"Inyoni ingabonakala ngezimpaphe zayo nangokundiza kwayo." Lesi sisho esidumile sisebenzela izinyoni eziningi. Ake sengeze kulokhu ukuthi izinyoni zinamaphiko, zinemilenze emibili nomlomo. Yikho kanye ngoqhwaku lapho isimilo sethu sehluka kwabanye abantu abaningi. Iyaphela indlela noma i-Atlantic puffin, uhlobo lwezinyoni ezivela emndenini wama-auks we-oda le-Charadriiformes.
Kususelwa olimini lwesiLatini, igama lalo elithi "Fratercula arctica" lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "indela ye-arctic", ekhombisa umbala wezimpaphe zezinyoni nomzimba ominyene. By the way, isidudla somzimba kanye ne-gait engaqondakali kunikeze igama lesiNgisi lale nyoni - "pulfin" - "man fat".
Igama lesiRussia "dead dead" livela egameni elithi "isimungulu" futhi lihlotshaniswa nokuma kwengxenye ephawuleka kakhulu yale nyoni, uqhwaku lwayo. Abantu abaningi babuza lo mbuzo: ukubeka kuphi isihloko "inyoni ifile ukuphela »i-accent? Ukugwema ukungezwani okuqhubekayo, siphendula ngokushesha: ukucindezelwa egameni elithi "dead end" kufakwa kuhlamvu lokuqala, encwadini U.
Incazelo nezici
Inyoni yePuffin okulingene, eduze kwedada elincane. Umzimba ufinyelela ku-35 cm ubude, izimpiko ziba ngamasentimitha angama-50, futhi unesisindo esingaba yingxenye yekhilogremu. Imvamisa "abafana" baba mkhulu kun "amantombazane". Ukufaka imibala ngesitayela se- "black top - white bottom", okuvela kuzidalwa eziningi zasolwandle, ngaphezulu kwamanzi nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Lo mbala ubukeka ungabukeki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi uyisifihla esihle kakhulu. Ngokuningiliziwe, umhlane, i-nape nokhololo emphinjeni kumnyama, izihlathi, isifuba, imilenze engenhla nesisu kumhlophe. Izidladla ngokwazo zibomvu noma ziwolintshi. Izimpaphe zezinsizwa zicishe zifane nezabantu abadala, ekhanda kuphela azinayo emnyama, kepha inephepha elimnyama grey, nezihlathi zazo zilula. Imihlwenga noqhwaku kunsundu.
Futhi manje mayelana nomhlobiso omkhulu wale nyoni enhle, ngomlomo omangalisayo. Kubonakala ohlangothini, kubukeka kungunxantathu, kucindezelwe kakhulu eceleni, kunemihosha eminingana, futhi kubukhali ekugcineni. Lo mlomo ushintsha umbala phakathi "nenkathi yomshado". Ngalesi sikhathi, ubukeka ekhanya kakhulu futhi ekhangayo.
Ukuphela kwayo kuba bomvu, phansi kuyimpunga. Umsele ohlukanisa lezi zingxenye, kanye nowesibili, ezansi komlomo, unombala kalamula. Izihlathi ziyimpunga elula. Amehlo abukeka enobuqili futhi enobuqili ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane nokuma okungunxantathu, okwakhiwa ngumngcele wezinhlaka zesikhumba zombala ompunga nobomvu. Lesi yisiphetho esifile ngesikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana.
Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, inyoni ilahlekelwa ukukhanya kwayo okudlala. Cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, kulandela i-molt, lapho i-puffin ingagcini nje ngokukhipha izimpaphe, kodwa futhi iguqula ukumbozwa okunjengomlomo. Ithiphu iba mnyama, isisekelo sibe mpunga omnyama.
Izimpaphe ezikhanyayo ezimpunga ekhanda nasentanyeni nazo zimnyama. Futhi ukubukeka kwamehlo okungunxantathu kwamehlo kuyanyamalala. Kepha ukwakheka koqhwaku lokugcina lokufa kuhlala njengokugqamile. Lesi "sesekeli" senza iqhawe lethu laziwa futhi labonakala kalula. Usayizi wayo uyashintsha ngeminyaka.
Ezinyonini ezincane, kuncane. Kubantu abadala, iya iba banzi, futhi imisele emisha ivela engxenyeni ebomvu. Ukuphela kwesithombe ibukeka njengomlingiswa opopayiwe ovela kufilimu egqwayizayo. Uyathandeka, uyakhanya, uno "buso" othintekayo nomuntu omuhle kakhulu emilenzeni emifushane. Isithombe esiphelile se "avatar".
