho zizalwa, ngakho-ke, ukuze zibambe kuze kube sentwasahlobo ezayo, zishintshela ekudleni inyama yabantu.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokukhethwa kwemvelo kwabantu abanamandla kakhulu, akubona bonke abakhethiwe, kuphela izicabucabu ezisinde esivivinyweni. Ekwindla, ukuvunguza komoya kuqhekeza imifece evela kubulembu bobulembu, isakazeke emathafeni nasogwadule. Imvelo uqobo inikela ekwandisweni kwendawo yezicabucabu, ibathumele ohambweni.
Akuzona zonke izinsikazi ezingasinda ebusika, imvamisa izicabucabu ziyafa, zisinde okwesikhashana ezedliwayo. Isikhathi sokuphila se-karakurt, ngakho-ke, cishe unyaka. Kepha esimweni sezulu esifudumele, isikhathi sempilo sanda kakhulu. Ngobusika obuphumelelayo, izicabucabu ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-5.
Kepha noma ezifundeni ezinobusika obubandayo, ukuzala okuphezulu kanye nokukhula okusheshayo kwenzalo kuvumela ukugcina usayizi wabantu ozinzile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyakwandisa. Ukushisa kwentwasahlobo, cishe maphakathi no-Ephreli, kukhuthaza amawundlu ukuba ashiye imifece yawo.
Ama-Karakurt azala kakhulu, anda ngezinkulungwane ngonyaka.
Izicabucabu ezinensalela yobulembu zipheshulwa ngumoya. Abasakhulayo kumele badlule ezigabeni zokuthuthuka, ukuze baqine. Kuphela maphakathi noJuni lapho isizukulwane esisha sizovuthwa ngokocansi, sikwazi ukuzala ngokuqhubekayo, uma impilo yezicabucabu ingaphazanyiswa yimihlambi yezimvu nezingulube ezivele zizinyathele.
Ukukhula kwesicabucabu kudlula ezigabeni eziningana. Igobolondo le-chitin alikuvumeli ukukhula kuze kuvele i-molt elandelayo bese kwakhiwa ikhava entsha, enkulu. Abesilisa bahlala ama-molts ayisikhombisa, abesifazane abayisishiyagalolunye.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ikarakurt ilwela ngempumelelo ukusinda, ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo ezintsha. Amandla okuhlukanisa umuntu onoshevu ezihlotsheni avumela umuntu ukuthi ahlakazeke ngokuthula naye, ngaphandle kokulimala kubo bobabili abathintekayo.
