Umzingeli omncane wesigaba semammalia. UMarten kungokomndeni weasel, okubandakanya ama-oda ezilwane angaphezu kwama-50 (i-sable, mink, weasel nabanye). Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60 eyedlule, ngesikhathi se-Paliocene ne-Epocene, izidalwa ezindala zamamayididi zazihlala. Kwakungabantu abancane abanomsila omude namazinyo abukhali. Ososayensi babo ababheka okhokho okungenzeka kakhulu be-marten.
Incazelo
Ilungu elikhanya futhi livame kakhulu kuhlobo lwe-marten uphayini marten... Umzimba wayo oqinile unesimo se-oblong esinamacala aminyene, ubude obumaphakathi bungu-40-58 cm.Uboya bukhulu futhi buthambile, bunsundu ngombala, akuvamile ukuthi kube nomthunzi okhanyayo we-chestnut. Ijazi ezinhlangothini lilula kunasemhlane nasesiswini. Umsila mude, umbala omnyama. Ubude bayo bungu-18-28 cm.Ukuphakama kwe-marten ekubuneni kungu-15-18 cm.
Izinyawo ziwugqinsi futhi zimfushane, ngayinye inezinzwani ezi-5 ezihlukene ezinamazipho aqinile, abukhali agobile. Intamo ifinyeziwe, kepha iyahamba kakhulu. Esifubeni kukhona indawo ebonakalayo yombala ophuzi okhanyayo (kwabanye abantu i-orange ekhanyayo). Ngenxa yalokhu, i-marten yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-yellow-cuckoo. Ikhanda lincane nekhala elimnyama elimnyama. Amehlo amnyama futhi ayindilinga, asethwe asondele ekhaleni. Ebusuku, zikhanya ngombala obomvu.
Izindlebe ziyindilinga futhi ziphume zibheke phezulu. Umugqa okhanyayo ugijima emaphethelweni abo angaphakathi, njengomphetho. Umlomo mncane kepha ujule ngamazinyo amancane amise okonxantathu. Kunama-canine amakhulu ezinhlangothini zemihlathi engenhla nengezansi. Ezinhlangothini zombili eduze kwekhala kukhona amadevu amancane, aqinile. Isisindo esimaphakathi se-marten singu-1.3-2.5 kg.
Izici:
I-marten iyisilwane esidlayo nesinobuchule. Naphezu kwemilenze yayo emifushane, iyakwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu ngokugxuma okukhulu (okungafika kumamitha amane ubude), ishiya imikhondo yemilenze yayo yangemuva ezimakethe zezingalo zangaphambili.
Ngobulula obufanayo, isilwane sihamba siye endaweni ephakeme, sifaka uzipho saso emagxolweni esihlahla. Kulokhu, izinyawo zivame ukuphendukela ezinhlangothini ngama-degree ayi-180. Izinzipho zikaMarten zingafihlwa phakathi bese uzidedela ngesikhathi sokuzingela noma sengozi.
Umsila awuhlobisi kuphela isilwane, kodwa futhi uyithuluzi elibalulekile. Isiza umzimba ukugcina ibhalansi esimweni esiqondile, ngesibindi uhambisane namagatsha amancane bese weqa usuka kwesinye isihlahla uye kwesinye. Ngenxa yomsila, i-marten ingawa ngobumnene ukusuka ekuphakameni okukhulu ngaphandle kokuzilimaza.
Esiswini, eduze komsila, kunendlala ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi indlala eyindunu. Ifihla uketshezi olukhethekile - imfihlo. Abesifazane banezindlala ezimbili ezincelisayo. Amathe wezidladla ze-marten awanalutho ehlobo, futhi ekwindla sekwephuzile aqala ukugcwala ngoboya, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane sihamba kalula eqhweni ngaphandle kokuwela emithonjeni yeqhwa. Ijazi libuye lehluke ngesizini - ebusika uboya bude futhi buyisilika, bunengubo yangaphansi ekhanyayo. Futhi ezinyangeni zasehlobo, iyancipha, iba mfushane futhi ibe namandla.
