Kunzima ukukholelwa, kepha ibhere, impungushe ne-raccoon zazinokhokho abavamile - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-30 eyedlule, isilo esinsundu sasinesizotha ngosayizi futhi sashukunyiswa ngokugxuma ezihlahleni. Esikhathini sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuningi okushintshile - izinhlobo zamabhere sezivele ezizinzile emhlabeni wonke futhi zihlukile komunye nomunye.
Enye yezinto ezinkulu futhi eziyingozi kakhulu - i-grizzly, ngaphandle kwesizathu igama lalo lesayensi lihunyushwe lisuselwa kwisiLatini ngokuthi "abanolaka". Yize kubhekiswa kuwo njengamabhere ansundu, abamele lolu hlobo bakhulu kakhulu futhi banolaka kakhulu kunezihlobo zabo eziseduze kakhulu.
Incazelo nezici
Igama layo Ibhere le-Grizzly etholwe ngabahlali abeza emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule emazweni aseNyakatho Melika, ngombala ompunga wejazi. Umzingeli ufana kakhulu nezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu - ibhere elinsundu, kodwa ulidlula ngamandla nangobukhulu.
Isici esihlukile sesilwane esinezinwele ezimhlophe yimihlathi eqinile nezinzipho ezibukhali, ezifinyelela ku-16 cm ubude futhi zikuvumela ukuthi ubulale ngokushesha inyamazane ngenkathi uzingela, kepha akusizi ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni - isisindo sesilwane sikhulu kakhulu.
Yize kunemisipha ethuthukile namandla amakhulu, amabhere anama-grizzly axakile kunamabhere ajwayelekile ansundu, amathambo awo angaphambili nangamakhala abanzi, futhi ngemuva komzimba kufushane, ngakho-ke lapho zihamba, izilwane ziyagwedla, zijika umzimba. Inqina lesilwane licwecwe ngokuphelele - lapho lihamba, lihlala ebusweni bayo bonke, unyawo lufinyelela kuma-35 cm ubude no-18 cm ububanzi, kungabalwa uzipho.
Ibhere le-grizzly libhekwa njengesinye sezilwane ezinonya kakhulu futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Isilwane sihlukaniswa ngosayizi waso omncane wezindlebe nezindlebe ezicashile, okungasivimbeli ekuthatheni imisindo ngokuzwela ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa futhi sibona kahle ngisho nasebumnyameni. Ibhere eli-grizzly linenqubo yomsila, kepha abacwaningi bezinhlobo zalo abakuboni njengomsila ophelele, bewuthatha njengesidina esishiwo okhokho.
Isisindo se-Grizzly isilinganiso singama-500 kg, uma sikhuluma ngomuntu omdala wesilisa, abesifazane bayakhanya kancane - kufika kuma-350 kg, kepha ososayensi bathole ukuthi abantu balezi zinhlobo bangafinyelela isisindo esifinyelela kutani. Ibhere eliphilayo elisinda kakhulu lihlala ngase-Alaska futhi linesisindo esingama-800 kg.
Ukuphakama kwe-grizzly lapho kubuna kungafinyelela kumamitha ama-2, ubude bomzimba ngamamitha ama-4, ukushaywa okunamandla kwesilo esikhulu esinjalo kushiya isisulu saso ithuba lokusindiswa. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu abakhulu kakhulu bahlala emaphethelweni asogwini, abesilisa nabesifazane babo baphakeme kakhulu ebhandeni kunabantu abahlala ekujuleni kwamazwekazi.
Ibhere eli-grizzly liyakwazi ukubulala imfuyo enkulu ngesibhakela esisodwa.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule indawo yokuhlala ye-grizzly kwakukhawulelwe endaweni eyisicaba entshonalanga ye-United States yanamuhla, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusondelana kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu kwaphoqa ibhere ukuthi liye enyakatho likhuphuke izintaba.
Kulezi zinsuku, isibalo esikhulu sabantu balezi zinhlobo sitholakala e-Alaska naseNyakatho Canada, abanye abamele nabo bahlangana ezifundeni zase-Idaho naseWashington, lapho kudalwe khona amaPaki Kazwelonke, lapho kubalwa khona umuntu ngamunye, kanye nenani labantu elibhekiwe kusetshenziswa imishini yakamuva.
Inani lamabhere e-grizzly lenyuke kakhulu muva nje, sikhuluma ngezilwane ezingama-50,000, ezingasindiswa ngenxa yomkhawulo wabazingeli. Ukuze zizigcine, amabhere alolu hlobo akhetha izindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo kubantu abanezithiyo ezinzima: amahlathi aminyene, amadwala anamadwala noma imihosha, ngisho nasogwini lolwandle, okubaluleke kakhulu, izimpilo ze-grizzly lapho ukudla kutholakala khona ngokwanele.
