Ummeleli wezimpukane ezinamagciwane - impukane kungokwomndeni wakwaDiptera. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150 sezirekhodiwe futhi zachazwa, zazo ezingalimaza umuntu. Ubungozi obubangelwa yizinambuzane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, indlela yokuphila yesinambuzane, ukuthi izala kanjani - sizokhuluma ngalokhu kule ncwadi.
Incazelo nezici
I-Diptera enezimpondo ezimfushane ingeyomndeni wakwaTachi-nidae. Izikhala ezinkulu zamehlo ezinokuchichima okunemibala eminingi emzimbeni oshubile ongafika ku-17 mm ubude, amaphiko asobala endiza enza ukubukeka kwangaphandle. I-Dermatobia hominis, uhlobo oluyingozi kubantu, ihlala eMelika Ephakathi. Uyakwazi ukuhlasela nokubeka amaqanda akhe ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
Abaningi bazibonile lezi zimpukane ezinkulu ezinombala ogqamile ezweni, imvelo noma ukudoba. Ngaphandle i-gadfly esithombeni ifana kakhulu ne-dipteran horsefly, zivame ukudideka komunye nomunye. Indawo abahlala kuyo iyafana. Ukulunywa kwe-horsefly kuthiwa yindlala, kuyisinambuzane esincela igazi. Umehluko omkhulu - umsoco. UGadfly njengoba impukane ingaluma, kodwa kuphela ngezinhloso zokuzalela.
Kwezinye izifunda, lesi sinambuzane saziwa ngokuthi isicabucabu. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimpukane ezingama-dipteran, ezikhubaza izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo, zihlanganiswa yigama elithi gadfly. Izici ezivamile zezinambuzane:
- osayizi be-gadfly 15-20 mm;
- umlomo awukho, noma uncishisiwe;
- isiqu esine-villi;
- amehlo amakhulu;
- umzimba oval;
- imilenze yangaphambili imfishane kunaleyo yangemuva;
- amaphiko acishe abonakale.
Imibala yomzimba ihluke kakhulu. Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, kungamathoni azolile ngokwengeziwe:
- nsundu;
- mpunga omnyama;
- imibala ehlukahlukene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Eningizimu nasezindaweni ezishisayo, lesi sinambuzane sibukeka kakhulu njengama-bumblebee amancane anemivimbo emnyama esawolintshi. Kukholakala ukuthi ijubane lokundiza lempukane lika-120-140 km / h lilingana nojekamanzi.
Izinhlobo
Umndeni i-Well-podermatidae ufaka tilwanyana lapho lesibungu sikhula khona ngaphansi kwesikhumba setilwane kumaqhubu. Bakhubaza izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo. Phakathi kwazo:
- Amagundane amancane. Intuthuko ithatha isikhathi esincane lapha. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda eboyeni. Iziphungumangathi ezivela kuzo zifakwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Akukho ukufuduka.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu. Ngemuva kokubeka umucu wezinwele, izibungu eziphuma emaqandeni ziqala ukufudukela emuva kwesilwane. Indlela yabo yokuhamba ihamba nolwelwesi olungaphansi, ngaphakathi kwemisipha, izitho zangaphakathi. Isikhathi sokuhamba sisuka ezinyangeni ezi-3 ukuya kweziyi-9.
Kunezinhlobo zezibawu:
- I-Gasterophilidae yizinambuzane ezisesiswini sezilwane. Izimpukane zosayizi ophakathi nendawo ukuya kobukhulu (9-20 mm). Abantu abadala abakudingi ukudla. Atholakala enkabazwe esempumalanga, kepha ama-equine ajwayelekile kuyo yonke indawo. Izibungu zihlala ngaphakathi esiswini sama-equids, izindlovu, izimvubu. I-gadfly yesifazane izalela cishe amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezimbili esikhunjeni noma ungqimba lwezinwele eduze komlomo. UGasterophilus pecorum ulele otshanini. Iziphungumangathi zokuqala zingena ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla bese ziphila zize zikhule. Ngokwemvelo (ngendle) baphumela ngaphandle. Ezilwaneni ezitheleleke ngama-parasites, i-pathology yamathumbu iyaqala.