I-marten inomuzwa omuhle wephunga, ukuzwa okuhle kakhulu, ihamba ngokukhululeka ebumnyameni. Unamakhono ezithuthukisa kahle emilenzeni. Lesi silwane siyakwazi ukubhukuda, kodwa sizama ukugwema amanzi, sikhetha ukuba sendaweni ephakeme noma sihambe phansi. Abesilisa bayasebenza kakhulu futhi bahlala njalo bakhulu kunabesifazane.
Lezi zidliwayo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene - ukukhonkotha okusabisayo noma ukukhonkotha okungazelelwe, njengezinja, noma ukuklabalasa nokuhhewula, njengamakati. UMarten esithombeni ibukeka njengesidalwa esihle, esingenakuzivikela, kepha lokhu kungumbono okhohlisayo - uyisidalwa esikhohlisayo futhi uyakwazi ukuzimela. Kubulala inyamazane ngokuluma okujulile ngemuva kwekhanda.
Izinhlobo
Uhlobo lwe-marten luqukethe izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ngakunye okunezici zayo. Okuvame kakhulu yizinhlobo ezilandelayo.
- Itshe lemarten (intombazane emhlophe). Uboya bakhe bufushane, bumpunga ngombala. Kukhona indawo emhlophe entanyeni enwebeka ezinyaweni zangaphambili nakuma-bifurcates, futhi kunabantu abangenayo ibhibhi nhlobo, mpunga nje. Iyafana ngosayizi ophuzi, kepha isisindo esinzima. Impumulo yakhe ilula, isikhumba esiphakathi kwezindlebe sincane kunasemzimbeni. Izinyawo azimboziwe ngoboya.
Ungowesibindi phakathi kwabafowabo, uhlela izidleke eduze kwamakhaya abantu, futhi uzingela izilwane ezifuywayo. Akathandi ukugxuma ezihlahleni; ngokuzingela ukhetha izindawo ezivulekile zamathafa ezihlahleni namahlathi.
Uyakwazi ukuhlala ezintabeni, ekuphakameni okungaphezulu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezine, kanye nasezindaweni ezinamadwala ezinamahlamvu amancane, yingakho athola igama elinjalo. Uboya bale marten abubalulekile kangako kunezinye izinhlobo.
- Kharza noma Ussuri marten. Omunye wabamele abakhulu bohlobo. Ifinyelela kubude obufinyelela ku-80-90 cm futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-5.5 kg. Umbala awujwayeleki - ikhanda, ukuphela kwangemuva, imilenze yangemuva nomsila kumnyama noma kumnyama, futhi umzimba uhlukile.
Iphalethi lomzimba lihluke kakhulu: obomvu ogqamile, ophuzi, isihlabathi esiphaphathekile noma ngemivimbo enemibala ehlukahlukene. Umhlathi ongezansi umhlophe. Uboya abude, bunengubo yangaphansi ejiyile. Le marten ingahlala endaweni eyodwa ezimweni ezingavamile, ayikutholi ukuphazamiseka, ifudukela ezindaweni ezinkulu.
- I-American marten. Isakhiwo somzimba sijwayelekile kuma-martens, kepha sincane ngosayizi kunozakwabo. Umzimba wesilisa ungama-35-45 cm ubude futhi awunesisindo esingeqile ku-1.5-1.7 kg. Abesifazane bakhula bafike kuma-40 cm futhi banesisindo esingaba ngu-1 kg. Umbala wesikhumba unombala onsundu noma okhanyayo, futhi umsila, izidladla namakhala kumnyama ngombala.
Kwabanye abantu, kunemivimbo emi-2 emnyama eduze kwamehlo. Uboya bude futhi buthambile, umsila untofontofo. AmaMartens alezi zinhlobo aqaphele kakhulu futhi anamahloni, aphuma ekucasheni kuphela ebusuku.
