Kwabaningi bethu, igama "anaconda" liyethusa. Ngayo sisho okuthile okukhasa, okusabisayo, ngamehlo aluhlaza okwesabekayo. Le boa constrictor inkulu kakhulu ukuthi ingagwinya nje kuphela isilwane kepha nomuntu. Sizwile kusukela ebuntwaneni lokho inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke - lokhu inhlwathi... Isirhubuluzi esingenabuthi sasemanzini esivela emndenini we-boa. Kodwa-ke, izindaba eziningi ezisabisayo ngaye zinehaba.
Inyoka ye-Anaconda kukhulu impela. Ubude bayo kwesinye isikhathi bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-8.5, kepha abantu abayimitha emihlanu bavame kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, inganekwane yezinyoka zamamitha ayi-12 nezinde kungenzeka ukuthi iyinkohliso. Umuntu onjalo angabizwa ngokuthi uyingqayizivele engajwayelekile. Isirhubuluzi esikhulu nesisindayo singaba nzima hhayi nje ukuzulazula emvelweni, kepha nasekuzingeleni. Wayengafa indlala.
Le boa constrictor ayihlaseli muntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzama ukugwema ukuhlangana nabantu. Isazi semvelo esidumile saseNgilandi, isazi sezilwane nomlobi, uGerald Malcolm Darrell, uchaze ukuhlangana kwakhe nalesi silwane esihuquzelayo. Wambona emahlathini aminyene osebeni lwe-Amazon. Kwakungumuntu omkhulu ngokwanele, cishe amamitha ayi-6 ubude.
Umbhali wethuke kakhulu, umzwelo wemvelo wamenza wazwakalisa ukubiza usizo kumhlali wendawo ohambisana naye. Kodwa-ke, inyoka yaziphatha ngendlela exakile. Ekuqaleni, wathatha isimo sokusongela, efuthekile, njengokungathi ulungiselela ukugxuma.
Uqale ngokuhayiza esongela, kepha akazange ahlasele. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ukuhayiza kwakhe akuzange kusongele, kepha kunalokho wethuka. Futhi lapho abaphelezeli beza begijima, babengenaso neze isikhathi sokubona umsila uhlehla ngokushesha ungene ehlathini. I-boa ibalekile, ingafuni ukuxabana nalo muntu.
Noma kunjalo, inhlwathi esithombeni kuvame ukwethulwa ngokusobala nangokuthusayo. Manje ihlasela ingulube yasendle, iyishwabadele ngokuphelele, bese isonga yonke inkunzi noma ilwe nengwenya. Kodwa-ke, amaNdiya asaxoxa izindaba zokuthi izikebhe eziluhlaza zasemanzini zihlasela kanjani abantu.
Kuliqiniso, ukuqala kuhlala kufana. Isakhamuzi sendawo sizingela izinyoni noma izinhlanzi emfuleni. Uhlangabezana nomuntu omkhulu ngokwanele futhi uphoqeleka ukuba angene emfuleni ukuze awudonsele ogwini. Lapha kuvela i-monster, esheshayo ukususa umphumela wokuzingela. Bese kuba yingxabano nomzingeli wezilwane. Inyoka ibona kumuntu imbangi enkulu kunesisulu. Kuphela kuphuphuthekiswe ukufutheka lapho angalwa khona nabantu.
Kepha abantu, kunalokho, bangazingela lezi zilwane ezinhle. Isikhumba se-boa constrictor sihle kangangokuba siyindebe ekhangayo. Imikhiqizo ebiza kakhulu yenziwa ngayo: amabhuzu, amapotimende, izicathulo, izingubo zokulala zamahhashi, izingubo. Ngisho nenyama namafutha enhlwathi kusetshenziselwa ukudla, kuchaza lokhu ngezinzuzo ezeqile. Kuthiwa kwezinye izizwe lokhu kudla kubhekwa njengomthombo wokugcina amasosha omzimba engavikelekile.
Incazelo nezici
Isirhubuluzi esikhulu sihle khulu. Iphethe izikali ezicwebezelayo ezicwebezelayo, inomzimba omkhulu ogingqikayo. Ibizwa nge- "green boa constrictor". Umbala ungumnquma, kwesinye isikhathi ulula, ungaba nombala ophuzi. Kungaba nsundu ngokuluhlaza noma umashi.
