AmaMollies noma i-petsilia - uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezi-viviparous (lat. Poecilia), ezifakwe emndenini omkhulu we-petsiliaceae. Igama "mollynesia" lisindile njengesiqalo segama langaphambili elejwayelekile elithi Mollienesia. Emibhalweni yolimi lwesiNgisi, igama lama-mollies lifushaniswe ngokuthi "molly".
Akulona ihaba ukusho ukuthi ama-mollies asendaweni yokuqala ukuthandwa phakathi kwama-novice aquarists, uma kunikezwa ukuthi ama-guppies aziwayo nawo angama-mollies. Abathandi bezinhlanzi abanolwazi oluningi bagcina amaplatias ngenhloso yokuzalanisa.
Incazelo nezici
AmaMollies ayizinhlanzi zezinhlobo zakudala. Ikhanda alidluli ku-20% wobude bomzimba. Umlomo wangaphambili. Amehlo ayindilinga nge-iris emhlophe. Amaphiko amaphakathi ngosayizi, oyindilinga kwabesifazane. Kunezinhlobo ezinesiphetho se-dorsal. Lezi yizikebhe ezihamba ngomkhumbi nezindishi ezibanzi.
I-Dimorphism yezocansi ikhonjiswa ngosayizi. Owesifazane okungenani ukhulu kokukodwa kokuthathu kunowesilisa. Ubude, bunwebeka bube ngamasentimitha ayi-10 Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa bakhanya ngombala. Banesici esisodwa ngaphezulu. Isiphetho sendunu sesikhule saba isitho sokuzala - i-gonopodium. Kusebenza ukudlulisa ama-gametes wesilisa kowesifazane.
Ama-mollies anemibala yemvelo kunzima ukuthola kuma-aquariums. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, umbala wama-mollies iqoqo lamabala athambile wesimo esingajwayelekile. Amabala angaba mpunga, nsundu, mpunga ngokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Abafuyi bakhulise ama-mollies anemibala ngokugqamile nangokuphambene kunezihlobo zabo eziphila mahhala.
Izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-33 ezahlukahlukene kuhlobo lwama-mollies. Kukhona ezinye ezithandwa kakhulu.
- Ama-mollies ase-Amazonia. Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-petsilia enhle. Esimweni samahhala, ihlala emanzini afudumele futhi azolile emifudlana esesigodini sase-Amazon. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithole iqiniso lokuthi ama-Amazonia mollies angazala ngaphandle kowesilisa. Ngokuqondile, ekungabikho kwabesilisa bohlobo lwabo, basebenzisa imikhiqizo yezocansi yabesilisa bolunye uhlobo. Kepha ama-gametes angaphandle avula kuphela amaqanda abesifazane, ngaphandle kokufaka imininingwane yabo yofuzo kuwo. Lokhu kuxazulula inkinga yokulondolozwa kohlobo uma kwenzeka kushoda abesilisa.
- Ama-mollies abanzi. Emithonjeni yesiNgisi ivame ukubizwa nge- "mollie sailboat". Imvelo yayo yemvelo imifula efudumele enemisinga ebuthaka namanzi afudumele aseningizimu ye-United States, enyakatho yeMexico.
- Ama-mollies amancane. Ububanzi bayo bemvelo buhlanganisa ingxenye ebalulekile yezwekazi laseMelika. Ingatholakala emifuleni nasemizimbeni yamanzi emile esuka eTexas iye eVenezuela. Izinhlobo eziningi zombala walezi zinhlobo zavela ngokwemvelo ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala.
- Ama-mollies asolwandle. Igama lesibili lale nhlanzi yi-velifer mollies. Igama nokubukeka kuveza ukudideka okuthile. Uma sikhuluma ngama-mollies ahamba ngomkhumbi, angasho zombili izikebhe ze-veliffer nezikebhe ze-mollies.
