Intuthwane kaFaro - eyodwa nje yezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10-15 ezihlala emhlabeni. Wayeziqonda izinzuzo zempilo yomphakathi ngaphambi komuntu. Le ngane enamanzi amaningi engenalo iqembu lama-congener imele ukubhubha. Eyedwa, uba yisicefe, abe livila futhi ahambe kancane ngokweqile, kodwa eqenjini unamahloni futhi unamandla. I-thermophilic futhi ihlala lapho izinga lokushisa okungenani lifudumele ngama-20 ° C. Futhi bathole lezi zimo emakhaya abantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: intuthwane kaFaro
Ngokokuqala ngqa, lezi zimvuthu ezibomvu zitholakale emangcwabeni kaFaro. Bahlala kwizidumbu, lapho bakhuphuka khona befuna ukudla. Ngemuva kokubanjwa, badluliselwa kuSweden Carl Linnaeus ukuze achazelwe usosayensi wezemvelo, owachaza lesi sinambuzane ngo-1758, wasibiza ngentuthwane kaFaro. Wabeka inguqulo yokuthi iGibhithe nezindawo ezingomakhelwane baseNyakatho Afrika yizwe lakubo. Lesi silwane sinezinhlobo eziyi-128 zezihlobo eziseduze, ezingama-75 kuzo ezaseMpumalanga Afrika.
Ividiyo: intuthwane kaFaro
EYurophu, kwatholakala intuthwane kaFaro ngo-1828 eLondon, lapho isifiki esingekho emthethweni sahlala kahle ezindlini ezingaphansi kwezitofu zomlilo. Ngo-1862, izintuthwane zafika eRussia, zatholakala eKazan. Ngo-1863, babanjwa e-Austria. Endaweni ethile ngalesi sikhathi, izinambuzane zitholakale emachwebeni aseMelika. Kancane kancane, izintuthwane zikaFaro ezivela emadolobheni asethekwini zangena zajula zangena emazwenikazi. Indalo yavela eMoscow ngo-1889.
E-Australia, lolu hlobo luye lwaphumelela kakhulu. Leli qiniso lifuna ukwazi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba khona komndeni wezintuthwane onolaka kakhulu, i-Iridomyrmex. Lezi zintuthwane ziyakwazi ukuthola ngokushesha imithombo yokudla futhi zivimbele ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane ukuthi zikufinyelele. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo zeMonomorium, yize zinomoya ophansi futhi zincane, ziyakwazi ukuchuma ngisho nasezindaweni ezibuswa yi-Iridomyrmex.
Le mpumelelo ingabangelwa amasu abo okudla kahle nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwama-alkaloid anobuthi. Ngalezi zindlela ezimbili zokuziphatha, izinhlobo zeMonomorium zingasilawula masinyane futhi zivikele umthombo wokudla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani intuthwane kaFaro
Lokhu kungenye yezintuthwane ezincane kakhulu, ubukhulu bomuntu osebenzayo bungu-1.5-2 mm kuphela. Umzimba ubomvu ngokubomvu noma ushukwe kancane ngesisu esimnyama. Iso ngalinye eliyinkimbinkimbi linezici ezingama-20, futhi umhlathi ngamunye ongezansi unamazinyo amane. Imigwaqo ebhangqiwe ye-longitudinal ne-methanotal icacile kahle. Azikho "izinwele ezimile" emgogodleni we-dorsal. Izintuthwane ezisebenza kuFaro zinodosi olungasebenzi olusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-pheromones.
Abesilisa bangaba ngu-3 mm ubude, bamnyama, banamaphiko (kodwa abahambi). AmaQueens abomvu amnyama futhi angama-3.6-5 mm ubude. Ekuqaleni zinamaphiko alahleka ngemuva nje kokukhwelana. Izintuthwane zikaFaro (njengazo zonke izinambuzane) zinezifunda ezintathu zomzimba eziyinhloko: i-ribcage, ikhanda nesisu, namabhangqa amathathu emilenze eveziwe enamathiselwe kule ribcage.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izintuthwane zikaFaro zisebenzisa izimpondo zazo ukuzwa ukudlidlizela nokwenza ngcono ukubona ezindaweni ezingakhanyisiwe. Izinwele ezincane ezingaba khona esiswini zibasiza ukuba bazizwe kangcono isimo sezulu.
Okokugcina, njengawo wonke ama-arthropods, aqukethe i-exoskeleton eqinile futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ane-wax cuticle ukuvimbela ukoma. Amathambo e-arthropod akhiwa nge-chitin, isithako esenziwe nge-polymeric starch esifana nezinzipho zethu. Izingxenye ze-Antennal zinqanyulwa eklabhini ehlukile enezingxenye ezintathu ezinwetshiwe. Kwabesifazane nabasebenzi, izimpondo zihlukaniswe nge-12, zineklabhu ehlukanisiwe enezingxenye ezi-3, kanti abesilisa banezimpondo ezihlukaniswe nge-13.
