Ukushiwo kwethole ezinganekwaneni zaseYurophu kwakuvame ukuba kubi. Lesi sithombe sinikezwe imikhuba emibi yabantu, yenziwa uphawu lobubi, kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa izakhiwo zemilingo. Toadngokuphambene nalokho, esinye sezidalwa eziphelele kakhulu, siletha inzuzo enkulu, akuyona into eyenzeka ngengozi, ochwepheshe bayazala izilwane ezinhlelweni zensimu, kanti abanye ochwepheshe bahlala emakhaya.
Incazelo nezici
Ukubukeka kwamasele kuhluka kakhulu, ngoba kunezinhlobo ezingaba amakhulu amathathu zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini. Kodwa kukhona izici ezivamile isici zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini - ikhanda elikhulu, imilenze iDemo ibekwe ezinhlangothini, ifomu sicindezelwe somzimba esindayo.
Ubude bomzimba weselesele buyahlukahluka kubantu abancane abama-20 mm kuya kuma-giants emndenini wabo we-270 mm. Isisindo, ngokulandelana, sisuka kumagremu angama-50 siye kukhilogremu elilodwa. Abesifazane baphakeme ngosayizi kunabesilisa, ngaphandle kohlobo lwazo.
Uyakwazi ukubona owesilisa ngamaqhubu amancane asemilenzeni yangaphambili, abizwa ngokuthi ama-nuptial calluses. Umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqagela kwesikhumba ukubamba insikazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ulimi lwama-amphibian lincane futhi lude. Umhlathi ongenhla ngaphandle kwamazinyo. Insiza yokuzwa ithuthukiswe kahle. Isici sabesilisa base-amphibian ukuba khona kwe-ovary evamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezimweni ezithile, ukwehluka kwamasele kubonakala lapho owesilisa engaphenduka abe ngowesifazane.
Umbala wezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini unemibala engabonakali, ebavumela ukuba bahlangane nendawo ezungezile. Amathoni wesikhumba aluhlaza, ansundu, amnyama, angcolile aluhlaza anephethini lamachashaza wejometri ehlukile abonisa ingubo yezikhumba. Okuhlukile yilabo abahlala emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo, umbala wawo ohla olukhanyayo ubonakala uxwayisa ngobuthi besimo sabantu base-amphibian.
I-amphibian ayinazimbambo. Isikhumba esihlukile esinezinsumpa ezivelele ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, somile lapho uthinta. Izigaxa zeParotid ezikhona ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinto zibizwa ngama-parotids. Ngosizo lwabo, amasele akhipha imfihlo ekhethekile evikela isikhumba ekomeni.
Isici sesibili silele kumshini wokuvikela - amafinyila afihliwe ezinhlotsheni eziningi anobuthi, ukwakheka kuqukethe ushevu we-alkaloid. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi iselesele ilungele ngale ndlela ukuvikela ezitheni.
I-mucus inokunambitheka okuvuthayo nomphumela we-emetic. Izilwane ezilume i-amphibian zinobuthi. Kubantu, uketshezi lwezicabha luphephile, kepha ukuthintana kwemfihlo nolwelwesi lwamafinyila kungadala ukuvuvukala.
Mhlawumbe lesi sici saba yisisekelo senganekwane mayelana nokuvela kwezinsumpa ngemuva kokuthinta iselesele. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi lukhombisile ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-amphibians nama-warts. Wonke amasele ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ze-aha, izinhlobo ezishisayo, aphephile.
Njengesivikelo, ama-amphibians afaka imizimba yawo phambi kwesitha, aphakame ngemilenze yawo, akhule ngosayizi. Ukuma okusongelayo kwenza kube nzima ukubamba. Kwesinye isikhathi ize igxume ibheke esitheni.
Ama Toads atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Azikho izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini kuphela e-Arctic, Antarctic, Greenland. E-Australia, lapho kwakungekho khona izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini phambilini, inani lezinyoni ezinobuthi obedlula zonke, i-aga, lenziwa ngendlela yokuzenzela.
Izitha zemvelo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini yizinyoni ezidla inyama, ezihuquzelayo nabanye abahlala ehlathini. Amaseles awanakumelana nezitha eziningi - onogolantethe, izindwandwe, ama-ibise, ama-hedgehogs, izinyoka. Ukuzala okuphezulu kubasindisa ekuqothulweni.