- UNilgir kharza. Ummeleli ongajwayelekile wohlobo lwayo. Ubukhulu balesi silwane bungaphezu kwesilinganiso, ubude bomzimba bungu-60-70 cm, isisindo singaphezu kuka-2.5 kg. Ayikwazi ukudideka namanye ama-martens ngenxa yombala wayo oyingqayizivele. Umzimba wonke ubunsundu ngokumnyama, nendawo ewolintshi egqamile iyachachamba esifubeni, esibhinca eduze kwezidladla zangaphambili. Impumulo ibomvana, ithambo langaphambili kugebhezi ligobile ngokubonakalayo.
- Ilka noma angler marten. Ngosayizi ingancintisana ne-harza, ikhule ngobude obufinyelela kuma-90 cm futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-5.5 kg. Uboya bude futhi bukhulu, kodwa bunzima. Uma ukude le marten ibukeka imnyama, ukusondela kuphela kuyenzeka ubone ukuthi ikhanda nentamo zilula ukwedlula umzimba, futhi izinwele zinsundu. Ezinye izilwane zinendawo emhlophe esifubeni nge-tinge empunga. Izidladla zijiyile kunalezo zamanye ama-marten, akuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokuzethemba eqhweni elijulile.
Kukhona nesilwane okuthiwa i-kidas (noma i-kidus) - lena ingxube yemvelo yesable ne-marten. Wamukela ukubukeka nemikhuba yakhe kubo bobabili abazali. Abesilisa bakwaKidasa bayinyumba, ngakho-ke abakwazi ukuzala.
Indlela Yokuphila
Isilwane seMarten nginesizungu. Akakhi imindeni, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana ukukhulelwa inzalo kuphela, sonke isikhathi abasiphilayo nokuzingela ngokwehlukana. Okuhlukile yi-Ussuri martens, ekwaziyo ukushayela umdlalo emhlambini wamalungu angu-4-5.
Umuntu ngamunye unensimu yakhe enendawo engama-5-30 km, futhi imingcele ibhalwe umchamo nezimfihlo ezivela endleni yangasese. Izindawo zokuhlala zabesilisa zihlala zikhulu kakhulu kunezabesifazane futhi zingahlangana nezindawo zabesifazane.
Umzingeli angahlala emagcekeni awo iminyaka, kepha akanalo ikhaya laphakade. Ekuphumuleni ukhetha izindawo ezi-5-6, azimakayo futhi azishintshe njalo. Noma iyiphi indawo yokukhosela ifanelekile njengendawo yokukhosela, mhlawumbe endaweni ephakeme:
- umgodi noma umgodi ongaphezu kwamamitha amabili ukusuka emhlabathini;
- imbobo yengwejeje;
- izidleke zezinyoni;
- imihosha ejulile phakathi kwamatshe.
Imvamisa banobungane komunye nomunye. Abesilisa bangalwela insikazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana noma insimu, kokunye ubudlova abuveli. IMartens ihola impilo yasebusuku - izingela futhi idlale ngezikhathi ezimnyama, futhi ilale emini. Yi-Nilgirskaya kharza kuphela esebenzayo ngesikhathi sasemini, kuyilapho i-ilka ithola ukudla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku.
Bangashiya indawo yabo uma kwenzeka bejaha izingwejeje, ngenkathi bezama ukungangeni phansi ngokungadingekile, kepha ukuxosha inyamazane, begxume emagatsheni. Lezi zilwane ziyaqaphela futhi ziyabagwema abantu.