- Ama-mollies aseMexico. EMexico naseGuatemala, kunemizimba yamanzi afudumele lapho le nhlanzi ihlala esimweni sayo semvelo. Omunye wabantu watholakala echibini lomhume esifundazweni saseMexico iTobasco. Akugcini nje ukuthi le nhlanzi ichitha impilo yayo yonke ebumnyameni, iyakwazi ukuhlala emanzini agcwele i-hydrogen sulfide. Abantu babizwa ngama "mollies emhumeni".
- Ama-Mollies ka-Endler. Ububanzi bayo bemvelo butholakala eVenezuela esiqhingini saseParia. Lokhu ama-mollies — inhlanzi encane futhi enemibala kakhulu. Imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukuwela nama-guppies. Izinhlamvu ezivelayo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Endler's guppy.
- Guppy. Lolu hlobo lwatholwa yisazi sezinto eziphilayo saseNgilandi uRobert Guppy esiqhingini saseTrinidad. Inhlanzi ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-aquarists kangangoba, isebenza njengenhlobo ezimele engahlobene nohlobo lwama-mollies (platies).
Esikhathini sethu, uhla lwe-guppy lukhule kakhulu. Kuzo zonke izifunda ezishisayo nezishisayo, imidlwane isebenza njengabantu abalwa kakhulu nezibungu zomiyane i-anopheles. Ngakho-ke, ama-guppies angatholakali emifuleni nasemachibini kuphela, kepha nasezinqolobaneni zokufakelwa nasezinhlelweni zokunisela zezolimo.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zemvelo, ama-aquarists angongoti athuthukise amafomu amaningi ahlukile emigqeni yesiphetho nombala womzimba. Izazi zamasiko ziyakukholwa lokho ama-mollies amnyama ifomu lombala elifanele kunazo zonke lezinhlanzi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthandwa kwama-mollies kubuyela emuva ezinhlanzini ezinama-melanistic.
Okubabazeka kakhulu izinhlanzi ezinomsila we-lyre kanye nomsila. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezidumile. Ama-guppies anemisila evame kakhulu kunezinye. Imibala yama-mollies ayinakubalwa. Okusha kuvela njalo: nansi indlela abafuyi bezinhlanzi base-aquarium abaqeqeshiwe abagcina ngayo intshisekelo kulolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi ze-pecilia.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zama-mollies ezenziwe ngokungezona, kukhona ezithandwa kakhulu.
- IMolliesia yiDalmatia. Iphinda umbala wohlobo lwenja olwaziwayo. Ukungafuni okuqukethwe. Ilungele ama-aquariums agcwele izitshalo zasemanzini. Akathandi nje kuphela ukuba phakathi kwabo, kodwa futhi nokuba nesidlwana esinekhasi eliluhlaza.
- AmaMollies amnyama. I-hybrid yakhiqizwa ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule; yanikezwa ama-aquarists ngawo-20s. Enye yamafomu okufakelwa okuqala. Ngokwesimilo nangendlela aziphatha ngayo, wehluke kakhulu kontanga yakhe. Njengabanye ama-mollies e-aquarium uthanda inala yohlaza. Ingaphila emanzini anosawoti kancane. Ama-Aquarists, ngokwazi lesi sici, awasibeki emanzini ahlanzekile kuphela, kepha nasezindaweni zasemanzini zasolwandle. Ngaphambi kokuhlaliswa kabusha, usawoti uyakhuphuka kancane ufike ezingeni elidingekayo emkhunjini onama-mollies.
- I-Platinum Lyrebird. Uyehluka ngombala wezikali. Ngaphezu kwensimbi, i-platinum sheen yomzimba, inomphetho womsila wesimo esikhethekile. I-lobe engenhla iyaqala bese engezansi iphela ngemisebe ende.