Ukuluthwa ukudla kwezinambuzane zazo zonke izinhlobo kuvumela amaswidi ukuthi asetshenziselwe "ukuvikela" izitshalo ezinambuzane ezicasulayo. Kwamanye amazwe, bazibandakanya ngokukhethekile ekuzaleni izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ngalezi zinhloso. Isigaxa sasendle, uthuthelwe ekotishi lasehlobo, lapho kukhona okuphakelayo okungapheli, kugxila endaweni eyodwa, kusebenza "njengomqaphi" wendawo wesitshalo.
Izinhlobo
Ziningi izinhlobo zamasele izinze yonke indawo. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezinhlobo zasemanzini zihlala e-Eurasia. Izinhlobo eziyisithupha zamasele zingatholakala eRussia.
Inzwane ejwayelekile (mpunga). I-amphibian enkulu, ubude bomzimba obufinyelela ku-13 cm, busakazekile, baziwa ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo. Umbala unombala onsundu ngokumpunga ngaphezulu, ngokuhlukahluka kwamabala amnyama. Ngezansi kunamabala aphuzi, imvamisa anephethini elimnyama elimabile. Amehlo anabafundi abavundlile awolintshi ogqamile.
Isigaxa sitholakala emahlathini azo zonke izinhlobo, izindawo ezinamathafa, zihlala ezindaweni ezomile endaweni ephakemeyo engafinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000. Kuvame ukuvela emasimini asanda kulinywa, emapaki, ezigodini zensimu. Umakhelwane nomuntu awulwesabisi udaka, kubeka izakhiwo ezindala njengezindawo zokukhosela. Ngaphezu Russia, ezejwayelekile iselesele liyaphila eYurophu, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika.
Isigaxa esiluhlaza. Umbala wokuzifihla ubonakala udalwe ngumculi - izindawo ezinkulu zomnqumo ezimnyama ezinomugqa omnyama emngceleni zisakazeke ngemuva okuyimpunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amachashazi amancane abomvu asakazeke emzimbeni onamaqhuqhuva. Ubude bomzimba bungu-5-8 cm.
Ngenxa yemilenze yangemuva engathuthukisiwe, i-amphibian kuyaqabukela igxume, imvamisa ihamba ngokuhamba kancane. Ukuhlala, ukhetha izindawo ezivulekile zamasimu, izimfunda, izikhukhula zemifula. Kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme kuze kufike kumamitha angama-4500. Ubuncane bokuhlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene bukhombisa ukuthambekela okuphansi kuzici ezimbi zemvelo.
Isigaxa saseMpumalanga Ekude. ERussia, i-amphibian ihlala eSakhalin, eTransbaikalia. Ngokungafani nezihlobo eziningi, ihlala kuma-biotopes anomswakama ophakeme - emadlelweni agcwele izikhukhula, amathafa emifula. Ama-tubercles amakhulu ngemuva anezinsipho ezincane.
Imivimbo emithathu emide ebanzi yobude ihlobisa ingubo yesikhumba; ekugcineni bahlukana babe amabala amakhulu ahlukene. Isisu sinombala ophuzi-ophuzi namabala amancane. Ubude bomzimba bungu-6-10 cm.
Isigaxa saseCaucasus (Colchis). Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlala eRussia, i-amphibian enkulu kunazo zonke ingamamitha ayi-15 ubude.Itholakala kuphela ezifundeni ze-Western Caucasus. Uncamela ukuhlala emahlathini asezintabeni, emagqumeni.
Umbala wengxenye engenhla uvela kokumpunga kuya kokusundu okumnyama, amabala awakhonjiswa kahle. Isisu asikhanyi kakhulu. Inani labantu lithinteka kakhulu ngokulondolozwa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukusabalala kwesitha esiyinhloko - i-raccoon-ezimthende.
Inzwane yomhlanga (iyanuka). Umbala uyehluka ebangeni elimpunga ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Umugqa ophuzi ugijima ngemuva. Iqukethe i-resonator ethuthukisiwe yomphimbo. Azikho izihlakala kuma-tubercles. Usayizi mkhulu impela - kufika ku-8-9 cm.Itholakala kaningi emabhange amadamu, izindawo eziphansi ezinamanzi, ezindaweni ezinamahlathi amanzi ezihlahla.
Umswani waseMongolia. Isikhumba sabantu besifazane asinayo ameva; abesilisa bahlome ngeziqu ezinameva. Umbala uyamangalisa - amabala ombala onsundu ocebile weJiyomethri ahlukene atholakala kusizinda esimpunga-beige somzimba ongaphezulu. Umugqa okhanyayo ugijima ngengxenye ephakathi. Amasele aseMongolia ahlala ogwini lweLake Baikal, eBuryatia. Ngaphandle kweRussia, itholakala eChina, eMongolia, eKorea, emagqumeni eTibet.