Izindawo ezimnyama zitholakala ebusweni bomzimba wakhe ngemivimbo emibili ebanzi. Ezinhlangothini kunesiqeshana samachashazi amancane azungezwe amarimu amnyama. Lo mbala ukufihla okuhle, kufihla umzingeli emanzini, kumenze abukeke njengotshani.
Isisu se-anaconda sikhanya kakhulu. Ikhanda likhulu, kunamakhala. Amehlo aqondiswe kancane phezulu ukuze abone ngaphezu kwamanzi ngenkathi ebhukuda emfuleni. Insikazi ihlale inkulu kuneduna. Amazinyo akhe awekho makhulu, kepha kungaba buhlungu kakhulu ukuluma, ngoba usenezicubu zomhlathi. Amathe awanabo ubuthi, kodwa angaqukatha amagciwane ayingozi kanye nobuthi obubulalayo.
Amathambo ogebhezi ahamba kakhulu, axhumeke ngemisipha eqinile. Lokhu kumenza akwazi ukwelula umlomo kakhulu, agwinye inyamazane yonke. Isisindo se-reptile yamamitha amahlanu sicishe sibe ngu-90-95 kg.
Anaconda Ungumbhukudi omuhle futhi we-diver. Uhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuthi amakhala akhe anama-valve akhethekile futhi avale, uma kunesidingo. Amehlo abukeka ezolile ngaphansi kwamanzi, njengoba efakwe izikali zokuvikela ezisobala. Ulimi lwakhe oluhambahambayo lisebenza njengesitho sokuhogela nokunambitha.
Qaphela ukuthi ubude be-anaconda bufushane ngokuphawulekayo kunobude benyoka ebabazekayo, enye inyoka enkulu. Kepha, ngesisindo, kukhulu ngokwengeziwe. Noma iyiphi inhlwathi icishe iphindwe kabili isisindise futhi ibe namandla kunesihlobo sayo. Indandatho eyodwa "yokwanga kwakhe okubulalayo" ilingana namandla ngokujika okuningana kwe-boa constrictor.
Ngakho-ke, insumansumane yokuthi le nyoka enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ayinakubekezelelwa. Kodwa-ke, yena usinda kakhulu futhi unamandla kunabo bonke abaziwayo. Ngesisindo somthamo womzimba ngamunye, i-boa constrictor ingeyesibili kuphela kunesilonda seKomodo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kumenza aphile futhi azingele emanzini, isisindo esinjalo sidinga ukusekelwa kwento yamanzi.
Imvamisa, ababalisi, bechaza ubukhulu obukhulu bale nyoni yamanzi, bazama ukwenza ihaba ngokufaneleka kwabo ukuze bayithathe. Okukhulu kakhulu inyoka inhlwathi wabonwa eColombia ngo-1944.
Ngokusho kwezindaba, ubude bayo babungamamitha ayi-11.5. Kepha azikho izithombe zalesi sidalwa esimangalisayo. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ingalinganisa kangakanani. Inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke yabanjwa eVenezuela. Ubude bayo babungu-5.2 metres kanti yayinesisindo esingu-97.5 kg.
Izinhlobo
Umhlaba wezinyoka zezinhlwathi imelwe yizinhlobo ezi-4:
- Isidlakela. Iyinyoka enkulu kunazo zonke zohlobo lwayo. Nguye owabangela ukusabalala kwezinganekwane ngosayizi wezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ubude bayo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-8, kepha kaningi bufike kumamitha ayi-5-7. Kuhlala kuzo zonke izindawo ezinamanzi aseNingizimu Melika, empumalanga nentaba i-Andes. Uhlala eVenezuela, eBrazil, e-Ecuador, eColombia, empumalanga yeParaguay. Ingatholakala enyakatho yeBolivia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yePeru, eFrench Guiana, eGuyana kanye nasesiqhingini saseTrinidad.
