Abantu bahlobanisa izintuthwane nokusebenza kanzima nokubekezela ngesizathu: bayakwazi ukuthwala imithwalo emabangeni amade, ephindwe ka-20 isisindo sabo. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane zisabalale cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuhlela amakoloni futhi zisebenzise zonke izinhlobo zezinsizakusebenza impilo yonke.
Njengamanje, kutholakale futhi kwahlukaniswa izinhlobo zezintuthwane ezingaba ngu-13 500, ezingaba ngu-300 zazo sezizinze eRussia.
Incazelo nezici
Intuthwane - ummeleli wesigaba sezinambuzane, njenge-arthropods nomndeni wezintuthwane. Lezi zinambuzane zihlala emakoloni amakhulu anezigaba ezichazwe ngokucacile, ezibandakanya ukwahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu:
- Isibeletho
- Abesilisa
- Izintuthwane zabasebenzi
Umzimba wabo uqukethe ikhanda, isifuba, izingqimba ezintathu zemilenze nezimpondo, ezizwela kuzimo zangaphandle zemvelo, amaphunga nemisinga yomoya, empeleni, zenza umsebenzi wezitho ezithintekayo. Imilenze inezingwegwe zokubamba kalula.
Usayizi womzimba uyehluka kusuka ku-0.4 kuye ku-1.3 cm kuye ngohlobo. Indlovukazi ivamise ukuba yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke, kodwa ingalingana namanye amalungu omphakathi. Umbala ubuye uncike ezinhlobonhlobo: obomvu, omnyama, oluhlaza, njll.
Kepha ukuba khona kwamaphiko esibelethweni, okufa ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, kutholakala cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo, ezinye zinamaphiko kungakhathalekile ubulili nendawo endaweni.
Isinambuzane sinamehlo amahlanu: amabili amaphakathi anamalensi amaningi adlulisa isithombe esilufifi, kepha akuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukunyakaza, amathathu angeziwe anesakhiwo sokuqala futhi atholakala engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda.
Indawo eyinhloko yezintuthwane iphunga: ngosizo lwayo likhomba amalungu omphakathi wabo futhi bathole ukudla. Amaphunga akhethekile enzelwe ukuxwayisa ngengozi futhi acele usizo.
Ukuze uvikele ezitheni, kukhona udosi olubukhali esiswini sezinambuzane, ezingadala ingozi enkulu, kanye nalokhu, izindlala ezikhethekile zikhipha into enobuthi equkethe i-asidi ephezulu.
Kumuntu ongahlushwa ukungezwani nezinto ezithile komzimba, ngamanani amancane akuyona ingozi, imvamisa indawo yokuluma ivele ibe bomvu futhi ilume. Ezinambuzaneni nasezilwaneni ezincane, ubuthi buyingozi ebulalayo futhi bungadala ukudakwa okukhulu.
Izinhlobo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezintuthwane kuphazanyiswa ukufana kwezinhlobo ezithile komunye nomunye, ukuvela kwenzalo nezinhlobo zezelamani. Ngenkambo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ezinye izizukulwane ziyafa bese kuthi abasindile baphinde bahlaliswe kabusha, abaphoqeleka ukuthi bazijwayeze ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nendawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile. Eziningi kakhulu izinhlobo zezintuthwane:
1. Izintuthwane ezibomvu. Bathola igama ngenxa yombala obomvu wesisu sabantu besifazane, kuyilapho abesilisa benomzimba omnyama onombala onsundu wemilenze. Abantu abajwayelekile balezi zinhlobo bancane - kufika ku-5 mm, izindlovukazi zingafinyelela ku-7 mm.
Izintuthwane ezibomvu zisabalele emazweni aseYurophu, eMpumalanga Ekude, eSiberia nase-Urals; bathanda amahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi axubekile, lapho badlala khona indima yabavikeli, baqeda izinambuzane.
Imvamisa, abamele uhlobo bahlala ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu noma izihlahla eziwile, kepha bayakwazi ukwakha isiduli esingafika kumamitha amabili ukuphakama ngohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamaphaseji nokuphuma okuningi.