Izinhlobo
Umndeni wama-auks uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-10. ILyuriki, guillemot, auks, guillemots, fawn, abantu abadala, i-Aleutian fawn, auklets, obhejane puffins kanye nama-puffin ethu. Zonke izinyoni zasolwandle, zonke zondla izinhlanzi, zinokumnyama nokumhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi kusondele esikalini esimpunga, umbala futhi zihlala emanzini asenyakatho. Mhlawumbe okuthakazelisa kakhulu kubo ngama-guillemots, ama-auklets nama-guillemots.
- Ama-guillemots - kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezinamakhadi amancane nezikhokhisiwe. Imayelana no-39-48 cm ngosayizi futhi inesisindo esingu-1 kg. Emndenini wonke, bangabamele abakhulu ngemuva kokunyamalala kwe-auk engenamaphiko. Umbala wehlukile, njengawo wonke ama-auk, uqhwaku luhlala lumnyama njalo. Kuhlala ogwini olusenyakatho lwePacific nolwandle i-Atlantic. ISakhalin neKuril Islands bakhethwa eRussia. Uma ukude ungaphanjaniswa nephengwini, kuphela ngentamo ende.
- Ama-Auklets - amalungu amancane kakhulu omndeni, ubude bomzimba obufinyelela kuma-cm 25. Kukhona ama-auklets amakhulu namancane, kanye nezinsana zezinsana nesisu esimhlophe. Umbala awuhlukile, kepha ngamathoni ampunga. Ngemuva kumnyama, isisu silula. Zibukeka zithakazelisa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Uqhwaku luba ngokukhanyayo okukhanyayo okusawolintshi noma okubomvu, kuvela izinhlavu ezimnyama ngenhla kwawo, kuthi izingcwecwe ezimhlophe zezimpaphe zigijime ngasethempelini eceleni kwamehlo. Uma ucabanga ukuthi nabo banamehlo emngceleni omhlophe, njengobuhlalu, konke kubukeka buhle kakhulu ndawonye. Uhlala emanzini asenyakatho yePacific.
Ama-auklets anosayizi omncane kakhulu nokubukeka okuthakazelisayo phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana.
- Ama-scrapers - Izinyoni zasolwandle zezwe elisenyakatho, ezethulwe isikrubber esivamile, se-pacific nesibukwayo... Isilinganiso sobukhulu, esifinyelela ku-40 cm ubude, amaphiko enaba ngamasentimitha angama-60. Izimpaphe zimnyama ngamalahle ngemithende emhlophe namabhulethi ezimpikweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amehlo acishe angabonakali ngokuqhathaniswa nekhanda elimnyama, ngaphandle kwesikhuhli esikhanyisiwe. Unemibuthano emhlophe ezungeze amehlo akhe. Ama-paaw abomvu ngokugqamile. Ebusika, iqolo liphenduka libe mpunga kancane bese isisu siphenduka sibe mhlophe.
Ama-Puffin, ngaphezu kwelilodwa lethu elinezimpaphe, afaka nezembe ne-Ipatka. Singasho ukuthi lezi izihlobo zakhe eziseduze kakhulu.
- Isigqoko akabukeka ehlekisa njengeqhawe lethu. Usayizi ulinganiselwa cishe ku-40 cm, isisindo esingu-600-800 g. Zonke izihlathi ezimnyama, ezimhlophe kuphela nogologo. Ngemuva kwamehlo kukhona izicucu zezimpaphe ze-ocher. Uqhwaku lunamandla, lubhebhe nhlangothi zombili, lube bomvu ngokugqamile ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ama-paw anombala osawolintshi ogqamile, omfushane. Izilwane ezisencane zinemilenze empunga.
Umhlali wasePacific, uhlala ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Ngakhetha amaKuriles noKamchatka kithi. Esinye seziqhingi zolwandle i-Kuril, iToporkovy, neToporkov Island esivela eqenjini leCommander Islands kuthiwa sihlonishwa.
- Ipatka, noma ukucabanga okukhulu kwe-pacific, kubukeka ngathi udadewabo kamufi. Izimpaphe ezifanayo, ukuma komzimba, amehlo amancane angunxantathu kanye nomlomo ofanayo. Umehluko kuphela endaweni yokuhlala, uhlala ogwini olusenyakatho nePacific.
