Amadada ama-Merganser asakazeke emhlabeni wonke, aziwa kahle kuwo wonke umzingeli-amateur. Izici zohlobo zibonakala kudivayisi yomlomo, usayizi omkhulu, izimpaphe ezikhanyayo. Idada le-Merganser eqenjini lezinyoni zokuntywila - ohlala emfuleni, ohehayo kubathandi bezilwane zasendle ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwe lethu.
Incazelo nezici
Kunabameleli abaningi bohlobo, ubukhulu bezindawo ezihlanganayo bahlala emazweni amaningi. Izici ezihlanganisayo izici zebhayoloji, imikhuba yokudla, indlela yokuziphatha kanye nendlela yokuphila. Iqokomise izici ezijwayelekile zokwakheka kwezinyoni zamanzi:
- uqhwaku olulinganisiwe, ubukhulu balo budlula isilinganiso kumakholiji - aze afike kumasentimitha angama-50. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezihlanganisiwe, inesimo esiyindilinga esiyindilinga, ifakwe i-marigold emise okwegwegwe ekugcineni;
- Intamo ende;
- i-crest ekhanda lezimpaphe, yakhiwe ngendlela ekhethekile;
- ukuma komzimba;
- amaphiko akhombe;
- umsila omfushane oyindilinga;
- imilenze emifushane, uzwane lwangemuva luxhunywe kulwelwesi olubanzi lwesikhumba.
Ubukhulu bedada buyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zabantu, isisindo sazo esingeqile ku-0.7 kg, kepha kaningi amahansi amancane afaniswa namahansi amancane, anesisindo esingu-1.5-2 kg. Usayizi omkhulu uheha abazingeli bezilwane abazingela ngasogwini lomfula. Amaphiko abanye abantu afinyelela imitha, ubude bomzimba bungu-60-65 cm.
Isakhiwo somlomo wezinyoni zezinhlobo ezahlukene sihlukile. I-merganser, edla kakhulu ukudla kwemifino, inamapuleti akhethekile anikeza ukuhlunga ukudla. Izinhlobo zamadada, ezondla kaningi ngezinhlanzi, zinamapuleti aguquliwe abe ngamazinyo amancane emaphethelweni oqhwaku lokubamba nokusika inyamazane.
Isici esivelele sezinyoni yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isibuko" - indawo emhlophe ephikweni ledada ngalinye. Endizeni yomoya, ibonakala ngokusobala ngokuqhamuka ngemuva kwezimpaphe ezimpunga. Uqhwaku lwe-merganser lubomvu ngokugqamile. Umbala obabazekayo wezimpaphe ufinyelela ekucaciseni okukhulu entwasahlobo, ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana.
Inhloko ye-merganser yesilisa iba mnyama kakhulu, phezulu entanyeni kumakwe nge-metallic sheen eluhlaza. Umhlane osuka entanyeni uye emsileni ushintsha umbala omnyama ube umthunzi okhanyayo ompunga. Ngaphansi kwedada kumhlophe, ezindaweni ezinombala opinki.
Abesifazane be-Merganser bahluka kancane kumadrake ngombala wezimpaphe, ungabona umthunzi obomvu ngokubomvu entanyeni, emuva okukhanyayo. Ehlobo nasekwindla, ukugqama kwemibala esigqokweni samadada kuyanyamalala, izimpaphe ziba buthuntu, zingakhulumi, zihambisane nesikhathi semvula nokuqhuma kwamakhaza.
Abahlanganisi ngokuvamile bahlala ngababili, abahlangana ngamaqembu amancane. Imihlambi eminingi, kufaka phakathi izinyoni eziyizinkulungwane eziningana, zakhelwa ubusika kuphela. Izinyoni zichitha isikhathi samakhaza kuye ngezimo zezulu.
Bahlala ezindlini zasebusika ezifundeni ezinemizimba yamanzi engabandi, bathuthele emazweni afudumele, kwesinye isikhathi batholakala ogwini loLwandle i-Azov. Ukuze zisinde, zigonqana ngemihlambi emikhulu. Emhlabathini, abahlanganisi bahamba nge-"duck" ejwayelekile, behamba ngapha nangapha. Emanzini nasendizeni, bayazethemba futhi bakhululekile, ababhukudi nabahle kakhulu.
Izinhlobo
Kuhlobo lwama-mergansers, kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha ezihlukile, ezine zazo ezivamile eRussia:
- encane, noma impango;
- enkulu merganser;
- ikhala elide (eliphakathi);
- isikhumba.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-merganser zaseBrazil nezihlanganisiwe zihlala e-United States naseBrazil. Izinhlobo ze-Auckland merganser seziphelile. Idada lahlala eNew Zealand kwaze kwalethwa izingulube zasendle nezimbuzi. Njengamanje, izinyoni ezifakiwe kuphela ezingabonakala eminyuziyamu yendawo.