- I-Paraguayan. Kuzalwa eBolivia, e-Uruguay, entshonalanga yeBrazil nase-Argentina. Ubude bayo bufinyelela kumamitha ama-4. Umbala uphuzi kakhulu kunalowo we-anaconda omkhulu, yize kukhona abameleli abaluhlaza nabampunga bezinhlobo.
- U-Anaconda de Chauency (Deschauensie) uhlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeBrazil, ubude bayo buncane kunababili abangaphambilini. Umuntu omdala ufinyelela kumamitha amabili.
- Futhi kukhona ama-subspecies wesine, angakachazwa ngokucacile. Kuyacwaningwa, i-Eunectes beniensis, eyatholakala ngo-2002, ifana nenhlwathi yaseParaguay, kodwa itholakala kuphela eBolivia. Mhlawumbe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izokhonjwa nesirhubuluzi esingenhla, naphezu kwendawo yokuhlala.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Lezi zikebhe ezinkulu zihlala eduze kwamanzi, zihola impilo yasemanzini. Imvamisa bahlala emifuleni enamanzi amile noma ageleza kancane. Amachibi anqwabelene, imifula noma amachibi e-oxbow imvamisa acebile ngezimbali nezilwane. Kulula ukucasha lapho, uzifihle njengezimbali.
Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emfuleni, kwesinye isikhathi befika phezulu. Bakhasa ukuphuma bezifudumeza endaweni enelanga, bangakhwela emagatsheni ezihlahla eduze kwamanzi. Bahlala futhi, bazingele futhi bahlangane lapho.
Izindawo ezihlala kuzo ngokuyinhloko izitsha zemifula. I-Amazon ingumzimba omkhulu wamanzi ezimpilweni zabo. I-boa constrictor ihlala noma yikuphi lapho igelezela khona. Ihlala emizileni yamanzi e-Orinoco, eParaguay, eParana, eRio Negro. Futhi uhlala esiqhingini saseTrinidad.
Uma amachibi omile, ahamba aye kwenye indawo noma ehle ngomfula. Esomisweni esithatha izindawo ezithile zenyoka ehlobo, singacasha ekushiseni okusodakeni olungezansi bese silala lapho. Lolu uhlobo lobuthongo lapho ekhona ngaphambi kokuqala kwezimvula. Kuyamsiza ukuthi aphile.
Abanye abantu bahlala i-anaconda ku-terrarium, ngoba ibukeka isebenza kahle kakhulu. Lesi silwanyana esihuquzelayo asihloniphi futhi asikhethi ukudla, okwenza kube lula ukuhlala emamuveni. Abantu abadala bazolile futhi bayavilapha. Abantu abasha bayashesha futhi banolaka. Zizala kahle ekuthunjweni.
Naye uchitha emanzini. Ukubuka lesi silwane esihuquzelayo ku-terrarium, ungabona ukuthi, sifakwe kanjani esitsheni, sihlikihla phansi echibini, kancane kancane sisuse isikhumba esidala, njengokungathi sisitoko esinesidina.
U-Anaconda ubambelela kakhulu. Ukuzingela kuvame ukuvela ngendlela yokubamba nge-loops, efakwe eduze nendawo yokuhlala yesilwane. Ngemuva kokubamba inyoka, iluphu liqiniswa kakhulu, cishe alivumeli ukuthi isilwane esihuquzelayo siphefumule. Kodwa-ke, akalokothi akhungatheke. Uphinde aphume esimweni, awele phansi okusindisayo.
Bathi lezo zinhlwathi ezithunjiwe, ezazibonakala zingaphili amahora amaningana, zabe sezivuka ngokuzumayo. Futhi kube wusizo ngokuphelele kulokhu kwaba ukuqapha ukubopha ngokucophelela inyoka. Waphila ngokungazelelwe, futhi wayengalimaza abanye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ungenaso isikhathi sokukhomba isilwane endaweni yokulethwa, egumbini elibanzi ngokwengeziwe, sizoshukela emizamweni yokuzikhulula, futhi singaphumelela kulokhu. Kuke kwaba nezimo lapho inyoka ikwazile ukuzikhulula ezintanjeni. Ngemuva kwalokho kwadingeka abulawe.