- Isikebhe segolide. Leli fomu lama-mollies lihlukaniswa ngombala osawolintshi-wegolide wezikali futhi okubalulekile, cishe ngaphezu kwawo wonke emuva, umphetho ophakeme we-dorsal. Futhi akazibeki ezimeni zokuphila, njengezihlobo zakhe. Amanzi anele ngokwanele, ulwelwe oluningi, nosawoti omncane kuyadingeka.
- Mollies ibhaluni. Noma ama-mollies agcwele umoya. Uthole igama ngenxa yomzimba ongathandeki. Ifinyeziwe futhi yajiyiswa, inika umbono wenhlanzi equmbile, noma ukuthi iyini Ama-mollies akhulelwe... Ngaphezu kwezici zokwakheka, kungamangaza ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Kukhona ukuhluka okubonakalayo, okusawolintshi, okumpunga nokunye.
Ukugcinwa nokunakekelwa
Ukungafuni ama-mollies aquarium ithandwa ngabathandi bezinhlanzi abasekhaya. Isitsha esinosayizi ophansi kakhulu singaba yikhaya lomhlambi omncane wama-mollies. Umthamo wamalitha ayi-100 ungathathwa njengokufanelekile ukuthi ama-mollies aphile futhi athole okuningi ngokuwabuka.
Isifudumezi sifiseleka. Uma izinga lokushisa kwegumbi kulindeleke ukuthi lehle ngaphansi kuka-18-20 ° C, umthombo wokushisa okwengeziwe uyadingeka. Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-14 ° C, inhlanzi iyafa. Ukushisa okuphezulu nakho akufiseleki, kunciphisa impilo yezinhlanzi. Ngokufanelekile, lezi zinhlanzi kukholakala ukuthi ziyakujabulela ukubhukuda emanzini angama-25-degree.
Isisetshenziswa esiyisibopho sanoma iyiphi i-aquarium siyisigaxa se-aeration yokufakelwa, ukugcwaliswa kwamanzi nge-oxygen. Ukugcina ubulukhuni obudingekayo kanye ne-asidi akunzima, ngoba lezi zinhlaka ziphakathi kobubanzi obukhona. I-asidi efanelekile icishe ibe yi-pH 7, ubulukhuni bungaba sebangeni le-dH 10-20.
Ukukhanya okwengeziwe kwe-aquarium kuyadingeka kubo bonke abantu bakhona. Izitshalo zasemanzini zithinteka kakhulu kuwo. AmaMollies enza kahle ngokubambisana ne-hornwort, egeria, pinworm nezinye izakhamizi ezivamile ze-aquarium eluhlaza. Ukuhambisana kweMollies okuhle kakhulu ngemifino.
Izinhlanzi nezitshalo zizizwa zikhululekile eduze komunye nomunye. IMolynesia idla omnivorous, ngakho-ke ingadla iqabunga noma ukukhula egatsheni, kepha ngeke ilulaze izimpande. Izitshalo, hhayi ama-mollies, zilawula ukuthi iyiphi into ozoyibeka ezansi. Imvamisa kuba isihlabathi esigadlile, esigeziwe noma amatshe amancane.
AmaMollies awumboni ku-substrate efuna ukudla. Bangaphakamisa imisundu yegazi noma i-tubifex kusuka phansi, okuthi, njengezinye izinhlobo zokudla okuphilayo, kube ukudla okungcono kakhulu kwama-mollies. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zilungele izinhlobo ezomile zokudla. Izinhlanzi ezingama-Mollies zithanda omnivorous, azikhombisi okunamathiselwe kokudla okuthile, zibambe ngentshiseko iziqu zamaqabunga ezitshalo, kwesinye isikhathi zikha imifino. Bangadla i-caviar yomunye umuntu kanye nenzalo yabo.
Ukuhambisana kwe-Aquarium
AmaMollies esithombeni okuvame ukubanjwa kuzungezwe ezinye izinhlobo, ezihlobene nezingahlobene nezinhlanzi zasemanzini. Inhlanzi ithanda ukuhlala emhlambini omncane. Azinangxabano ngokuphelele. Ububanzi bamapharamitha wamanzi lapho ingahlala khona bubanzi ngokwanele. Ngakho-ke, ama-mollies anezinga eliphakeme lokuphila.