I-merganser encane (i-snot). Inyoni encane, engaphansi kokuzalwa ngosayizi. Isisindo singama-50-700 g kuphela, abantu abanesisindo esingu-800-900 g abavamile. Inyoni le ihlotshiswe ngobubanzi obubanzi ngemuva kwekhanda.
Izindawo zokwakha izidleke zitholakala endaweni esehlathini laseSiberia, iKarelia, iMpumalanga Ekude, nengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Amadada akhetha izindawo ezingasemifuleni emikhulu, amachibi asezikhukhula ngamanzi amasha.
Ebusika zivela ogwini lolwandle olumnyama nolweCaspian, emazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi, eJapan naseChina. Izinyoni ezihlala phansi zihlala emaphethelweni eqhwa, emanzini angajulile angamaqhwa.
Ingubo yokuzalanisa yabesilisa ishaya ngenhlanganisela enhle yombala omhlophe womlotha onephethini elimnyama, umbala we-bluish ezinhlangothini. Uqhwaku, izidladla zomthunzi wokuhola. Kunamabala amnyama ngaphansi kwamehlo. Izingubo zezinsikazi ziyizicucu ezimpunga ezinesigqoko esinsundu esigqwalile emakhanda azo.
Ukukhwelana kwama-merganser amancane kuqala phakathi nobusika, bafika ezidlekeni ngababili abakhiwe. Izingibe zihlala ezidlekeni ezishiywa ezinye izinyoni. Abesilisa banakekela amadada abo kuze kube yilapho kubekwa iqanda lokugcina, bese bendizela e-molt. Izinsikazi kwesinye isikhathi azifukamiseli inzalo yazo kuphela, kodwa namaqanda ezigubhu ezihlobene.
Isihlanganisi esikhulu... Idada elisendaweni yalo livame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-cormorant, inyathi enebhande elibomvu. ERussia, izinyoni zamanzi zitholakala emifuleni eyisicaba, amachibi avulekile we-Southern Urals, Altai, Sakhalin, Kamchatka.
Uncamela amanzi ahlanzekile, uvikela ogwini lolwandle. Igama lezinhlobo ligcizelela usayizi omkhulu wedada - ngaphezu kuka-2 kg. Isici esihlukile sabesilisa ukungabi bikho kwesigaxa.
Ikhanda elimnyama, intamo yedrake ngesheen yensimbi ekhangayo. Izinhlangothi, isisu, nengxenye yamaphiko kumhlophe. Abesifazane, ngokungafani namadrake, banamakhanda abomvu. Phakathi kokuhlanganiswa okukhulu, izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukanisiwe zihlukile: ezejwayelekile, iNyakatho Melika, iHimalaya. Izimbili zokuqala zitholakala ezweni lethu.
I-merganser enomphunga omude (ophakathi). Uhlobo lwenyoni efudukayo engahambisi impilo yokuhlala phansi. I-merganser emaphakathi isabalele emazweni aseYurophu, ezifundazweni zaseBaltic, eNhlonhlweni YaseScandinavia.
ERussia, itholakala eSiberia, eziqhingini zaseSolovetsky, eKarelia, e-Urals. I-merganser enekhala elide ukhetha ulwandle, amachibi amakhulu, izindawo eziyisiqhingi. Ukubhukuda okuhle nokutshuza. Idrake enekhanda elimnyama ipendwe ngamathoni amnyama-mpunga ngephiko elimhlophe, umugqa ogijima ezinhlangothini zenyoni.
Ngemuva kwekhanda kune-double crest. Abesifazane banombala onsundu onsundu, ngokushintshana okuncane kokukhanya kwamathoni amnyama. I-merganser ejwayelekile yehlukile kokuzalwa kwayo ngomkhuba ocebile wokukhwelana ngokucwilisa ikhanda emanzini, ukushaya nokushaya amaphiko.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe... Inyoni engavamile ihlala ogwini loLwandle iBering, itholakala emifuleni yezintaba eChina, eManchuria. Idada likhetha izindawo zokuhlala ezicebile ezinhlanzini, ezizungezwe amahlathi achumile futhi ahlabayo. Isigaxa esimangazayo sezimpaphe ezinhle sinde ukudlula leso samahlanganisi ahlobene.