2. Izintuthwane ezincane zehlathi... Izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ezibomvu ngokubomvu ezinesisu esimnyama zibhalwe kuRed Book yamazwe amaningi aseYurophu, lapho inyamalala khona. Izintuthwane ezincane zamahlathi zisakazeke kakhulu emahlathini aseRussia, eSweden, eJalimane, njll. Ngaphandle kwegama lohlobo, abamele bayo bafinyelela ku-14 mm ngosayizi futhi bayakwazi ukwakha indawo yokuhlala ngezinaliti eziwile ezingamamitha ayi-2.5 ukuphakama.
3. Izintuthwane zensimu... Mhlawumbe izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu esezinze eRussia, ePortugal naseGreat Britain. Umbala womzimba, ombozwe ngezinwele ezincane kakhulu, ungaba mnyama noma onsundu, kepha ubukhulu buyahluka kuye ngendima yezenhlalo: isibeletho sifinyelela ku-10 mm, abesilisa - 6, abasebenzi yibona abancane kunabo bonke - kuze kufike ku-5 mm.
Izindawo eziyintandokazi zokwakha indlu yiziphunzi ezindala nezihlahla eziwile. Lezi zinhlobo zondla ngemikhiqizo yemfucumfucu yezinhlwathi, ngakho-ke, lapho kunezinambuzane, ungathola izintuthwane eziningi ezincane kuze kufike kumasentimitha angama-30. Okucacile kwezintuthwane zensimu emnyama isikhathi sokuphila kwesibeletho: iyakwazi ukuzala cishe amashumi amathathu eminyaka.
4. Izintuthwane zikaFaro... Izinhlobonhlobo, eziqanjwe ngendawo yokuqala - eGibhithe, zahlala emhlabeni jikelele. Abantu bangabancane kunabo bonke ekilasini futhi bahlukile ngombala kuye ngeqhaza labo emphakathini: abesifazane abansundu ngokuphuzi bafinyelela ku-4.5 mm, abesilisa abamnyama baze bafike ku-3.5 mm, nabasebenzi abajwayelekile - 2 mm.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesilisa balolu hlobo banamaphiko, kepha kwabesifazane bakhula kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ngemuva kwalokho balunywa yizintuthwane zesisebenzi. Izintuthwane zikaFaro zihlala ezindlini zabantu futhi ziyakwazi ukwakha isiduli cishe noma kuphi - kusuka esisekelweni sendlu kuye ezintweni zasendlini.
5. Izintuthwane zombazi... Zizinze ezindaweni ezinamahlathi aseRussia kanye nasemazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngokwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhlala, bakhetha amagxolo ezihlahla, lapho benza khona ukuhamba okuningi, ngaleyo ndlela benze ukulimala emasimini asehlathini, bangahlala ezigodini ezibolile noma ezakhiweni zamapulangwe. Izinhlobonhlobo zimele izintuthwane ezibomvu ngomzimba omnyama onsundu, ofinyelela ku-10 mm ubude.
6. Izintuthwane ezinkulu... Izinambuzane ezinomzimba omnyama ogqamile, ofinyelela kuma-33mm ngosayizi, zihlala emahlathini aswakeme aseNingizimu Melika. Izinhlobonhlobo, ngaphezu kobukhulu bazo obuhlaba umxhwele, ziyaheha ukungabikho kwezindlovukazi, indima yazo ngesikhathi sokukhwelana ezithathwa izintuthwane zesisebenzi sabesifazane. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane futhi banamaphiko ahlala njalo. Izinambuzane ezinkulu zihlala ngaphansi komhlaba, izidleke zazo zitholakala ekujuleni kwamasentimitha angama-40 futhi zenzelwe umndeni omncane wabantu abangu-30-40.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zensimbi:
- Izintuthwane zingama-bulldogs, aqanjwa ngenxa yomhlathi wazo omkhulu ohlobene nomzimba, ozivumela ukuba zibambe inyamazane.
- Izintuthwane zizulazula ezingenayo indawo yokuhlala unomphela futhi zakha izindlu zesikhashana nemizimba yazo.
- Izintuthwane ezinamaphiko anezinyawo, ezibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yombala ohlukile: umzimba wazo umnyama, nemilenze yawo nsundu ngokukhanyayo, amehlo alezi zinambuzane makhulu ngokungajwayelekile.
- Izintuthwane ezihlanyayo, ezibonakala ngokuziphatha okunesiphithiphithi, kepha ziyakwazi ukudala imiphakathi ehlanganisa amakoloni amaningana anezinga eliphakeme lenhlangano kanye nezindlovukazi eziningana ezingalwi.