Kuphela ama-marten amatshe azulazula ngaphandle kokwesaba eduze nokuhlala kwabantu futhi ahlasele ezibayeni ezinezilwane ezifuywayo. I-marten ihamba njalo ifuna ukudla, futhi ebusika kuphela lapho ilele endaweni yokukhosela isikhashana bese idla ukudla obekuvunwe phambilini.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokusabalalisa ibanzi kakhulu. UMarten uyaphila cishe kuwo wonke amahlathi kanye nezintaba ezinezimila eziminyene, lapho isimo sezulu siphakathi nendawo noma sibanda. Imvelo oyithandayo ibanzi, inezindawo ezihlanganayo nezixubene nezihlahla ezingapheli namaphethelo ashiyiwe. Izilwane zixazululwa ngokwezici zazo:
- i-pine marten ikhetha uphayini, ama-coniferous kanye namahlathi ahlanganisiwe aseYurophu nasengxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Asia, ikhethe ama-massifs asuka eNtshonalanga Siberia aya eziQhingini zaseBaltic, futhi ihlala eCaucasus naseningizimu yeMedithera;
- i-stone marten itholakala ezindaweni ezinamadwala cishe kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, kusukela e-Himalaya kuya eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, ibiphinde yahlalwa ngobuciko esifundeni saseViscontin (e-USA);
- i-kharza ihlala ezifundeni zase-Ussuri nase-Amur eRussia, ingxenye esempumalanga naseningizimu yeChina, izintaba ze-Himalaya kanye ne-Asia esempumalanga;
- I-American marten ihlala eNyakatho Melika; ihlathi elihlala abantu lisuka eNew Mexico liya enyakatho ye-Alaska;
- uNilgir marten uhlala emagqumeni aseNilgiria, ezintabeni zezintaba zasentshonalanga yeGhats - yilolu hlobo kuphela olungatholakala eningizimu yeNdiya;
- U-Ilka uhlala empumalanga, entshonalanga nasenkabeni yeNyakatho Melika, kufaka phakathi izindawo eziphakeme zaseCalifornia kuya emingceleni yaseWest Virginia.
I-sable yaseJapan iyinhlobo engajwayelekile yohlobo lwe-marten, futhi ihlala ngamanani amancane eziqhingini zaseJapan (iKyushu, iShikoku, iHonshu), kanye naseNyakatho naseNingizimu Korea.
Ukudla okunomsoco
UMarten umhlaseli ukungafuni ngokweqile ekudleni, kodwa ukudla kwayo okuyinhloko ukudla kwezilwane. Izingela onke amagundane amancane, izinyoni, izinambuzane ezinkulu kanye nama-hedgehogs ahlala endaweni yawo.
Uma kunesixuku samanzi eduzane, amaxoxo, ama-snails, izibungu, izinhlanzi kanye ne-caviar yayo ayengezwa kwimenyu. Lesi silwane sintshontsha amaqanda, sidla amakhekheba ezinyosi ezindaweni zezilwane zasendle. Ukudla okuthandayo: i-squirrel, vole, shrew, grouse emnyama, i-grouse yokhuni nokunye.
I-marten ithanda ukudla okusha, kepha futhi ayikudeleli ukubola. Ezinyangeni zasehlobo, ama-omnivores adla amajikijolo asendle, ama-rose hips, ama-apula asendle namapheya namantongomane. Intaba yomlotha inendawo ekhethekile ekudleni. Ayikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa futhi ukwakheka kwayo kunezici ze-anthelmintic. Izidliwayo ziyidla unyaka wonke, zikha amajikijolo zihleli emagatsheni.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
AmaMartens avuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka emibili ubudala, kepha amazinyane okuqala avame ukulethwa ngonyaka wesithathu. NgoFebhuwari, imidlalo yokukhwelana iyenzeka, kepha ibizwa ngokuthi "inkolelo yamanga" ngoba ukukhulelwa akwenzeki. Abantu abashadayo ngoJuni-Julayi, lapho abesifazane baqala khona i-estrus, ehlala izinsuku ezingama-2-4. Ehlobo kunezinhlobo zazo, ikhefu phakathi kwabo ngamaviki angu-1-2. Eyesilisa oyedwa uvundisa abesifazane aba-3-5.