Ingxenye emnyama yombala inombala womnqumo, kuthi ingxenye ekhanyayo ibe nombala obomvu. Igama lihlotshaniswa nokushintshaniswa kwemivimbo emhlophe mpunga ngemuva ebukeka njengezikali ukude. Encwadini Ebomvu, i-scaly merganser ibhalwe kanye nesimo "sezinhlobo ezisengozini". Inani elincane labantu alikho ngaphezu kwezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5.
I-Merganser yaseBrazil... Umbala ikakhulu umpunga, umlotha, ikhanda, intamo, emuva komthunzi omnyama. Idrake inkulu kunowesifazane. Zihlala ngokuzethemba emhlabathini, kepha zidla kuphela ezikutholayo emanzini. Izinyoni ezincane zisalondolozwe epaki likazwelonke laseBrazil, zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Inani eliphelele lingaphansi kwezinyoni ezingama-260 zalolu hlobo.
I-Crested merganser... Akunakwenzeka ukudida lolu hlobo nezinye izihlobo, kungokoqobo. Kuphakama isidumbu esibanzi kakhulu ekhanda lenyoni, esivuleka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Kwabesilisa, umbala wokuhlobisa umnyama futhi umhlophe, kanti kwabesifazane ubomvu ngokubomvu. Ungabona uhlobo lwedada eNyakatho Melika ngasogwini lwamachibi ehlathi nemifula eyisicaba.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-subspecies zivumela ama-mergansers ukuthi agcine indawo yokuhlala enkulu, aqhubeke nokuhlala phansi nokufuduka. Ungahlangana namadada eNyakatho Melika, endaweni yase-Central naseNyakatho ye-Eurasia.
Entwasahlobo, abahlanganisi bafika nezimagqabhagqabha zokuqala ezincibilikisiwe ngokushesha lapho i-polynya yokuqala isakhiwa - ngoFebhuwari, ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Ziyandiza lapho amadamu embozwe yiqhwa ngokuphelele, ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, Novemba. Izindiza zemihlambi yamakhulu abantu zidinga amandla nokukhuthazela kwezinyoni. Uma ubusika bufudumele, amadamu ahlala engafriziwe, khona-ke izinyoni ngeke zishiye izindawo zazo zokwakha izidleke.
Zonke izinhlobo zabahlanganisi ziyabhukuda futhi zicwilise ngokuphelele. Izinyoni zihlala ogwini lwaleli chibi ukuze zicashe ezihlahleni ezisogwini uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Ziphila ngokudla iimfesi ezincani, zitshelele ngemumva kokujula kwamamitha ama-4.
Amadada akwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engafika kwemithathu, abhukude ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10. Ekuzingeleni okujwayelekile, i-merganser idinga imizuzwana engu-15-30 ukubamba inhlanzi eyodwa. Izinyoni zihamba ngokushesha, zijika ngokucijile, zikhombise ukuhamba kahle kakhulu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamadada zikhetha amanzi ahlanzekile avela emachibini nasemifuleni. Imizimba yamanzi yangaphakathi ikhethwa yi-merganser yokuhlanzeka, inala yokudla. Izinyoni zidinga ugu olunezinkuni ukuze zizalele, ngoba ama-mergansers avame ukukhetha imigodi emidala, izidleke ezishiyiwe zezinye izinyoni ukuze zifukamele amaphuphu.
Lapho kuhlelwa izinyoni, isikhala sibalulekile ekusukeni okungaphazanyiswa, ngakho-ke i-merganser enkulu ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme, emagqumeni. Izinhlobo ze-merganser enekhala elide zihlala ogwini lolwandle. Ezindaweni ezingenayo, amadada ahlala eduze nezindawo ezinamadwala lapho ungacasha khona engozini.
Ihlanganisa izinyoni ngesikhathi se-molting. Imihlambi emikhulu ihlangana, njengomthetho, eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi zabantu abambalwa. Inyoni ye-Merganser, ezinye izinhlobo zazo ezifakiwe eRed Book laseRussia. Ngenani elizinzile lama-mergansers amakhulu namade amade, ukuzizingela kuvunyelwe yonke indawo entwasahlobo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isisekelo sokudla okuhlanganisiwe ukudla kwezilwane. Ukuzingelwa kwedada kumayelana nokuthola inhlanzi nokunye okuphila emanzini. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-mergansers zibamba i-salmon, i-pike, i-trout, i-roach, i-barbus, i-grayling. Abantu abancane badla izinhlanzi ezincane.
Unqenqema oluvundlile lomlomo wamadada lungene kancane ngaphakathi. Lesi sici sikuvumela ukuthi udedele amanzi, ugcine inyamazane kahle. I-Merganser ingabekezelela kalula i-pike, i-eel efinyelela ku-20 cm ubude.