Ihlala kuphi intuthwane kaFaro?
Isithombe: intuthwane kaFaro ngokwemvelo
Izintuthwane zikaFaro ziyizinhlobo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezikhula cishe yonke indawo manje, ngisho nasezindaweni ezipholile, uma nje izakhiwo zinokushisa okuphakathi. Indawo ehlala lesi sinambuzane ayigcini nje ezindaweni ezibandayo. Le ntuthwane izalelwe eGibhithe, kepha isithuthele ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Ekhulwini lama-XX, wahamba nezinto nemikhiqizo kuwo wonke amazwekazi amahlanu ezimotweni, emikhumbi, ezindizeni.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo okuhlala kuzo idlozi likaFaro ziyamangalisa! Ihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ezifudumele nezimnyama. Ezimweni zezulu ezisenyakatho, izidleke zazo zivame ukutholakala emakhaya, kunezikhala ezisezindongeni eziphakathi kokuphakama nokugquma okunikeza izindawo ezifudumele zokuzalela ezicashe emehlweni esintu. Idlozi likaPharoah liwuhlupho olukhulu kubanikazi bendawo yokuhlala, isibalo sakhona okunzima ukusithonya.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro zihlala emigodini eyenziwe ngomumo:
- imifantu esisekelweni naphansi;
- izindonga zezindlu;
- isikhala ngaphansi kwesithombe sangemuva;
- izimbali;
- amabhokisi;
- izingubo ezisongwayo;
- imishini, njll.
Lezi zinhlobo zakha izidleke ezihlakazekayo, okungukuthi, isiduli esisodwa sithatha indawo enkulu (ngaphakathi kwendlu eyodwa) ngendlela yezidleke eziningana ezixhunyiwe. Isidleke ngasinye sinezinsikazi eziningana ezizalela amaqanda. Izintuthwane zivame ukufudukela ezidlekeni ezingomakhelwane noma zenze ezintsha lapho izimo ziba zimbi kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izintuthwane zikaFaro zalethwa eGreenland, lapho lezi zinambuzane zingakaze zitholakale khona ngaphambili. Ngo-2013, owesilisa onekhono eliphelele walolu hlobo watholakala ku-2 km ukusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Kunzima ukulwa nezintuthwane zikaFaro, ngoba indawo yokulawula izinambuzane kufanele ihlanganise yonke induli. Kulula ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinambuzane eziyingozi ekhaya ngokuvala imifantu nokuvimba ukuxhumana kwazo nokudla. Ngokomlando, uphalafini ubusetshenziselwe le njongo.
Manje uyazi lapho izwe lomlando lezintuthwane zikaFaro likhona. Ake sibone ukuthi ungazondla kanjani lezi zinambuzane.
Yini edliwa izintuthwane zikaFaro?
Isithombe: Izinambuzane uFaro Ant
Izinambuzane zisebenzisa uhlelo lokuphendula. Njalo ekuseni ama-scouts azobheka ukudla. Lapho umuntu eyithola, ibuyela esidlekeni ngokushesha. Bese kuthi izintuthwane eziningana zilandele umkhondo we-scout ephumelelayo eya emthonjeni wokudla. Ngokushesha, iqembu elikhulu seliseduze kokudla. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-scouts asebenzisa zombili izimpawu zamakhemikhali nezokubukwa ukumaka indlela nokubuya.
Intuthwane kapharao iyikudla komunye nomunye, futhi ukudla kwayo okubanzi kukhombisa ukubekezelela izindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene. Zondla amaswidi: ijeli, ushukela, uju, amakhekhe nesinkwa. Bakujabulela nokudla okunamafutha njengot tarts, ibhotela, isibindi nobhekeni. Kukholwe noma ungakukholwa, ukugqoka okusha kwezokwelapha kudonsela lezi zinambuzane ezibhedlela. Izintuthwane zikaFaro nazo zingangena kukhokho wezicathulo. Izintuthwane zitholakala zidla inyama yesinambuzane esisanda kushona, njengephela noma ikhilikithi. Basebenzisa imikhondo yabasebenzi ukuthola ukudla.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-omnivore kuqukethe:
- amaqanda;
- uketshezi lomzimba;
- izidumbu zezinambuzane;
- ama-arthropods asemhlabeni;
- imbewu;
- okusanhlamvu;
- amantongomane;
- izithelo;
- umpe;
- iziphuzo zemifino;
- ukhunta;
- i-detritus.