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinyoni kunezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni eseziseduze zokuqothulwa. Ngezinye izikhathi ungabona abamele ama-amphibians angavamile ezindaweni ezihlukene zezindawo noma emaphoyiseni.
Kihansi umcibisheli umcibisholo. Indawo yethole elincane kunazo zonke laliseduze noMfula iKihansi eTanzania. Ukwakhiwa kwedamu kuqede indawo yemvelo yezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini. Ukongiwa kwalezi zinhlobo kusekelwa kuphela ezindaweni zezilwane. Toad esithombeni isiteleka esincane - ubukhulu abudluli kuhlamvu lwemali lwama-ruble ama-5. Umbala uphuzi, umthunzi welanga.
Isigaxa esinekhanda likaphayini. Izinhlobo zilondolozwa eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States kuphela. Isici sesici, esiboniswa egameni, ukuba khona kokuvuvukala okukhulu ngemuva kwamehlo e-amphibian. Abantu bafinyelela ku-11 cm ubude, umbala uyahluka kusuka kumathoni ansundu, aluhlaza kuye kwempunga nophuzi. Izinsumpa imvamisa umthunzi owodwa umnyama ukwedlula isizinda esikhulu. Leli qhugwane lizinza ematsheni esihlabathi, ezindaweni eziwugwadule.
Ikhanda lekhilikithi. Ihluka ngosayizi onesizotha, ubude bomzimba bungu-3-3.5 cm kuphela. Esikhunjeni samatubleles aluhlaza ansundu namnyama. Isisu sinokhilimu. Izinhlobo zilondolozwa eMexico.
Isigaxa sikaBlomberg. Ubude bomuntu omdala bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-25. Uhlobo olungajwayelekile olusengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Izinombolo ezincane zitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseColombia.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Toad - amphibian isidalwa esihlala ikakhulu emhlabathini - kusuka ogwini olunamanzi kuya ezingwadule ezomile. Imizimba yamanzi iheha iningi lama-amphibian ngesikhathi sokuzalisa ukubeka amaqanda. Ezinye izinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, i-Anzonia, zi-semi-aquatic, futhi kukhona izinzwane zezihlahla ezihlala ezihlahleni.
Zikhetha ukuhlala zodwa, ziqoqana ngamaqembu zinenqwaba yokudla, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Umsebenzi wama-amphibians ubonakala ebusuku, emini, amasele acasha ezindaweni ezifihlekile - phakathi kwamatshe, imingxuma yezilwane, izindawo zobumba eziphakathi kwezimpande zezitshalo.
Esimweni sezulu esinamafu, amasele angatholakala emini. Ukusondelana nomuntu akubakhathazi, bangangena ezakhiweni, ezindlini ezingaphansi. Ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe ugesi ebusuku, amasele ayahlangana ukuzingela - ukubamba izinambuzane.
Ubusika iselesele lasendle ichitha ebusika, lapho ingena khona lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, i-6-8 ° C. Ubude besikhathi cishe izinsuku eziyi-150. Izindawo eziyimfihlo zeqhude zihlukile, kuya ngezimo zezulu - ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile, imigodi ejulile, i-voids, imifantu emadwaleni, izakhiwo ezilahliwe. Zilala zodwa noma ngamaqembu. Ukuvuka kwenzeka lapho umoya ufudumala kuze kufike ku-8-10 ° C, amanzi ayi-3-5 ° C.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isigaxa siyazingela futhi sidle phansi. Iningi lokudla liqukethe izinambuzane, izilwane zomhlaba - izibungu, izicabucabu, izibungu, ama-millipedes, ama-slugs. AmaMolluscs, inhlanzi ethosiwe, amagundane amancane, izibankwa zengeza okuhlukahlukene ekudleni.
Izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene zasengadini, kufaka phakathi amabhungane amazambane aseColorado, yizinto zokuzingelwa ngamazwane. Ama-Amphibians asabela ekuhambeni kwezisulu, ukuhlaselwa okuqamekele. Kubalimi kanye nabalimi, amasele aba ngabasizi abahle kakhulu, ukuvikelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezitshalweni.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Izindlela zokuzalela amasele ezinhlobo ezahlukene ziyehluka. Ukukhulelwa kwangaphandle kutholakala kuningi lama-amphibian. Abesilisa bakhiqiza kabusha imisindo yokubiza ngosizo lwe-resonator ekhethekile. Amasaka wezwi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene atholakala ngemuva kwezindlebe noma emphinjeni wama-amphibians. Abesifazane bavela lapho kubizwa abesilisa eduze kwamachibi okugcina amanzi. Ama-Amphibians azala emanzini amile noma ahambayo.