- Izintuthwane zoju zivamile ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esomile, zigcina amazolo bese zitshala ama-juice esiswini, lawo wonke amalungu omphakathi adla kuwo. Abantu baseMexico bampintsha uju kulezi zinambuzane, okubhekwa njengesibiliboco.
- Izintuthwane zebhulethi. Ziyakwazi ukubhekana ngisho nama-vertebrate amancane adliwa ngokusika ngemihlathi ebukhali. Bayazivikela ngokukhipha i-neurotoxin ekhubazayo edala ukushaqeka kwe-anaphylactic kubantu abanemiphumela ebulalayo ejwayelekile.
- Izintuthwane zesosha. Izici ezihlukile zezinhlobo zenhlangano yinhlangano ecacile yempilo yokuzulazula, ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu-amabutho. Ngenxa yokuthi isibeletho sifinyelela kumasentimitha ama-5 ngosayizi ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwamaqanda, izinhlobonhlobo zamukelwa njengezikhulu kakhulu ezaziwayo.
- Izintuthwane zomlilo. Ziyingozi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi ziyakwazi ukubhubhisa iningi lezidalwa eziphilayo endaweni ezihlala kuyo. Ngaphandle kobukhulu obungu-4-6 mm, zinolaka kakhulu futhi ziyahlasela, zikhipha ubuthi emzimbeni wesisulu.
Kukholakala ukuthi izintuthwane ezinamaphiko bakha uhlobo oluhlukile, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ngokuhlukile: abamele izinhlobo eziningi, abesilisa nabesilisa, banamaphiko esikhashana noma ahlala njalo. Basebenzela ukunyakaza okulula kuya endaweni yeminye imindeni nokwakhiwa kwamakholoni amasha.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinhlobo, impilo yezintuthwane inomthelela ku-biogenesis. Ngokwakha izintuthwane, zikhulula inhlabathi ngenkuthalo, zigcwalisa izimpande zezitshalo ngomoya nangomswakama. Ngaphakathi ezindlini kunomoya ofudumele futhi onomswakama lapho amabhaktheriya anda khona ngenkuthalo, ecubungula imfucuza nendle. Ngakho-ke, izinambuzane zisiza ukugcwalisa inhlabathi ngezakhi zomsoco.
Intuthwane - isinambuzane kwezenhlalo, ukwakheka kwemiphakathi yabo kuyafana nokwabantu, okukhonjiswa ngesakhiwo esicacile lapho ukwabiwa kwezindima kunendima ebalulekile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ngaphezu kwezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko, kukhona enye eyengeziwe - amasosha, enza umsebenzi wabavikeli be-anthill, lapho abasebenzi bebanikeza khona ukudla.
Uhlobo olukhethekile lwezinambuzane - izintuthwane zomliloAbanikazi bezigqila bacindezela abamele imindeni ebuthakathaka futhi bakhubaze ngezindleko zabo. Kunoma ikuphi, isiduli siyisidalwa esisodwa, ngaphandle kwabantu ngabanye abangakwazi ukuphila.
Izintuthwane zisabalale kuwo wonke amazwekazi nezindawo zezulu ngaphandle kwamahlane, i-Antarctica neziqhingi ezibandayo ze-Atlantic ne-Arctic Oceans. Uhlobo ngalunye lunendawo yalo yokuhlala, kepha izintuthwane ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngisho naphakathi kwamazwe namazwekazi, zakha amakoloni amasha lapho zazingahlalwa khona phambilini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezinamandla ziyakwazi ukususa ababuthaka ezindaweni zabo ezijwayelekile. Impilo esimweni sezulu esifudumele ivumela izinambuzane ukuthi zifinyelele osayizi obumangazayo bomndeni futhi ziqhubeke nomsebenzi wazo obalulekile unyaka wonke, izintuthwane ezindaweni ezipholile nezibandayo zincane kakhulu futhi zilala isikhathi sasebusika.
Izinhlobo eziningi zihlela izindawo zazo zokuhlala njengezintuthwane, lezi zingaba yindawo yokuhlala yobumba, izindawo zokuhlala emagqabeni ezihlahla noma iziphunzi ezibolile, izinhlobo ezikhethekile ziyakwazi ukubamba izidleke zezinyoni futhi zihlale kuzo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izintuthwane ziphakathi kwalezo zinambuzane ezingadla noma yini eziyitholayo. Umehluko omkhulu ekudleni kwabo ukungabikho kwamafutha. Izidingo ziyashintsha kuye ngeminyaka yobudala: ukuze zikhule ngokuvumelana, izibungu zidinga amaprotheni, eziwathola kumathambo angenamgogodla: amacimbi, izimvemvane, izibungu.