Izindawo ezizithandayo ikakhulukazi - eduze kwemifudlana yezintaba ecebile ngezinhlanzi, ngoba ukubamba kwayo abantu abaningana kuhlangana ngamaqembu. Ngokuyinhloko, ama-grizzlies angabantu bodwa futhi akhetha ukuhlala kude komunye nomunye emihumeni, emigodini yezintaba noma emihumeni eyembelwe lokhu, kepha kukhona nezilwane ezindala ezinamazinyane. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa bayakwazi ukudwengula ngenxa yomzabalazo wensikazi.
Ubukhulu be-Grizzly mvumele angesabi impilo yakhe: ukwesaba namandla amakhulu omzimba abe yisigwebo sesitha. Isilwane sikwazi ukubulala imfuyo emikhulu ngemizuzwana ngokushaywa ngesidladla esidabukile futhi sidwengule isidumbu, ibhere likwazi ukuphatha inyathi yasendle.
Amabhere alezi zinhlobo anobudlelwano obungathathi hlangothi nabantu: kuyaqabukela ehlasela abantu kuqala futhi azame ukufihla esweni lomuntu, kepha abazingeli abahlomile bavame ukufa ngezidladla zama-grizzlies.
Uma isilwane silimele, ulaka lwaso lukhula kaningana futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela kuso: ijubane lomhlaba lifinyelela kuma-60 km / h, amabhere ama-grizzly angabhukudi abahle futhi abhekane nemifula eqinile.
Ibhere le-Grizzly ligijima ngokushesha futhi liyabhukuda kakhulu
Isilwane sithwala ingozi enkulu ngenkathi sidla, kunezimo lapho izivakashi ziletha ukuphatha ibhere futhi wasondela kulo muntu ngokuthula, kepha akazange akubekezelele ukuphazanyiswa lapho kudliwa inyamazane.
Kukholakala ukuthi indlela engcono yokuphunyuka ebhere eline-grizzly, njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwebhere, ukuthi umuntu alingise ukuma kofileyo - umuntu kufanele azigoqe abe yibhola, agobe imilenze amboze ikhanda lakhe ngezandla.
Isikhathi esisebenza kakhulu empilweni ye-grizzly isikhathi sokuzala kwezinhlanzi, lapho isilwane sidla kuze kufike endaweni yokulahla, sigcina amafutha angaphansi. Ngokuqala kwekwindla, ibhere liqala ukufuna indawo elula yokulala ubusika, eqala ngemuva kokuwa kweqhwa lokuqala.
Imvamisa, indawo yokuhlala yasebusika itholakala phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla, ngaphansi kweziqu eziwile noma emigedeni. Kodwa-ke, isilwane singalala ebusika emthonjeni ombiwe, phambilini sasikumboze ngobulembu, izinaliti zespruce notshani obomile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesilisa bahlela okombhede wakudala kunabesifazane, ikakhulukazi uma kungumuntu okhulelwe: indawo yabo yokuhlala ivame ukufudumala futhi ivulekile.
Ukulala ubusika ngobuningi akubonakali njengokulala okuzwakalayo, isilwane siyazwela ekushintsheni kwezimo zezulu: ukuncibilika kuyasiphoqa ukuba sishiye indawo yokukhosela siyofuna ukudla, ebusika obungamakhaza ibhere kungenzeka lingashiyi umgodi kuze kufike izinsuku ezifudumele zentwasahlobo. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi ibhere eli-grizzly lilala kuze kube yingxenye yesikhathi sokuphila kwalo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ngaphandle kokuduma kwesidalwa esinolaka, amabhere anama-grizzly anomnivorous, futhi akhetha ukudla kwezitshalo. Ukuphathwa kwezilwane okuthandwa kakhulu amajikijolo asendle, amantongomane nezimpande ezimnandi. Izitshalo zakha ukudla kwe-grizzly; ngonyaka olambile, izilwane zihlasela ngokuphepha amasimu okusanhlamvu nemidumba, kudla ingxenye enkulu yesivuno.
Ukudla kwamaprotheni kwenziwa ngamaqanda ezinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo; ama-grizzlies awaphikisani nokudla amaphuphu asanda kuchanyuselwa kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Unyawo lweklabhu aluzideleli izinambuzane: lukwazi ukudla izimvemvane noma amabhu afinyelela ku-40,000 ngosuku.
Ibhere eli-grizzly linomuzwa wokuhogela ophindwe kayikhulu kunabantu
Izilwane ezincane nazo ziba yizisulu ze-grizzly: izimbila, ulwelwesi noma amagundane e-vole kuyisithakazelo sayo sokudla. Izilwane ezinkulu - ama-moose noma izinkunzi zasendle zitholakala kaningi kakhulu, ezindaweni ezingasogwini amabhere abamba izingonyama zasolwandle nezimpawu.