I-Ipatka inezimpaphe ezicishe zifane ne-puffin
- Izihlobo zabo eziseduze nazo ziyabhekwa ubhejane wepuffin, kodwa wakhonjwa kuhlobo olukhethekile, waqanjwa ngaye. Igama lalinqunywa ukukhula kwe-horny onqenqemeni, okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Izimpaphe zimnyama ngemuva, zinsundu ngokumpunga ezinhlangothini, izimpiko nasemphinjeni, neparele elinombala ompunga esiswini.
Uqhwaku lude futhi luwugqinsi, lunemibala ephuzi ngoku nsundu, lunombala obomvu. Wahlala olwandle olusenyakatho loLwandlekazi iPacific. ERussia, kungabonakala kwezinye iziqhingi ezisogwini lwasePacific.
Ngqo izinhlobo zemikhawulo efile amelwe ama-specimens amathathu, ahlukile ngosayizi nendawo:
- I-Fratecula arctica arctica - ilinganisa u-15-17.5 cm, ubukhulu bomlomo bungu-4-5 cm ubude, ububanzi esisekelweni bungu-3.5-4 cm.
- I-Fratecula arctica grabae - uhlala eziqhingini zaseFaroe, isisindo somzimba singama-400 g kuphela, amaphiko acishe abe ngu-15.8 cm ubude.
- I-Fratecula arctica naumanni... - ixazululwe enyakatho ye-Iceland, isisindo cishe esingu-650 g, amaphiko ubude obungu-17-18.5 cm, usayizi womlomo ka-5-5.5 cm ubude, ububanzi phansi 4-4.5 cm
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Inyoni yePuffin ihlala khona e-Arctic Ocean nasenyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean. Kungabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi inyoni yasolwandle esenyakatho. Amanzi asogwini lwaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Arctic awela endaweni yawo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akakhethi uhlangothi lwaseningizimu, ukhetha iziqhingi ezithokomele.
Ebusika, kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emazweni aseningizimu, kepha akuyona eyezinyoni ezifudukayo. Kunalokho uyinyoni yasemanzini. Ngokwesilinganiso sabantu, esikhulu kunazo zonke eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe silotshwe eWitless Bay Ecological Reserve eNyakatho Melika.
Ama-puffin andiza kahle, adinga leli khono lokuthola ukudla
Lezi zinombolo ze "diaspara" cishe ezingamakhulu amabili namakhulu amabili namabili. Futhi umphakathi omningi kakhulu walezi zinyoni emhlabeni uhlala kude nogu lwase-Iceland. Kubalwa cishe u-2/3 wazo zonke iziphetho ezifile emhlabeni. Singasho futhi ngogu lwaseNorway, eGreenland naseNewfoundland. Futhi namaqembu wonke eziqhingi - iFaroe, iShetland ne-Orkney.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezincane ziyabonwa eBritish Isles, eSvalbard, enhlonhlweni yeNova Scotia naseLabrador. ERussia, indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke itholakala eziqhingini zase-Ainovskiye eduze naseMurmansk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlala eNovaya Zemlya nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yaseKola naseziqhingini eziseduze.
Zihlala emigodini ezizimba yona ngesikhathi sokuzala. Zifihla olwandle i-Arctic Ocean, kwesinye isikhathi zivela ngaphezu kwe-Arctic Circle. Ngokuqondile, basebenzisa sonke isikhathi sabo, ngaphezu kwenkathi yokukhwelana, emanzini asolwandle asenyakatho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhetha ukuchitha ubusika bodwa, kuphela kwesinye isikhathi behlangana ngamaqembu. Ngalesi sikhathi, bayancibilika. Zilahlekelwa yizo zonke izimpaphe ngasikhathi sinye, ngisho nezimpaphe, ezisele izinyanga ezingu-1-2 ngaphandle kokundiza. IMolting iwela ngoJanuwari-Mashi.
Ama-Puffin pair angahlala ndawonye iminyaka
Emhlabeni abanamahloni, futhi bayazulazula njengamatilosi amancane. Yize zihamba ngejubane ngokwanele, zingagijima nokugijima. Isikhathi esithandekayo sendiza yabo phezu kwamanzi. Kubonakala sengathi le nyoni ayindizi, kodwa ishibilika iqonde ngqo ebusweni bolwandle. Ngokwenza kanjalo, usebenzisa zombili izimpiko nemilenze.