Izintuthwane nazo ziyakwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezincane, uma zibuthakathaka noma zilimele, azikudeleli ukubola. Idlozi elisesithombeni lihudulela isibungu endlini, enkulu kunalesi sayo.
Abantu abadala, ikakhulukazi abasebenzi, badinga ama-carbohydrate ukuze banikeze amandla. Inombolo enkulu yazo itholakala ku-honeydew efihliwe izitshalo kanye ne-honeydew, okuwumkhiqizo womsebenzi obalulekile wezinambuzane ezincane, isibonelo, ama-aphid.
Izintuthwane zasengadini azikhethi ukudla kwazo futhi zidla amajikijolo amnandi nezinambuzane ezincane. Izikelemu zidla uthuli lweziqu ezihlala kuzo. Amagciwane akhethekile emathumbu alesi silwane asiza ekuwugayweni.
Izintuthwane ezidla abantu ziyaziwa futhi, ezondla abantu ababuthakathaka bohlobo lwazo noma zimunce ezinye izakhamzimba ezivela ezibungwini ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Izinambuzane zasekhaya ezihlala eduze komuntu zidla yonke into umuntu ayishiyayo: kusuka ezinhlamvini zikashukela kuya kumafutha emifino.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila sezintuthwane sincike ohlotsheni lwazo kanye nohlaka lwenhlalo ezikulo. Emindenini eminingi, izindima zabelwa kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa; kweminye, ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ubungako babantu nabo bubalulekile: uma bebakhulu, bayakwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside. Owesifazane uvame ukusinda futhi aqhubeke nokukwazi ukuzala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunezintuthwane ezingamaduna nezisebenzi.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro zinesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuphila: abesilisa baphila izinsuku ezingekho ngaphezulu kwezingu-20, abasebenzi - kufika ezinyangeni ezimbili, abesifazane - kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-9. Izinhlobo zaseTropical zamukelwa njengabantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu, isibeletho sabo singaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30, futhi abantu abasebenza kuze kufike ku-6.Izintuthwane zizala kaningi unyaka wonke ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene:
- Indlovukazi, kanye nezintuthwane ezimbalwa zabasebenzi, yakha indawo yokuhlala ehlukile, ehlukaniswa nomndeni omkhulu.
- Insikazi ivundiswa ngabesilisa kusuka kwesinye isiduli, indiza ngamaphiko akhula okwesikhashana.
Kunoma ikuphi, isibeletho sizalela amaqanda, amanye awo ahlala engavundiswanga. Abesilisa baphuma kubo, uma iqanda livundiswa, lizonikeza impilo kwezinye izinsikazi nezintuthwane ezisebenzayo. Esithombeni kukhona indlovukazi kanye nabasebenzi abaningana abanakekela izibungu.
Izinzuzo nokulinyazwa kwezintuthwane
Izinzuzo nokulinyazwa yizinambuzane kuncike ekutheni imindeni yazo mikhulu kangakanani nokuthi ihlalaphi: esizeni noma ehlathini. Izintuthwane zasengadini zifaka isandla ekucebiseni umhlaba ngeoksijini njengoba zigobhoza izindlela zazo ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zenhlabathi.
Ama-humus nezinsalela zemfucumfucu ephilayo edluliswa izintuthwane eziya ezindaweni zokuhlala ziyabola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zigcwalisa inhlabathi ngamaminerali futhi iwenze uthele kakhudlwana. Izinambuzane nazo ziyimpova yezitshalo: ngenkathi kukhishwa umpe wokudla, zihambisa impova esiswini.
Ngeshwa, izintuthwane zifaka isandla ekukhiqizeni ama-aphid, ngoba zondla umkhiqizo womsebenzi wazo obalulekile, ngakho-ke, lapho kuneziningi zalezi zinambuzane, ama-aphid nawo ahlala ngokukhululeka, abangela ukulimala okukhulu esitshalweni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ziyakwazi ukuqothula amacimbi nezinye izinhlobo zezimvemvane ezinambuzane. Uma izintuthwane ziqala endaweni ehlala abantu, azilethi ukungakhululeki kuphela, kodwa futhi zidla nokudla, zisabalalisa izifo futhi zidale ukungezwani komzimba.