- I-Equine (Gasterophilus intestinalis) ingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu. Ubude buhluka kusuka ku-13 kuye ku-16 mm. Emzimbeni, izinwele ziphuzi noma nsundu. Izimpiko zonke zinamabala amnyama. Isici esivelele ichashazi elimnyama elikhanyayo emthanjeni osabalalayo. Lesi sinambuzane sisebenzisa amahhashi nezimbongolo ukuzala kwaso. Kwabesifazane, i-ovipositor igobeke ngokuqinile ngaphansi komzimba. Ngesikhathi sendiza, abesifazane babeka imvuthu ebusweni besikhumba ezindaweni lapho izisulu zingaklwebha khona amazinyo. Lapho isibungu singena emlonyeni, sikhula isikhathi esingangenyanga, bese sidlula ngopharynx singene esiswini. Inani labo kwesinye isikhathi lifinyelela emakhulwini.
- I-hypodermis yaseNyakatho (i-Oedemagena taran-di) - iphila nge-reindeer. Izilwane zasebusika zimboza amabanga amade. Lapho izinambuzane ziyakhula, zishiye umnikazi bese zingena emhlabathini. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, izinyamazane zizulazula zibheke enyakatho. Izimpukane ezincane kufanele zindize amakhilomitha amaningi ukuze zikhubaze izilwane futhi. Imvelo engokwemvelo iqhubela izinambuzane enyakatho, zifinyelela kwabazisulu bazo bese ziqala ukuhlasela izinyamazane ezingenakuzivikela. Owesifazane oyedwa angabekela amaqanda afinyelela ku-650.
Zonke izibawu zihlukaniswe ngokohlobo lokuvulwa komlomo. E-Oestridae typicae, ayikho noma ithuthukile. Abamele iqembu elincane i-Cuterebridae bane-proboscis evelele (umlomo), ngaphandle kwe-tentacles. Ososayensi bahlukanisa uhlobo lokuqala lube izingxenye ezintathu:
- I-Gastricolae - izibungu ezinezingwegwe ezimbili zokwethulwa, kukhona ama-tubercles akhethekile anezinsipho ezincane;
- I-Cavicolae - izingwegwe ezimbili nezinhlaka ezinkulu, i-viviparous yabesifazane, akukho ovipositor;
- I-Cuticolae - azikho izingwegwe, izinhlungu ezincane, cishe ezingabonakali.
Izinkomo zihlasela iHypoderma bovis De G. ingulube yezinkomo... Kumahhashi, izimbongolo, izinhlobo zamahhashi seziphenduke usongo. Izimvu zizama ukweqa ohlotsheni lwezimvu u-Oestrus ovis L. Ngisho nezilwane zasendle zinezinhlobo zazo:
- Izingwejeje zaseMelika zihlaselwa nguC. Emasculator Fitch;
- amathumbu endlovu athelela iCobboldia elephantis Brau;
- ubhejane uhlushwa nguGastrophilus Rhinocerontis Ow.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseCentral America, iVer macaque ne-moyocuil bukhoma, okungahlasela umuntu ngephutha. Ngemuva ukuluma kwe-gadfly futhi ukufakwa kwesibungu kuyakhula kube isimila esikhulu, noma ukuvuseleleka okunembobo phezulu. Lolu hlobo luthinta izinja, imfuyo.
Esithombeni, isibungu se-gadfly
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Indawo ye-parasitism phakathi kwezibawu ihlukile, ngakho-ke kunezinhlobo ezintathu:
- Isisu. Kusatshalaliswe cishe yonke indawo. Owesifazane ubeka uboya, izitho noma utshani. Ngemuva kokungena ngaphakathi, umjikelezo wokuvuthwa uqala. Umphumela uba ukuphuma esikhunjeni ngokusebenzisa i-fistula noma ngemikhiqizo kadoti. Konke lokhu kubangela ukulunywa okukhulu esilwaneni. Okuvame kakhulu yi-equine impukane.
- Okungaphansi kwesikhumba. Indawo yalolu hlobo iyizibanzi, ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Ekude. Ukhetha izinkomo njengesisulu. Inambuzane yesifazane izalela amaqanda eboyeni, isibungu singena esikhunjeni. Ukugxila kokuvuvukala - i-myiasis - kuyakhula. Ngaphambi kokuncibilika, i-parasite ingena kungqimba olungaphansi kwesikhumba, yakha izimbobo lapho. Kuqoshwe amacala wokungena kwawo kugebhezi lwesilwane nobuchopho bomuntu. Lokhu kwakubulala.