Kunesinye futhi isibonelo ngobungqabavu obumangalisayo bezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kuthiwa inhlwathi yagula kwenye yama-zoo angomahambanendlwana aseYurophu. Wayeka ukunyakaza nokudla. Wayebukeka efile. Unogada, ebona isimo esinje, wanquma ukususa isidumbu senyoka, wesaba ukuthi uzothathwa njengecala lokufa kwakhe.
Wamphonsa emfuleni. Futhi emgodini wahlukanisa imigoqo, eqamba amanga ethi inyoka uqobo lwayo yacindezela yabaleka. Umnikazi wayo waqala wafuna inhlwathi, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. I-zoo ithuthele endaweni ehlukile. Baqhubeka bafuna inyoka. Ekugcineni, wonke umuntu wanquma ukuthi ufile noma uqandekile.
Futhi isirhubuluzi sasinda, salulama, futhi saphila isikhathi eside emfuleni, lapho umlindi asiphonsa khona. Wayebhukuda ebusweni ngobusuku obufudumele, ofakazi bokuzibonela abesabekayo. Ubusika bafika. Isilwane saphinde sanyamalala, futhi wonke umuntu wanquma ukuthi sesifile.
Kodwa-ke, entwasahlobo, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo saphinde savela kulo mfula, okwethusa izakhamuzi. Lokhu kwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingana. Leli cala elimangazayo lifakazela ukuthi izinhlwathi ziyaqina kwinkululeko, ngenkathi usekuthunjweni kufanele unakekele indawo yazo yokuhlala njalo. Bafudumeze emakhazeni, shintsha amanzi, njll.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo zondla ngezinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, ama-iguana amancane, izimfudu ngisho nezinye izinyoka. Babamba izinyoni, zopholi, izindwandwe, amadada, izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini ezinjenge-capybaras nama-otter. Ungahlasela i-tapir, inyamazane, ababhaki, i-agouti eze ukuzophuza. Uyababamba ngasemfuleni abahudulele ekujuleni. Ayichobozi amathambo njengezinye izinyoka ezinkulu, kepha imane ingavumeli isisulu ukuba siphefumule.
Njengoba iklinye isisulu ngokugona okunamandla, iyigwinya iphelele. Ngalesi sikhathi, umphimbo wakhe nemihlathi yakhe kunwebe kakhulu. Futhi-ke i-boa constrictor ilele ezansi isikhathi eside, igaya ukudla. Kuyamangaza ukuthi, ephila entweni yamanzi, ukhetha ukudla izakhamizi zomhlaba.
Lapho ivulekile, inyoka iphaka kuphela inyamazane entsha. Futhi ekuthunjweni kungafundiswa ukuwa. Izimo zokudla abantu ziye zabonwa kulezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo. Unya nesifiso sokusinda yizimiso zabo eziyinhloko ekuzingeleni. Izinhlwathi ezindala azinazo izitha zemvelo, ngaphandle kwabantu, kunjalo. Ubazingela ngesikhumba sabo esihle futhi esijiyile.
Futhi izinhlwathi ezincane zingase zibe nezitha ezinjengezingwenya, ama-caimans, ancintisana nazo ensimini. Kungase kuhlaselwe ama-jaguar, ama-cougars. Inyoka elimele ingathola ama-piranhas.
Izizwe zase-Amazonia zinezinganekwane mayelana nezilwane ezidlayo. Bathi isirhubuluzi esibanjwe sisencane singasondelana nomuntu. Ngemuva kwalokho uyamsiza, avikele ikhaya ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, nasemakamelweni okusetshenziswa - izinqolobane nezinqolobane - kumagundane namagundane.
Ngenhloso efanayo, kwesinye isikhathi babethulelwa esikebheni somkhumbi. Masinyane, lesi silwane sisize ukukhulula umkhumbi ezivakashini ezingamenyiwe. Ngaphambilini, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjalo zazithuthwa ngamabhokisi anezimbobo, ngoba zazingahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside, kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Mayelana nezinyoka zezinhlwathi singasho ukuthi banesithembu. Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi bebodwa. Kepha, ekufikeni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, ziqala ukubuthana ngamaqembu. Insikazi iyakwazi ukukhwelana ngasikhathi sinye nabesilisa abaningana.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana singo-Ephreli-Meyi. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoka zilambile ikakhulukazi. Uma zingakwazi ukondla isikhathi eside, kepha ngenkathi yokuhlangana, indlala ayibekezeleleki kubo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zidinga ukudla ngokushesha futhi zithole umaqondana. Yinhlwathi eyinsikazi eyondleke kahle kuphela ebeletha izingane ngempumelelo.