Izintuthwane zasehlathini zivikela izihlahla kuma-parasites, zibhubhise inani lazo elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqoqa uketshezi lwezinambuzane ezithile, zivikela izitshalo ezifweni zefungal. Kodwa i-woodworm iyakwazi ukuqeda isihlahla esinempilo emasontweni ambalwa nje, yenze imigudu esiqwini sayo.
Lolu hlobo luyingozi nefenisha yasengadini eyenziwe ngokhuni oluqinile, ngoba awukho upende no-varnish, noma ama-ejenti anuka kabi okucubungula imikhiqizo yezinkuni angabethusa.
Izintuthwane zifaka imfihlo ekhethekile ebizwa nge-formic acid, isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokwelapha nakwezokwelapha, kuyingxenye yama-antiseptics, amanxusa okulwa nokwanda kwesifo sikashukela, isifo samathambo, njll.
Lapho ingena emzimbeni womuntu isesimweni sayo esimsulwa, i-asidi ingadala ukushaqeka okukhulu kwe-anaphylactic, okuthi, ngaphandle kokuphathwa ngesikhathi kwama-antihistamine, kube yingozi.
Uzikhipha kanjani izintuthwane
Njengoba kunikezwe inani elikhulu lezinambuzane kanye namandla abo okuzala, ukulwa nabo, njengomthetho, kuletha imiphumela yesikhashana kuphela. Imikhiqizo esekwe ku-Diazinon ne-chlorpyrifos ithathwa njengeyona ephumelela kakhulu ekubulaleni izinambuzane.
Owokuqala unethonya lokukhubazeka kwezintuthwane, uholela ekufeni kwazo futhi uhlala esebenza amasonto ama-2-3. Owesibili ukhubaza umsebenzi wohlelo lokuphefumula futhi uhlala usebenza izinyanga ezifika kwezimbili. Izindlela ezidumile zokulawula izinambuzane ekotishi labo lasehlobo:
- "Ngompela"
- "Iqhawe elikhulu"
- "Umudli wezintuthwane"
- "Ukuduma"
- "Medvetox", njll.
Izindlela zabantu zokususa izintuthwane:
- Kunuka. Izinambuzane zisengozini enkulu yokuhogela iphunga elibi, ngakho-ke indlela enhle yokuzixosha ukusabalalisa amakhambi anephunga eliqinile (i-anise, umhlonyane, i-sage) noma imfucumfucu yokudla (i-herring, i-garlic, amaqabunga etamatisi) eduze kwendlwana. Ipharafini lizoba yindlela eyinhloko - badinga ukunisela indlu yezinambuzane, kodwa akufanele uyokhele ngomlilo.
- Amabhande okudoba. Uma izintuthwane zilimaza izihlahla, iziqu kufanele zihlanganiswe nge-foil noma i-polyethylene nge-foam yerabha ngaphakathi ebangeni elingu-30-40 cm ukusuka emhlabathini.
- Umswakama.Izinambuzane aziwathandi amanzi, ngakho-ke izitshalo zidinga ukuzungezwa izimbobo, okufanele zithole inani elikhulu lamanzi njalo. Uma isiduli sendlu sesivele sakhiwe, singathelwa ngamanzi abilayo ezinyathelweni eziningana, indlela enobuntu kakhulu ukuthela amanzi abandayo ngamavolumu amakhulu.
- Imvubelo. Faka uju omncane, ushukela namanzi kwiphakeji yemvubelo. Sabalalisa i-gruel emabhokisini omentshisi bese uwabeka eduze nezindawo zokuhlala izintuthwane, maduze zizobashiya.
- I-lime ne-carboxylic acid. Hlanganisa izinto ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo bese ucubungula iziqu zezihlahla nezihlahla ezinkulu.
Abantu abancane bezintuthwane ezisengadini cishe ngeke basilimaze lesi sitshalo, kodwa bazosivikela ezilokazaneni. Uma kunezintuthane eziningana futhi zikhulu impela, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo. Ngaphandle kokusebenziseka kwalezi zinambuzane, indawo yokuhlala nazo ayigcini nje ngokungathandeki, kepha futhi ingaba yingozi kubantu, ikakhulukazi uma kunezingane ezincane endlini.