Ukugona kwabesilisa akukhethi ukuthi ngaphandle kwabesifazane kwesinye isikhathi babamba ama-chips nenhlanzi. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, insikazi izalela izinkulungwane zamaqanda, kusuka kumaqanda ayi-1,500 kuye kwangama-7,000, axhunywe ezintanjeni ezinde zomkhaba. Ziluka izitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, zisakazeke phansi echibini. Izintambo ubude zingamamitha ayi-8-10. Ngemuva kokuzala okuzalisiwe, amasele abuyela ogwini.
Ukukhula kombungu kuhlala izinsuku ezifika kwezingu-5 kuye kwezingama-20, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube izinyanga ezi-2, kuya ngamazinga okushisa edamu. Bese kuvela izibungu, ukukhula kwazo kuhlala cishe inyanga nengxenye. Ngaphandle, zibukeka njengezinhlanzi ezithosiwe, ngoba azinazo izitho zomzimba.
Isibungu ngasinye siphenduka kancane kancane sibe ngonochwane, osayizi ofinyelela kuma-40% we-amphibian endala. Ngemuva kwalokho usemncane iselesele elingenamsila. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwe-metamorphosis, ama-juveniles ashiya idamu futhi aphumela ezweni. Ukuhamba kwamasele ogwini kwenzeka imini nobusuku, ngakho-ke kungabonakala kulesi sigaba sempilo. Ama-Amphibians avuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-2-4.
EYurophu, kunezinhlobo zamasele lapho owesilisa enesibopho sokunakekela inzalo. Inhloso yalo ukuhlala emgodini onamaribhoni amaqanda ezidladleni zawo okwesikhashana, kuze kube yilapho onoshobishobi bachanyuselwa. E-Afrika, kunoswidi ongavamile we-viviparous othwala inzalo cishe izinyanga eziyi-9.
Ukugcina iselesele ekhaya
Izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezingenasizotha seziyinto ethandwa kakhulu ngokugcinwa kwekhaya ezindaweni ezihlala abantu abaningi. Ama-aquariums avundlile anama-amphibian abekwa ezindaweni ezinemithunzi kude nemisindo ephezulu. Ubumba olunwetshiwe, amatshe asetshenziswa njengomhlabathi, kufakwa indawo yokukhosela, ichibi elincane elivela esitsheni esinamanzi.
Ukudla kwamathanga kuhlale kukuhle kakhulu. Ekuthunjweni, ama-slugs, amaphela, amakhilikithi, nokudla okukhethekile okuvela esitolo sezilwane ngokuvamile kuba ukudla kwabo. Kubakhileyo be-terrarium, into yokuhamba kwezilwane ibalulekile, ngakho-ke, amasele amakhulu akhetha amagundane, amagundane, amatshwele, amaxoxo. Ama-Amphibians abanjwa ngolimi olunamathelayo, nezinto ezinkulu ngemihlathi yazo.
Ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo zithanjiswa kakhulu kangangokuba zithatha ukudla ezandleni zomnikazi. Toad ekhaya ngokuqukethwe okulungile, ihlala isikhathi eside, ijabulisa abanikazi amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ngokuya ngohlobo, iminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengu-30 akuyona umkhawulo wama-amphibians. Obephethe amarekhodi phakathi kweminyaka eyikhulu bekuyiphuphu elineminyaka engama-40 ubudala.
Ihluke kanjani iselesele kunexoxo?
Ukufana kwangaphandle, izici ezijwayelekile zezidalwa ezinegazi elibandayo yizizathu zokuthi kungani amaxoxo namasele kudidekile. Umehluko phakathi kwabo uyabonakala ekwakhiweni komzimba, imikhuba, indawo yokuhlala. Ikhono lokuzala lamaxoxo liphakeme kakhulu.
Amaxoxo, ngokungafani namasele, izidalwa ezigxumayo, angabhukuda kahle. Imilenze emifushane yamasondo ayibavumeli ukuthi bakhule ngejubane, ngakho-ke bangabahamba ngezinyawo abathulile. Isikhumba samaxoxo sibushelelezi, asinama-tubercles, ajwayelekile ezinsweni.
Akudingi umswakama, ngokungafani nendawo eyomile ne-keratinized yomzimba wamasele. Amaxoxo angabonakala njalo echibini, amasele angabahlali basemhlabeni. Kwabaningi, amaxoxo namasele awathandwa. Kepha ukutadisha kwabantu babo kuveza izici eziningi ezinhle zokugcina isimo semvelo esijwayelekile.