Lapho ufaka inhlanzi ku-aquarium ejwayelekile, udinga ukunaka kakhulu ubunjalo bomakhelwane bayo. Zonke izinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, ezingenalo ulaka, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezi-viviparous, zilungele zona. AmaMollies azozizwa ezolile eduze kwabaphethe izinkemba, ama-cichlids aphakathi nendawo, ama-scalars, i-lalius. Kwezinye izimo, umuntu angabona ukuthambekela kokudla abantu: angadla kalula omunye umuntu kanye nenzalo yakhe.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane akunzima. Insikazi inkulu futhi ayikhanyi kancane, iyindilinga futhi ukuqina okuthile kuzwakala kuyo. Ama-mollies wesilisa mobile, ehlotshiswe ngokugqamile, ekhombisa njalo ingubo yakhe. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zobukhona, ama-mollies angathwala inzalo njalo ngenyanga.
Imisebenzi yabo yokukhwelana ayihlotshaniswa nanoma iyiphi inkathi. Ukwanda kancane kwezinga lokushisa nokwanda kwengxenye yamaprotheni ekudleni kungadudula izinhlanzi ukuthi ziqale ukuzala. Ku-aquarium efudumele, owesifazane uphatha gazinga izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-20. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingaphansi kwama-22 ° C, inqubo yokuthuthuka kombungu ingathatha izinsuku ezingama-40.
Ama-aquarists anolwazi ane-aquarium edala lapho isilwane sivela. Insikazi, ekhombisa zonke izimpawu zokulungela ukubeletha, ibekwa kule ndawo yokuhlala. Ithangi elidala linamanzi afanayo ne-aquarium enkulu. Izitshalo ezinamaqabunga amancane zivame ukufakwa kuwo, lapho izinhlanzi ezisanda kuzalwa zingaphephela khona.
AmaMollies abesifazane abeletha ama-10 kuya ku-100 gazinga. Uma ubuyisela umzali ku-aquarium ejwayelekile ngesikhathi, cishe konke ama-mollies gazinga sisinde. Ukuzondla, lokho kukhishwa othulini olubukhoma kukhishwa ku-aquarium. Lapho isonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili ubudala, izinhlanzi ziqala ukudla ukudla okomile okugayiwe.
Ama-mollies amaningi anokuhlukahluka, ekuzalweni okulandelayo kwenzalo, abesifazane abadingi umhlangano nowesilisa. Ngemuva kwenyanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphambili, insikazi ingashanela inqwaba elandelayo yefry ngaphandle kokuxhumana nendoda. Ubulula benqubo yokubeletha mhlawumbe ngesinye sezizathu zokuthandwa kwama-mollies.
Isidingo sokuphila senza iminyaka yokungena ebudaleni ezinhlanzini incane kakhulu. Ukuvikela ukuzala okungalawulwa, abesilisa nabesifazane abancane bahlaliswe ezitsheni ezahlukahlukene. Njengoba umehluko phakathi kobulili ubaluleke impela, lokhu kungenziwa masonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ubudala.
Iningi lezinhlanzi ze-viviparous, kufaka phakathi ama-mollies, anesici. AmaMollies Fry azalwa ekhule ngokuphelele, akwazi ukuphila ngokuzimela. Kepha basadlula esigabeni samaqanda. Ama-mollies abesifazane ishiya amaqanda esibelethweni sayo. Imibungu ayinakho ukuxhumana okuqondile nomzimba kamama, njengasezilwaneni ezingamaphaphu, zondla ezintweni eziseqanda.