Ngokushesha iminwe ngezidladla zayo, isuka kwelinye igagasi iye kwelinye. Ukusuka ngaphandle, kubukeka njengenhlanzi ebhukuda ingxenye, indiza ingxenye. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqhwaku, njengomnsalo womkhumbi, lunqamula emanzini. I-puffin icwila ngaphandle komzamo, ngokusho kokubona ingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engafika kwemithathu, ifinyelele ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-70.
Ngaphambi kokusuka emanzini, zibonakala zisakazeka ngamagagasi, zihambisa ngokushesha izidladla zazo ebusweni imizuzwana eminingana. Futhi bahlala phansi ngokungafanele - noma bashaye ngezisu zabo, noma bashayise emgodini wegagasi. Kepha lokhu akubakhathazi, bahlala emanzini, futhi nasephusheni abayeki ukugwedla ngezidladla zabo. Ijubane labo lokundiza libucayi - kufika ku-80 km / h.
Bahlala emakoloni emaweni asogwini, abizwa ngokuthi "amakoloni ezinyoni". Imvamisa kulezi zindawo kuhlala kuthule, kwesinye isikhathi kuzwakala umsindo wokukhala, ofana nokuzamula komuntu olele. Futhi uma bethukuthela, bayabubula njengenja. Ngale misindo, ingahlukaniswa nezinye izinyoni.
Ziyazinakekela kakhulu izimpaphe zazo, zisabalalisa njalo imfihlo yendlala ye-coccygeal. Lokhu kusiza ekulondolozeni izimfanelo ezingangeni amanzi zezimpaphe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungaba nzima kubo emanzini aneqhwa. Maphakathi no-Ephreli, lapho iqhwa lincibilika, babuyela "ezweni labo", ogwini lapho bazalelwa khona
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla okuyinhloko izinhlanzi. I-Herring, i-capelin, i-gerbils, noma iyiphi inhlanzi encane ingawela kwizisulu zama-puffin. Zijula emva kwayo, ziyibambe emanzini bese ziyidla lapho, ngaphandle kokuqhamuka. Kwesinye isikhathi kudliwa izimbaza ezincane nezimfanzi. Bangabamba ngisho nenhlanzi enkulu, kepha bayithwala bayiyise phezulu, bayisike ngoqhwaku lwabo olunamandla bese bezitika ngokuthula.
Abazali baphinde babambe izinkukhu ezincane ngenhloso yokuthola amaphuphu. Bacindezela emhlathini ongenhla ngolimi lwabo, babaphushe onqenqemeni olubukhali. Ngasikhathi sinye, zingaletha izinhlanzi ezincane ezifika kwezingama-20 esidlekeni, zizidele zilwe namagagasi.
Ngokuvamile inyoni yasolwandle i-puffin iyakwazi ukubamba izinhlanzi eziningana ngasikhathi sinye ekudonseni okukodwa, izinamathisela ngomlomo wayo. Ubamba izingcezu ezingafika ku-40 ngosuku. Isisindo esiphelele sokudla okudliwe ngosuku singama-200-300 g, cishe isigamu sesisindo senyoni uqobo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Njengoba sebebuyile ebusika, abaqali ngokushesha ukwakha izidleke, kepha isikhathi esithile bayabhukuda ngasogwini, belindele ukuthi umhlaba uncibilike. Futhi kuphela lapho baqala ukwakha. Yize imvamisa bengakhi, kepha hlala ngemigodi yangonyaka odlule, lapho bevele bezala inzalo ngababili abafanayo.
Zonke iziphetho ezifile zizama ukufika kusenesikhathi ukuze zithathe isihlalo esihle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi zithakasele ukuthi kungenzeka zisuke. Kumele babe nokufinyelela okulula kusayithi lokuqalisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikelwa kufanele kunikezwe ekuhlaselweni ngabazingeli bamaqanda, ama-gulls nama-skuas.
Ukwakhiwa komgodi omusha noma ukulungiswa komdala kwenzeka kanje - inyoni eyodwa iyaqapha, eyesibili yenze umsebenzi womhlabathi, bese kuthi eyokuqala ithathe inhlabathi embiwe kuleyo. Kuhlelwe kahle futhi kusebenza kahle. Ngokubambisana bathola futhi baqoqe impahla kusuka otshanini kuye emugqeni.