Amabhere awakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi abahlambalazi ngomqondo ophelele wegama, kepha awaphikisi ukudla inyama yezilwane ezifile futhi angazinuka amashumi amakhilomitha amaningi, uma unenhlanhla, ungathola ngisho nesidumbu somkhomo esigezwe ogwini.
Ungahlangana nebhere ezindaweni zokulahla udoti lapho kukhona udoti wokudla, lokhu akusebenzi kuphela kudoti oshiywe izivakashi, kepha futhi nasemigqonyeni eseduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu. Imvamisa imfucuza iba yisisulu sabantu abagulayo nabadala, kepha-ke, noma isilwane esibuthakathaka ngeke sidle ezinye izilwane, kungaba ngamabhere noma ezinye izilwane ezidlayo.
Uma umfula ugeleza eduze nendawo okuhlala kuyo i-grizzly, izilwane zizibambela izinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo eziyizintandokazi - i-salmon ne-trout, futhi ibhere liyakwazi ukubamba endizeni ngamazinyo noma ngozipho bese ligwinya ngokushesha. Uma abantu abaningana bamabhere bahlala endaweni eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye, bahlukanisa izindawo zokudoba bodwa futhi bangaphuli imingcele.
Ngenxa yoju, kuthwalela izihlahla zabantu abadala lapho kutholakala khona isifuba, bese kubhidlizwa izindawo zokuhlala izinyosi bese uthola okumnandi. Ibhere le-Grizzly ngenxa yesisindo sabo esiphansi namandla omzimba, bayakwazi ukugibela phezulu kanye nesiqu futhi bakhiphe uju ezidlekeni zezinambuzane ngaphandle kokulimaza isihlahla.
Ukugcwalisa izinqolobane ezinamafutha ebusika, owesilisa osekhulile udinga ukusebenzisa ama-calories afinyelela ku-20 000 nsuku zonke. Umkhuba wendlala ephakeme ukuze uqoqe amafutha, azofudumala esimweni sezulu esibandayo, emabhere kuthiwa ukuphrinta.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
UJuni yisikhathi sokukhwelana kwamabhere anama-grizzly, abesilisa banuka abesifazane besendaweni ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amaningana ngenxa yokukhishwa kwemfihlo ekhethekile evela kokugcina. Abesifazane bayakwazi ukuzala kanye kuphela ngonyaka, ngokujwayelekile, amabhere afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngonyaka we-5 wokuphila, kepha ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane akunakubizwa ngokuthi kuyasebenza.
Ukuphuphuma kwesisu akuvamile phakathi kwabesifazane: uma ukudla kwebhere ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo-ehlobo bekuncane, uzolahlekelwa yinzalo yakhe engakazalwa. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, ukufakelwa kubambezeleka kuze kufike isikhathi sobusika. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amabhere ayizilwane ezizodwa; ngesikhathi esisodwa sokukhwelana, kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala nomlingani oyedwa kuphela.
I-Grizzlies yezocansi ezahlukahlukene isezingeni lezinsuku eziyi-10 kuphela, kulokhu bathola ukudla, ngamunye uzinakekela ngokuzimela, babelana ngendawo yokulala ubusika kuphela. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, izilwane zibuyela endleleni yokuphila yodwa. Owesifazane kuphela owenza umsebenzi wokukhulisa inzalo, kepha owesilisa akahlaseli izingane zakhe, kepha akazivikeli kwabanye abantu.
Amantshontsho ahlala asondelene nonina aze abe neminyaka emibili ubudala, ngalesi sikhathi akaphumi futhi. Ngemuva kokuthi inzalo ishiye umgodi, umama womndeni angachitha omunye unyaka ngaphandle kowesilisa - lesi yisikhathi sokululama komzimba obuthakathaka.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwebhere le-grizzly sisuka ezinsukwini eziyi-180 kuye kwezingama-250, ukubeletha kwenzeka esikhathini sasebusika, ikakhulukazi ngoJanuwari, kanti umama akavuki ebuthongweni. Amawundlu asanda kuzalwa adla ubisi lukamama onamafutha kuze kube yihlobo, bese okokuqala ngqa enambitha ukudla okuqinile futhi adle noju.
Isisindo se-grizzly esanda kuzalwa imvamisa asikho ngaphezu kwama-gramu angama-500, amanye afinyelela kuma-gramu angama-800, ubude bomzimba webhere lebhere elikhulu kunabo bonke abudluli ku-30 cm, bayizimpumputhe futhi abanamazinyo, futhi bakhula izinwele emasontweni angu-4-6 ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ibhere lensikazi lalolu hlobo alinawo amawundlu angaphezu kwama-4, kepha ama-2-3 cubs ajwayelekile.