Uma inani lokudla lidlulele, izintuthwane zikaFaro zizogcina ukudla okweqile esiswini sohlu oluyingqayizivele lwabasebenzi. Amalungu aleli qembu anesisu esikhulu futhi angabuyisa ukudla okugciniwe lapho kudingeka. Ngakho-ke, ikoloni linezihlinzeko uma kungenzeka kube nokushoda kokudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izintuthwane ezibomvu zikaFaro
Njengamanye amaHymenoptera, izintuthwane zikaFaro zinohlelo lwe-haplo-diploid. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho abesifazane besifazane, ugcina isidoda. Njengoba amaqanda ehamba emigodini yakhe yokuzala, angavundisa, abe ngowesifazane oyidiploid, noma angavundisi, aphenduke owesilisa oyi-haploid. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo olungavamile, abesifazane bahlobene kakhulu nodadewabo kunenzalo yabo. Lokhu kungachaza ubukhona bezintuthwane zesisebenzi. Izintuthwane zabasebenzi zifaka phakathi: abaqoqi bokudla, ama-nannies amaqanda asathuthuka, kanye nabaqaphi / abagadi bezidleke.
Isidleke siqukethe abasebenzi, indlovukazi noma izindlovukazi eziningana, nezintuthwane ezinamaphiko ezingamadoda / abesifazane. Abasebenzi bangabesifazane abayinyumba, kuyilapho abesilisa bevame ukuba namaphiko kuphela, ngomsebenzi oyinhloko wokuzala. Izintuthwane ezinamaphiko ezinsikazi neziduna nazo zinikela ngokuvikelwa okujwayelekile kwesidleke. Indlovukazi iba ngumkhiqizi weqanda owenziwe ngomshini onesikhathi eside sokuphila. Njengoba ilahlekelwe amaphiko ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ngemuva kokukhwelana, indlovukazi ihlala phansi ngokushesha ilale.
Kunezindlovukazi eziningi emakoloni ezintuthwane zikaFaro. Isilinganiso sezindlovukazi kubasebenzi siyehluka futhi kuya ngosayizi wekoloni. Ikoloni elilodwa livame ukuba nezisebenzi eziyi-1000-2500, kepha imvamisa ubukhulu bezidleke bunikeza isithombe samakholoni amakhulu. Ikoloni elincane lizoba nezindlovukazi eziningi kunezisebenzi. Lesi silinganiso silawulwa ngabasebenzi bekoloni. Iziphungumangathi ezikhiqiza abasebenzi zinezinwele ezivelele kulo lonke, kuyilapho izibungu ezizokhiqiza abesilisa noma abesifazane abahlanganyela ocansini zingenaboya.
Kukholakala ukuthi abasebenzi bangasebenzisa lezi zici ezehlukile ukukhomba izibungu. Abahlengikazi bangadla izibungu ukuze kuqinisekiswe isilinganiso esihle sodidi. Isinqumo sokudla abantu sidliwa kakhulu ubudlelwano obukhona besigaba. Isibonelo, uma izindlovukazi eziningi ezivundile zikhona, abasebenzi bangazidla izibungu. Ubudlelwano be-Caste bulawulwa ngomzamo wokwandisa ukukhula kwaleli koloni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izintuthwane zikaFaro
Izintuthwane zikaFaro zinezitho zokulingisa zokukhulelwa. Ngemuva kokuthi indlovukazi entsha ihlangane okungenani nowesilisa oyedwa (kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu), izogcina isidoda esibelethweni sayo bese isisebenzisa ukufaka amaqanda ayo impilo yayo yonke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukulingiswa kwentuthwane kaFaro kubuhlungu kowesifazane. I-valve ye-penile iqukethe amazinyo abukhali alengisa kusendlalelo esijiyile, esithambile esisikiwe kowesifazane. Le ndlela yokubambisana nayo inesisekelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ama-barbs aqinisekisa ukuthi ucansi luhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze isidoda sidlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuhlungu obuziswa kowesifazane, ngandlela thile, bunganciphisa isifiso sakhe sokuphinde ashade.
Njengezintuthwane eziningi, ama-sex castes (akwazi ukuzala) alingisa endizeni yokukhwelana. Lokhu kulapho izimo zezemvelo zivumela ukukhuthaza ukukhwelana, futhi izindlovukazi zabesilisa nezintombi zindiza emoyeni ngasikhathi sinye ukuthola umlingani. Emva kwesikhashana, abesilisa bayafa futhi izindlovukazi ziphelelwa amaphiko futhi zithole indawo yokuqala ukwakha ikoloni lazo. Indlovukazi ingakhiqiza amaqanda ngamaqoqo ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12 ngasikhathi. Amaqanda avuthwa kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-42.