Inqubo yokuqhamuka eqandeni nayo yenziwa emzimbeni wowesifazane, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa inhlanzi entsha. Ngakho-ke, kunembile ukubiza ama-mollies hhayi ama-viviparous, kodwa ama-ovoviviparous. Le ndlela yokuzalwa isindisa impilo yeningi lenzalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlinzeka ngoshintsho olulula lwezizukulwane e-aquarium, olubonwa ngumuntu othanda ukuzilibazisa ngokulangazela.
AmaMollies aphila iminyaka emi-3-5. Indlela yokuzalanisa yenza izinga lokusinda lezinhlobo liphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehluka kwemvelo kanye nejubane lokuthola inzalo kuyisimo esihle sokwenza umsebenzi wokuzalisa. Uma kubhekwa inani lamafomu okhiqizwe ngokufakelwa, abalimi benza kahle.
Umqondo wokukhetha okukhethiwe uqhutshwa ukubuka okulula kwezinhlanzi. Ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kwezine ngemuva kokuzinza emanzini e-guppy, abesilisa abanombala ongajwayelekile wamaphiko we-caudal bangavela. Lokhu kungenzeka noma ngokuzala okungalawuleki kwezinhlanzi.
Ukuze uthole indlela eyiyo, yesayensi yomsebenzi wokuzalisa, abathenga emanzini noma bakhiqiza ama-aquariums amaningana. Ezinkulu - izindawo zokudla - kuzogcinwa isizukulwane esisha sezinhlanzi, abesilisa ngokuhlukile kwabesifazane. Amabhangqa amathathu wabakhiqizi azohlala ezitsheni zomuntu siqu.
Abakhiqizi bashintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngezinhlanzi ezikhethiwe kusuka enzalweni yabo. Ukukhipha ithonya elibi lokuzalana okuhlobene eduze, hlela ukunyakaza kwamadoda nabesifazane ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho nhlanzi evela kubazali abafanayo. Umethuli wokukhetha wethulwa, lapho okuhle kakhulu kukhethwa khona njalo, kepha izihlobo eziseduze aziphambanwanga.
Ukutholakala nokusebenza komsebenzi wokuzalisa ngezinhlanzi kuguqule le nqubo yaba yinto yokuzilibazisa kwabaningi bama-aquarists. ERussia, cishe njalo ngonyaka, umncintiswano wabantwana abasha abasanda kuzalwa ubanjwa. Imikhosi efanayo ibanjwa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu nase-Asia. Izinhlanzi ezihamba phambili zithengiswa endalini. Okuwukuphela kwe- "kodwa": amafomu asanda kutholwa kungenzeka angadluliseli izimfanelo zawo enzalweni.
Intengo
Imakethe yamanje yezinhlanzi ezidayisa izinhlanzi ihlinzeka ngokukhethwa okubanzi kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo zombala zama-mollies noma, njengoba zibizwa ngokufanele kumalebula nakumathegi wamanani, imigomo. Izinhlanzi ezinemibala elula nejwayelekile zithengiswa ngentengo yama-ruble angama-50. Ama-mollies amhlophe, noma "iqhwa leqhwa" selivele libiza kakhulu, lizobiza ama-ruble ayi-100-150. Njll
Imidlwane, abathengisi bayo abangaxubeki nezinye izinhlobo, futhi ithengise njengokuhlukahluka okuzimele, ithatha inani kusuka kuma-ruble angama-90-100. Abafuyi nabathengisi abazimele bacela inani eliphansi kunezitolo. Akwaziwa ukuthi ubani onomkhiqizo ongcono, izinhlanzi zakhe zizophila isikhathi eside.
Intengo yokugcina ithonywa umbala, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezinkulu zibiza kakhulu. Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi abukhombisi kuphela futhi hhayi ngisho neminyaka yobudala njengezimo zokugcina izinhlanzi. Abafuyi bezinhlanzi be-Aquarium babagcina ezimweni eziminyene. Izinhlanzi zinethuba lokukhula zize zibe ngosayizi wokugcina kuphela.