Imvamisa ukuvela kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-mestizo - abesifazane abakuphikisi ukukhwelana nabesilisa bezinye izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi amabhere ansundu ajwayelekile, ama-grizzlies amancane kakhulu angaba nombala ongajwayelekile, lapho ijazi elikhulu linsundu, futhi indawo ye-sternum nesisu mpunga.
Abaphenyi bahlukanisa i-polar grizzly njengezinhlobo ezikhethekile - ukubonakala kwayo kubangelwa ukukhwelana kwabantu bebhere le-polar kanye ne-grizzly ejwayelekile yaseNyakatho Melika, i-hybrid enjalo iyakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo ezoba nombala ompunga okhanyayo noma amabala amhlophe oboya emzimbeni ompunga onsundu.
Izingane ezingenakho ukuzivikela azihlali ziphila ebudaleni: zingaba yizisulu zezilwane ezinkulu noma abesilisa bohlobo lwazo. Lezi zamuva zikwazi ukubulala amawundlu hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokudla, kodwa futhi nangowesifazane ukuba awavumele angene ngenhloso yokuzalanisa.
Amawundlu amancane ayadlala futhi axhumana kalula nabantu, ikakhulukazi uma eshiywa ngaphandle komama. AmaGrizzlies akhula eduze kwabantu abe abangane nabavikeli abahle kakhulu, aqeqeshwe kahle futhi ahlakaniphe kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, uma bengadedelwa ngesikhathi endaweni ejwayelekile yalezi zinhlobo, lapho sebekhule ngokwengeziwe ngeke bakwazi ukuphila endle. Kunezithombe eziningi emaqoqweni ama-zoo nezinkulisa, lapho grizzly esithombeni eduze kwabantu abazithambisile, kuyilapho izidumbu zide kakhulu kunendoda endala.
Isilwane sifinyelela usayizi waso omdala ngeminyaka engu-5-6 ukusuka ekuzalweni, kepha ukukhula nokuthuthuka komzimba kuyaqhubeka eminye iminyaka eyi-8-10, lesi yisikhathi esisebenza kakhulu empilweni yezilwane, ngalesi sikhathi zifinyelela inani eliphakeme lamandla abo omzimba futhi zibeka ingozi ngisho nakubamele abanolwazi bezinhlobo zazo ...
AmaGrizzlies ahlala endle kusukela eminyakeni engama-22 kuya kwengama-26 ubudala, kukhona nabaneminyaka eyikhulu abaneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, irekhodi lingelebhere laseColorado, ebelihlala iminyaka engama-39. Abesifazane, abafinyelela ebusheni ekuqaleni, banokuphila okude kancane - umehluko yiminyaka engu-3-4.
Abesilisa bavame ukufa phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelwa empini yowesifazane, futhi ukuzingela abesifazane kuvame kakhulu kunomkhawulo kunokudubula abesilisa. Ezimweni zama-zoo, ama-grizzlies angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-45, kepha alahlekelwa ngamakhono abazingeli nabadobi, anganyakazi futhi ahluleke ukuzivikela.
Ukuqiniswa kwezimo zemvelo lapho izimpilo ezesabekayo zaholela ku-1957 isidingo sokuthatha isilwane ngaphansi kwesivikelo, futhi bona ngokwabo baphoqeleka ukuthi bahlale eduze kwabantu, ukuhlasela imfuyo, ngenkathi ngesikhathi senkathi efudumele, owesilisa angabulala izinhlobo zezinkomo ezifika ku-700. imfuyo.
Ukudubula amabhere alolu hlobo kuvunyelwe kuphela ezimweni lapho ubungozi bokubulala umuntu buphakeme khona: noma ngabe isilwane singena emapulazini, ukubulawa kwaso kujeziswa ngenhlawulo enkulu.
Phakathi kwabantu bomdabu baseNyakatho Melika, ukulwa nama-grizzies aqeqeshiwe kubhekwa njengokuzijabulisa okwedlulele kakhulu; ukunqoba isilo kuletha udumo nemivuzo emihle yezinto ezibonakalayo. Phakathi kwamaNdiya ekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukulwa ne-grizzly encane kwaba yinto edingekayo yokuthwasa ekubeni yinsizwa ebudaleni.
Amabhere we-Grizzly akwazi ukuzwana nabantu uma engazizwa enolaka kubantu futhi engakudingi ngokuphuthumayo ukudla. Ukondla isilwane akuwona umqondo omuhle, uma singathandi ukwelashwa, singahlasela, futhi nomzingeli ohlomile akanalo ithuba lokusinda ngokuhlaselwa okuqondile kusuka esilwaneni esikhulu.