I-gadfly engaphansi, ibeka isibungu lapho ilunywa
- Isisu. Umehluko omkhulu kowedlule ukuthi abesifazane bazala izibungu ngesikhathi sendiza, bedlula isigaba sokubekela amaqanda. Bayakwazi ukuwafafaza kulwelwesi lwamafinyila emehlweni, emakhaleni esilwane noma omuntu. Amagciwane abe esehlala ngaphakathi kweso, ijwabu leso, noma ikhala. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokufuduka, kungena ngaphakathi - ezonweni, emgodini womlomo, njll. Ukuvuvukala okukhulu kuvela endaweni yomjovo.
I-caviar gadfly ivame ukutholakala ezimvwini.
I-gadfly yomuntu ayitholakali eRussia, kodwa ingasakazwa ngabantu asebavele betheleleke ngama-parasites. Ihlukile kokunye ngendlela yokungena. Owesifazane uqale abekele amaqanda esonakalisweni esikwazi ukondla igazi lomuntu. Imvamisa kuba umiyane, umkhaza noma okunye ukuncela igazi. Ngemuva kokulunywa isibungu se-gadfly ihamba ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesisulu, inqubo yokuphila iqhubeka lapho.
Amagciwane atholakala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo (Antarctica). Ngokuyinhloko gadfly uyaphila ezindaweni ezifudumele nezipholile. ERussia kuneziningi zazo ngobukhulu beSiberia, izifunda zase-Ural naseNyakatho. Ukuqoqwa kaningi kwezinambuzane eduze:
- amadlelo;
- imfuyo amapulazi;
- izindawo zokudlula kwezilwane.
Izinambuzane zithanda isimo sezulu esiswakeme, ngakho-ke ziyagcwala ngobuningi eduze kwemifula, imizimba yamanzi kanye namaxhaphozi.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isibungu sama-parasite sithola ukudla ngenkathi singaphakathi kwesisulu. Abantu abadala abakwazi ukumunca ukudla, izinto zabo zomlomo ziyancipha. Isinambuzane esingaphakathi kwesisulu sakhiwe njengepheya ngezipikili eziyimpoqo ezikalini zokuthuthuka. Konke lokhu kufakwe ku-capsule ene-sclerosed enembobo ngezansi. Ubude bufinyelela kuma-25 mm, ububanzi bungu-7 mm.
Isisekelo sokondleka kuketshezi lwegazi. Ngemuva kokulungisa ngaphakathi komgcini, isibungu siqala ukuqoqa zonke izinto eziwusizo ukuze siqhubeke siphila. Emzimbeni wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kukhishwa isisindo samanzi, esivusa ubuhlungu obukhulu nokuvuvukala.
Yini ingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni
Isinambuzane esilumayo uGadfly, kubantu, okuyingozi kakhulu yizinhlobo zesisu nezomgodi. Ngemuva kokungena emzimbeni, isibungu siqala ukondla ngenkuthalo. Kumncisha amandla abalulekile, amavithamini, izinqubo zokugula. Ukufuduka kuwo wonke umzimba nezitho zangaphakathi, kuye ebuchosheni, kudala izinkinga zempilo. Ukufa ngenxa yokutheleleka akuyona into engavamile.
Lapho isibungu singena ngaphakathi kwesisulu, i-myiasis (ukwakheka kwe-parasite) iyaqala. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi ehlobo. Inqubo yokutheleleka iyaqhubeka ngezigaba:
- isinambuzane sowesifazane silungisa amaqanda engxenyeni enoboya bomuntu (imvamisa ekhanda);
- amagciwane asuka ekushiseni komzimba aqala ukuza ebusweni;
- ukwethulwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba noma ezithweni;
- ukwakheka kwama-fistula okuphefumula kwama-parasites, aphuma ngawo ngaphandle.
Kuneqembu elithile eliyingozi kubantu. Lesi sigaba sidinga ukuqaphela ngenkathi sihamba, lapho sisebenzelana nemfuyo. Endaweni yengozi eyengeziwe yokutheleleka:
- ukukhula;
- ukungabi nenhlanzeko;
- ukugula ngengqondo;
- ukulangazelela utshwala;
- thayipha 1 bese uthayipha 2 sikashukela;
- izifo ezivusa ukuphazamiseka kwe-hematopoiesis;
- ukuhlala kaningi ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele.