Yiqiniso, inhlabathi akufanele ibe nzima kakhulu, njenge-peat. Ingani bagubha ngezidladla nangomlomo. Amaphaseji ajwayele ukuba ngohlobo lwama-arcs, angavamile ukuqonde, afike kumamitha ama-3 ubude. Kwesinye isikhathi imigudu eyembiwa yimindeni eyehlukene iyanqumelana.
Njengoba sebakhe umgodi, baqala ukunakekela izimpaphe futhi, baxabane nomakhelwane babo ngezikhathi ezithile. Lezi zinkinga azinalo ulaka, kepha zenzelwe isimo. Isimo senhlalo kubo akuyona inkulumo engenalutho. Kubalulekile ukuthi insimu yomuntu siqu ivikelwe ngokuthembekile. Ezingxabanweni, akekho ohluphekayo, ongatholi monakalo omkhulu, ama-peck ambalwa futhi yilokho kuphela. Ukube nje isiko beligcinwa.
Ama-puffin akha izidleke zemisele
Lezi zinyoni zithandana ngabodwana; zizama ukubuyela emgodini ofanayo futhi ngababili abafanayo iminyaka eminingana. Lapho bethola umbhangqwana - ebusika noma kakade endaweni yokuhlala, kusaziwa. Lapho bethandana, bayahamba, bayashwiba, eduze komunye nomunye, bese kuqala isiko eliyinhloko lothando.
Zigudlana kamnandi ngemilomo yazo enemibala. Isoka liphakela intombi yalo izinhlanzi ezincane, lizama ukuzitholela lona. Ngasikhathi sinye, uqinisekisa ngalokhu ukuthi angaba ngumondli womndeni wakusasa. Imvamisa esidlekeni kuba neqanda elilodwa kuphela elilinganisa u-6 * 4 cm, linesisindo esingu-60-70 g. Limhlophe qwa, amachashazi ansomi aphaphathekile akuvamile ukushibilika egobolondweni.
Bobabili abalingani bayashintshana cishe amasonto ama-5. Amachwane avela, embozwe mnyama phansi, anesisindo esingaba ngu-42 g, kepha masinyane athole isisindo, 10 g ngosuku. Abazali bakwenza konke lokhu, bandizela ukudla kuze kube izikhathi eziyishumi ngosuku. Bobabili abazali banamathele ngokulingana nephuphu.
Zikulungele ukuba nokudla okunomkhawulo ngokwazo, kepha ukondla izinyane ukuze ligcwalise. Ngezinsuku eziyi-10 kuya ku-11, wonke amachwane asendaweni yokuhlala anezimpaphe zawo zokuqala zasebusika. Zindiza esidlekeni zineminyaka engama-5-6 amasonto ngaphansi kwesembozo sasebusuku, lapho kunezilwane ezimbalwa ezizingelayo.
Zivele zimbozwe izimpaphe futhi zindiza kahle. Isikhathi sokuphila sale nyoni ehlekisayo simangalisa nje, ngokusho kwedatha yokuqala, baphila cishe iminyaka engama-30. Namuhla, ukungqubuzana kwe-Atlantic kubhalwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List njengasesimweni esibucayi.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma insiba eyodwa kusuka emaphethelweni afile wento ethile isaba futhi isuke ngokushesha, emva kwakhe lonke ikoloni lizoqondakala emoyeni. Baskena indawo ezungezile isikhashana, bese bebuyela endaweni.
- Ama-puffin anokubukeka okumibalabala kangangokuthi avame ukuvezwa ezitimeleni zokuposa, kumalogo wabashicileli bezincwadi, ezinye iziqhingi zibizwa ngamagama abo, futhi futhi ziyizimpawu ezisemthethweni zezifundazwe zaseCanada iNewfoundland neLabrador.
- Ukuze zisuke, kufanele zikhuphuke eweni bese ziwela lapho. Lapho-ke, sezisemoyeni, zishaya amaphiko azo ngamandla, zithola ukuphakama. Kuyahlekisa ukubukela lezi zinyoni ziklelisa endaweni enjalo.
- Lezi zinyoni ezincane zingenza izindiza ezinkulu ezingami. Ukunqoba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-200-300 kuyinto ejwayelekile kubo.
- Ukwethembeka kwabo bobabili abazali ezinganeni zabo kuyamangaza; ngisho nobaba uhlala enakekela inzalo, uma umama efa ngokungalindelekile.