Abesilisa bathola insikazi emzileni wephunga elishiya phansi. Ikhipha ama-pheromones. Kukhona ukucabanga ukuthi inyoka nayo ikhipha izinto ezinephunga elimnandi emoyeni, kepha le mbono ayikaphenywa. Bonke abesilisa abakwazile ukuthola "isimemo esinephunga elimnandi" kuye babamba iqhaza emidlalweni yokukhwelana.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ukuzibuka kuyingozi kakhulu. Abesilisa bajabule kakhulu, bangahlasela noma ngubani ngokufutheka. Abahlanganyeli emkhosini bahlangana ngamabhola, bayaphambana. Zisongelana ngobumnene nangokuqina zisebenzisa ubuqili bomlenze. Banenqubo enjalo emzimbeni wabo, umlenze ongamanga. Yonke le nqubo ihambisana nokugiya neminye imisindo ebukhali.
Akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani ekugcineni ongubaba wenzalo. Kaningi kuba inyoka inhlwathi, okuvele ukuthi yiyona ekhanye kakhulu futhi enothando kakhulu. Abesilisa abaningana bangasho ukuthi bakhwelana nabesifazane. Kunoma ikuphi, ngemuva kokukhwelana, bonke ababambiqhaza bakhasa ngezindlela ezihlukile.
Insikazi izala inzalo cishe izinyanga eziyi-6-7. Akadli ngalesi sikhathi. Ukuze aphile, udinga ukuthola i-rookery eyimfihlo. Konke kuyindida ukuthi ukuthwala kwenzeka ngesikhathi sesomiso. Inyoka ikhasa isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ifuna ikhoneni elimanzi kakhulu.
Ishiywe ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo, izokufa nakanjani. Isirhubuluzi sincipha kakhulu isisindo ngalesi sikhathi, cishe kabili. Unika wonke amandla akhe ezinganeni ezizayo. Ekugcineni, cishe izinyanga eziyisikhombisa zokukhulelwa, izilingo zesifazane ezisinda njengesomiso nendlala ziveza inzalo yakhe eyigugu emhlabeni.
Lezi zilwane ziyi-ovoviviparous. Imvamisa inyoka izala amawundlu angama-28 kuye kwangama-42, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike kwikhulu. Kodwa, kwesinye isikhathi izalela amaqanda. Ngamunye wamawundlu azelwe cishe angama-70 cm ubude. Inhlwathi ekugcineni ingadla isuthe.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa, izingane ziyazihambela. Umama akanandaba nabo. Bona uqobo batadisha umhlaba obazungezile. Ukukwazi ukungadli isikhathi eside kuyabasiza baphile.
Ngalesi sikhathi, bangaba yisisulu sabanye futhi bafe ngezidladla zezinyoni, emlonyeni wezilwane nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kodwa kuphela baze bakhule. Futhi-ke bafuna inyamazane yabo bebodwa. Ngokwemvelo, isirhubuluzi siphila iminyaka emi-5-7. Futhi ku-terrarium, isikhathi sakhe sokuphila side kakhulu, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-28.
Siyabesaba labobuhle, futhi kubukeka sengathi bayasesaba. Kodwa-ke, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesilwane esiphila emhlabeni lubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi silwanyana esihuquzelayo esesabekayo sinemithwalo yemfanelo eqondile.
Yena, njenganoma yisiphi isilwane esidla ezinye, ubulala izilwane ezigulayo nezilimele, ezihlanza umhlaba wemvelo. Futhi uma sikhohlwa ukwesaba kwethu ama-anacondas bese uwabuka nje ku-terrarium, sizobona ukuthi zinhle kangakanani, zihle futhi zihle.