Ngophawu oluncane lokutheleleka, kufanele uxhumane nesikhungo sezokwelapha. Izimpukane zeGadfly ziyingozi ezilwaneni, ziyacasula, izinkomo azikwazi ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni kwazo. Ongahle abe yisisulu uba novalo kakhulu, aqale ukuncipha kusuka ekudleni okungenampilo.
Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi emfuyweni. Izibungu ze-parasitic zithatha izinto eziwusizo ngokwazo. Inani elikhulu lezinambuzane lenza buthakathaka izilwane, zigule, zingaboni. Ukufuduka kuqeda isenzo esonakalisayo ngemuva kokutheleleka. Imizwa iyalimala, ukuphuma kwangaphakathi nokukhubazeka kuyaqala.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isinambuzane sihamba ngomjikelezo ogcwele wokuguqulwa: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, imago. Isikhathi sokuphila unyaka owodwa. Kukhona okukodwa okuhlukile, izimpukane ezindala azikutholi ukudla. Ukuba khona kwabo kungenzeka ngenxa yezinto ezisemzimbeni ezitholwe yisibungu. Isikhathi sempilo sincike ngokuphelele ekushiseni nasejubaneni isinambuzane esilungiselela ngalo "indawo yokudlala" yenzalo.
I-gadfly yesifazane ukhetha ngokucophelela indawo esikhunjeni sesilwane. Izindawo ezinezinwele ezincane zikulungele lokhu. Balungisa amaqanda afinyelela ku-2-3 izinwele ngayinye. Lesi simo sithatha izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezingu-20. Izigaba zentuthuko:
- Isibungu esisesigabeni 1 sikhula izinsuku ezimbalwa, bese singena ngaphakathi kwesisulu, sibonga izingwegwe ezinhlangothini zombili. Ukunyakaza kuhamba ngemithambo yegazi, ikholomu yomgogodla kanye noqweqwe olunamafutha ohlangothini lomsele we-medullary. Okusele kuya esikhumulweni somzimba, kufakwa ezicutshini ezinomunyu.
- Izibungu 2-3 tbsp. hambisa emuva, emuva okuphansi. Endaweni yokunamathisela - ama-capsule ezicubu. Ukuze bathuthuke ngokuqhubekayo, badinga umoya-mpilo. Ekungeneni kwayo, izibungu zenza izinyathelo ezikhethekile ngesikhumba sesilwane (i-fistula). Njengoba zikhula, ziyachitheka, ngezimbobo ezenziwe ngomumo ku-dermis zeza ngaphezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho lokho kuzalwa kwenzeka phansi.
- Isigaba esilandelayo sithatha izinsuku ezi-1 kuye kwezi-7 ngemuva kokushiya umzimba wesilwane. Izinga lokukhula okuqhubekayo kweziphungumangathi, kuya ngomswakama nokushisa, lihlala izinsuku ezingama-33-44.
- Ngenxa yalokho, impukane endala (imago) ivela phakathi nemizuzwana emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Isinambuzane sikulungele ukukhwelana nokundiza okusha.
Umjikelezo wokuphila omfishane wempukane (unyaka ongu-1) uphela ngokufa, impukane ayilali ekwindla. Ngesikhathi sobusika obubandayo, izibungu zihlala ngaphakathi kwesisulu. Inambuzane endala iphila kancane (izinsuku ezingama-3-20). Ekupheleni kokuphila, ilahlekelwa isisindo sayo esiningi somzimba. Esimweni sezulu esibandayo, lesi sinambuzane cishe asindiza. Kulokhu, impilo yandiswa ngenye inyanga.
Izimpungushe ezindala ziyakwazi ukuzala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvela kusigaxa. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi inqubo yokukhwelana yenzeka endaweni engaguquguquki lapho zindiza khona minyaka yonke. Ngemuva kwalokho, abesifazane baqala ukufuna isilwane ukuze bazale. Inani elikhulu lamaqanda ngalinye likhuthaza ukuzala okusheshayo. Izinambuzane zinezitha ezimbalwa, izinyoni kuphela. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, izimpukane zihlangana isikhathi eside kunasezindaweni ezisenyakatho.
Izimpungushe ziye zajwayela ukuhlala eduze kwezilwane eziningi. Bakhubaza amagundane amancane, ama-artiodactyls, obhejane nezindlovu ezinkulu kakhulu. Noma ngesibalo esincane, ngenxa yobuningi besifazane, izinambuzane zanda ngokushesha ngokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezitha.