Lapho efuna inyamazane, amadada azika amakhanda awo ngokujulile. Lapho nje kuvela isikole sezinhlanzi, i-merganser iyangena, ishesha iye enanini. Ukuzingela okuphumelelayo kugcina ngokudoba, ubukhulu bawo obungu-15-25 cm. Ezinye izakhamuzi zamachibi nazo ziba ukudla kwabahlanganisi:
- izinambuzane zasemanzini;
- izimbaza;
- izibungu, iziphungumangathi;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izibungu.
Isici se-merganser ukunamathisela kokudla kuzakhamizi zasemanzini, yize izinyoni zizizwa zithembekile, zakha isidleke emhlabathini, emigodini yezitshalo. Ezindaweni zokuhlala ebusika, amadada abuthana ogwini lolwandle, adla impilo yasolwandle emanzini angajulile, i-herring, izimila zasemanzini, futhi afune ama-mollusk nama-crustaceans amancane phakathi kwe-algae.
Umlutha wezinhlanzi uthinta iphunga elithile lenyama yedada. Abanye abazingeli bakholelwa ukuthi i-merganser ayikulungele ukudla njengomdlalo. Amadada aqala ukuzitholela ukudla ngokwawo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ezelwe.
Amachwane asebenzisa amakhono awo okuzingela ngaphansi kokuholwa yidada elingumama. I-Merganser esithombeni ngesikhathi sokuzingela, kubukeka kuhlekisa, lapho kubonakala kuphela ngemuva kwedamu lomzimba wedada.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukukhethwa kwamabhangqa ngaphambi kwenkathi yokwakha izidleke kuqala ngisho nangaphambi kokubalekela endaweni. Inqubo yokuqoma idrake igcwele amasiko amangalisayo - ukudansa emanzini. Indoda iyabhukuda phambi kwalowo okhethiwe, icindezele isifuba sayo emanzini, inqekuzise ikhanda ngamandla. Ngezimpiko ezicijile zamaphiko, iqhekeka ebusweni, ime cishe ime thwi ukuheha ukunakwa kwesifazane. Iminyakazo ihambisana nemisindo ephezulu.
Umbhangqwana osunguliwe ukhetha indawo yokwakha izidleke. Indima ehamba phambili ekufuneni idlalwa ngowesifazane, naye ohlomisa isidleke. Izinyoni zithola indawo efanelekile emgodini omdala we-aspen, alder, willow, indlu eshiyiwe, emaphethelweni omhosha. Izinto zokwakhiwa ngamahlumela, amaqabunga, izimpaphe. Insikazi ize idele isuka ebeleni layo ukuhlela isidleke.
I-Clutch iqukethe amaqanda ayi-12-16. Ukuthintana okukhulu kakhulu kwezinyoni ezinkulu kuze kufike kumaqanda angama-40 kuyatholakala ngezikhathi ezithile. Isikhathi sokufukamela sifinyelela enyangeni eyodwa. Amahlamvu wesilisa, akahlanganyeli kule nqubo. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, imvuthu, esivele ikhulelwe, iba nonina esidlekeni esifudumele isikhathi esingeqile ezinsukwini ezimbili.
Bese kuthi lapho bephuma kuqala balandele echibini, babhukude bese bezama ukucwila. Ukuzingela izingane kuqala kuqukethe ukubamba izinambuzane emanzini angajulile, kepha ngemuva kwesonto baby izinyoni merganser amadada qala ukuzingela i-gazinga, ukuthola isivinini sokuhamba. Bahamba ngamakholomu, ngokuvumelanayo, lapho bebona inyamazane, zama isandla sabo ekulweni ngomkhonto.
Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi amadada avuke phezu kwephiko. Okungenani izinyanga ezimbili zizelwe, amaphuphu alungiselela indiza yokuqala, kanti amaphuphu athola ukuzimela okugcwele ezinyangeni ezintathu. Izinhlobo ezifudukayo zamasu obuchule bokundiza zingaphambi kwezihlobo zazo ezihleli phansi. Abahlanganisi abasha bavuthwa ngokocansi kuphela ngeminyaka emibili.
Isikhathi sokuphila samadada e-merganser cishe siyiminyaka eyi-15. Izinhlobo ezihlala phansi zihlala isikhathi eside ngokwedlula lezo ezifudukayo. Ukuhlala ekuthunjweni, endaweni evikelekile, kukhulisa isikhathi sokuphila sezinyoni ngeminyaka emi-3-5.
Amadada athungathiwe awathakazeli nje kuphela abalindi bezinyoni nabazingeli. Wonke umuntu othanda izilwane zasendle uyajabula ukuhlangana nale nyoni ekhululekile ehlobisa izindlela zethu zamanzi namahlathi.