Iqanda alinamatheli ngokushesha esibelethweni, ekuqaleni kunesigaba eside sokucasha, futhi umbungu uqobo ukhula izinsuku ezingama-30-40 kuphela. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, umama ubheka indawo yokuzala, ukhetha izidleke ezivulekile noma umgodi omdala. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8.5-9, ngemuva kwalokho amawundlu angaboni nezithulu avela ngoMashi-Ephreli. I-marten iletha izingane ezi-2-4 ngasikhathi sinye, ezimweni ezingavamile kuzalwa izilwane ezi-5-7.
Isisindo somntwana osanda kuzalwa singama-30-40 g, ubude bomzimba buyi-100-110 mm. Izingane zimbozwe ngezinwele ezinhle nezimfushane. Azinawo amazinyo, ngezinsuku zokuqala ezingama-40-45 zondla ngobisi lukamama futhi zithola isisindo ngenkuthalo. Umama ushiya isidleke ayozingela, futhi uma kwenzeka kuba ingozi, udonsela amachwane kwenye indawo. Ukuzwa kokuqala kuvela ezinganeni (emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25), kuthi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7, amehlo avuleke.
Emavikini ayi-7-8, amazinyo okuqala aqhuma, futhi amawundlu ashintshela ekudleni okuqinile bese eqala ukushiya indawo yokukhosela. Ezinyangeni ezi-2,5, izingane zihamba ngenkuthalo, umama uzethula ezweni elibazungezile futhi uzifundise ukuzingela. Emavikini ayi-16, imidlwane yazi konke futhi iyakwazi, kepha kuze kube ngu-Septhemba ihlala eduze konina. Ekwindla, umndeni uyahlukana, bese wonke umuntu uyahamba ayofuna indawo yakhe.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ekuthunjweni, i-marten igxila ngokungananazi nangezindlela ezihlukile - noma iba yekhaya, noma ikhombisa ubudlova. Ngomphumela omuhle, uyakwazi ukuphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15 noma ngaphezulu. Emvelweni wayo wemvelo, umhlaseli onamandla angaphila iminyaka eyi-11-13, kepha empeleni akuvamile ukuthi afinyelele kuleyo minyaka. Isilwane sisengozini yezinambuzane nezifo eziholela ekufeni kwaso.
Futhi endle, ezinye izinhlobo zabahlali basehlathini zibona i-marten njengomncintiswano, kanye nesidlo sasemini esingaba khona. Izitha zayo ezisebenza kakhulu yimpungushe, i-lynx nempisi, kanye nezinyoni ezixakile - isikhova se-eagle, ukhozi lwegolide noklebe.
Kodwa oyimbangela enkulu yokuqothulwa kwesilwane ngumuntu. UMarten fur bekulokhu kubiza kakhulu. Ngisho nasezinhlotsheni ezisabalele ezifana ne-stone marten noma i-marten enamakhasi aphuzi, akukaze kushibhile.
Ukuzingela iMarten
I-marten iyisilwane esibalulekile somdlalo. Isikhathi sokuzingela siqala ngoNovemba size sithathe kuze kube nguMashi, kanti uboya besilwane bukhulu futhi buphaphathekile. Ngentwasahlobo, isikhumba siyaphela futhi siphume, bese umhlaseli ebhujiswa kuphela njengesilokazane (imvamisa i-stone marten ecasula abalimi). AmaMartens avame ukubanjwa ngezicupho nangezicupho.
I-Nilgirskaya harza kanye nesable yaseJapan zivikelwe ngumthetho. Ukuzingela iMarten noma imaphi kulawa malungu ayingqayizivele ohlobo lwe-weasel akuvunyelwe. Kuvunyelwe ukuzingela ezinye izidalwa ezinelayisense yesikhathi esisodwa, izindleko zazo zincike ohlotsheni lwesilwane. Lapho ukudoba ama-martens ngaphandle kwalo mbhalo, ukuzingela kuthathwa njengokuzingela ngokungemthetho futhi kujeziswa ngumthetho.