INdlovukazi iyazinakekela yona ingane yokuqala. Ngemuva kokuvuthwa kwesizukulwane sokuqala, bazonakekela indlovukazi nazo zonke izizukulwane ezizayo njengoba ikoloni likhula. Ngaphezu kokusungulwa kwekoloni elisha ngendlovukazi esanda kuqanjwa, amakoloni nawo angazalela ngokwawo. Okungukuthi, ingxenye yekoloni ekhona idluliselwa kwenye indawo "yokwakha" entsha kanye nendlovukazi entsha - imvamisa indodakazi yendlovukazi yekholoni yabazali.
Izitha zemvelo zentuthwane kaFaro
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani intuthwane kaFaro
Izibungu zentuthwane ziyakhula futhi zikhule zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-22 kuye kwangama-24, zidlule ezigabeni eziningana - izigaba zokukhula, ezigcina ngokuncibilika. Lapho izibungu sezilungile, zingena esiteji sikaphaphethi ukuze ziguqulwe ngokuphelele, eziphela ngezinsuku eziyi-9 kuya kwezi-12. Isigaba se-pupa yisona esisengozini enkulu emvelweni nasezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izintuthwane ziye zafunda ukuluma nokuhlaba kahle kakhulu.
Hlobo luni lwezitha eziyingozi kulezi zimvuthu:
- amaBhele. Bamba izintuthwane ngezidladla zabo futhi badle izibungu, abantu abadala.
- onogwaja. Izilwane ezanele ezanele, ngakho-ke zizoba nesidlwana eduze kwendlwana.
- amaxoxo. Lawa ma-amphibian nawo awaphikisi ekudleni izintuthwane zikaFaro.
- izinyoni. Izintuthwane nezindlovukazi ezisebenzayo ezishiye isiduli zingangena emilonyeni eqinile yezinyoni.
- izikele, izikhuni. Isisulu sitholakala ngaphansi komhlaba. Ukubeka "umhubhe", izibungu nabantu abadala bangadla.
- izibankwa. Zingabamba inyamazane yazo noma yikuphi.
- intuthwane ibhubesi. Ukulinda ngesineke emgodini wezinambuzane.
Amagciwane amancane angathwalwa yilezi zintuthwane kwesinye isikhathi ayigciwane, kufaka phakathi iSalmonella, iPseudomonas, Clostridium, neStaphylococcus. Futhi, izintuthwane zikaFaro zingabacasula abanikazi bendlu, zikhuphuke ekudleni futhi zishiye izitsha zinganakiwe. Ngakho-ke, abanikazi bezindawo zokuhlala kwezinye izikhungo bazama ukuqeda indawo enjalo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: izinambuzane zikaFaro
Le ntuthwane ayinaso isimo esikhethekile futhi ayikho engozini. Ikholoni elilodwa lembewu lingagcwalisa ihhovisi elikhulu ngokuqeda cishe zonke ezinye izinambuzane ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Kunzima kakhulu ukuzisusa nokuzilawula, ngoba amakoloni amaningana angahlukaniswa abe ngamaqembu amancane ngesikhathi sezinhlelo zokuqothula, ukuze aphinde azalise abantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro seziphenduke inkathazo enkulu cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamabhilidi. Bangadla ukudla okuhlukahlukene, okubandakanya amafutha, ukudla okunoshukela, nezinambuzane ezifile. Bangakwazi futhi ukumba izimbobo kusilika, i-rayon nemikhiqizo yenjoloba. Izidleke zingaba zincane kakhulu, okwenza ukutholwa kube nzima kakhulu. Lezi zinambuzane zivame ukutholakala zingenalutho ezindongeni, ngaphansi kwaphansi, noma ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zefenisha. Emakhaya, zivame ukutholakala ezindlini zokugezela noma eduze kokudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Akunconyelwa ukubulala izintuthwane zikaFaro ngezifutho zokubulala izinambuzane, ngoba lokhu kuzofaka ukuhlakazwa kwezinambuzane nokuchoboza amakoloni.
Indlela enconywayo yokuqeda izintuthwane zikaFaro ukusebenzisa iziheho ezikhangayo zalesi silwane. Izithiyo zanamuhla zisebenzisa i-Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) njengesithako esisebenzayo. Izintuthwane zikhangwa yilolu hlaka ngenxa yokuqukethwe kokudla bese zikubuyisela esidlekeni. Kwaphela amasonto ambalwa, i-IGR ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwezintuthwane ezisebenza futhi indlovukazi iphume. Ukubuyekeza izingibe kanye noma kabili kungadingeka.
Intuthwane kaFaro njengezinye izintuthwane, zingabuye zibhujiswe ngamalithi alungiselelwe kusuka ku-1% boric acid namanzi anoshukela. Uma lezi zindlela zingasizi, kufanele uthintane nochwepheshe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/31/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 07/31/2019 ngo-21: 50
