UJackdaw — inyoni, evame ukuhlangana nezakhamizi zasemadolobheni aseYurophu nase-Asia. Unomuntu oyedwa, ukubonakala okubonakalayo nokukhala okukhulu, okuyihlazo. IJackdaw - kuhlanganiswe namagwababa, amakhokho, ama-rook kusihlukanisi semvelo.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, lawa ma-corvids ayebizwa ngegama elijwayelekile: gayvorone, gai, mob. Kwakunenketho: gal, gal'e. Elinye lamagama esiko lamaSlav laguqulwa lagxila: le nyoni yaqala ukubizwa nge-jackdaw.
Abantu babenemizwa engenamusa kuwo wonke ama-vranovs. Babizwa ngokuxhumana ne-underworld, imiphefumulo yezoni. Kwakukhona nezizathu ezilula zesimo esibi ngezinyoni: abalimi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-corvids ayalimaza isivuno.
Incazelo nezici
UJackdaw - ummeleli omncane kunabo bonke bama-corvids. Ubude bufana nejuba: 36-41 cm.Isisindo sihambisana nosayizi womzimba futhi singeqi ku-270 g.Amaphiko ajika avuleke ngo-66-75 cm.Umsila ungobude obumaphakathi futhi unezimpaphe ezincanyana kunezimpiko.
Ukuma komzimba, izimpiko nomsila kwenza izinyoni zibe yizindiza ezinhle kakhulu. Bayakwazi ukuqhuba indiza. Yini edingekayo empilweni yasemadolobheni. Ezindizeni ezinde, ama-jackdaw akhombisa ukukwazi ukuhlela nokundiza ngenxa yemivimbo engajwayelekile. Kubaliwe ukuthi isivinini esiphezulu senyoni ekwaziyo ukusenza singama-25-45 km / h.
Uhlelo lombala lujwayelekile kuma-corvids. Umbala oyinhloko yi-anthracite. I-nape, intamo, isifuba kanye nomhlane umbala weMarengo. Ingxenye efanayo yomzimba yomzimba. Izimpaphe ezisemaphikweni nasemsileni zinika isheen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma emnyama.
Uqhwaku luphakathi ngosayizi, kepha lwenzelwe ngokusobala umsebenzi onzima. Ingxenye yengxenye engenhla imbozwe ngama-bristles. Ngezansi, zihlala ikota yobuso. Amehlo ashintsha umbala wawo ngeminyaka. Amachwane aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, i-iris iba mpunga okhanyayo, icishe ibe mhlophe.
I-dimorphism yezocansi kunzima ukuyibona. Kwabesilisa abadala, izimpaphe entanyeni nasemuva kwekhanda ziba buthuntu futhi zilahle ukukhanya kwazo. Ngisho nochwepheshe akakwazi ukusho ngokuzethemba ukuthi hlobo luni jackdaw esithombeni: owesilisa noma owesifazane.
Amachwane nezinyoni ezincane zinemibala efanayo. Ukujula, ukugcwala kwethoni, ubukhona bokungezwa kombala ezinyonini ezihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kuyahlukahluka. Ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi komhlambi, umehluko phakathi kwabantu ungaba mkhulu kunaphakathi kwabantu bebonke.
AmaJackdaws, njengamanye ama-corvids, anenkumbulo enhle, ubuhlakani obusheshayo nekhono lokulingisa imisindo ehlukahlukene. Abantu bakunaka lokhu isikhathi eside futhi imvamisa babegcina lezi zinyoni ekhaya. Lokhu kwenziwa lula osayizi be-jackdaw nokulutha ngokushesha kwabantu. Njengamanje, lokhu kuyinto yokuzilibazisa engajwayelekile.
AmaJackdaw awanazo izitha eziningi. Edolobheni, ikakhulukazi amagwababa abhubhisa izidleke zawo. Ezimweni zemvelo, uhlu lwezitha luyanda. Lezi yizinyoni ezidla inyama, amakati endle nezinye izidalwa ezikwaziyo ukubamba i-jackdaw. Njenganoma yiziphi izilwane ezikhona emiphakathini eseduze, ukubonakaliswa kwama-epizootic akubekelwa eceleni.
Izinhlobo
Uhlobo lwe-jackdaws luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili.
- I-jackdaw yaseNtshonalanga. Lapho bekhuluma ngama-jackdaws, basho lolu hlobo oluthile.
- UPiebald noma uDaurian jackdaw. Izinhlobonhlobo ezingafundiwe kangako. Indawo yokuhlala ihambisana negama - iTransbaikalia nezindawo eziseduze. Konke okwake kwabizwa ngeDauria.
I-jackdaw yasentshonalanga yizinhlobo ezifundwa kakhulu nezisakazeke kakhulu. Ososayensi bathole izinhlobo ezine ezingaphansi kwale nyoni. Kodwa akukho ukuvumelana phakathi kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo.
- UColoeus monedula monedula. Ama-subspecies akhethiwe. Indawo esemqoka yiScandinavia. Eminye imihlambi ithuthela eNgilandi naseFrance ebusika. Izici zokubukeka azibalulekile: amamaki amhlophe ngemuva kwekhanda nasentanyeni.
- I-Coloeus monedula spermologus. Kuzaliswa eYurophu. Okumnyama kakhulu, ngombala, izinhlobonhlobo zama-jackdaws.
- UColoeus monedula soemmerringii. Uhlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga ne-Asia Ephakathi, eTrans-Urals, eSiberia. Ngokubukeka, kuyefana nama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe. Kwesinye isikhathi ochwepheshe bahlanganisa lokhu kanye nama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe abe yitekisi elilodwa.
- UColoeus monedula cirtensis. Uhlala ezindaweni eziseNyakatho Afrika, e-Algeria. Ihlukile kwamanye ama-jackdaw ngombala ofanayo futhi ofiphele.
Kukhona enye inyoni okwakuthiwa ngama-jackdaws. Ukugcine lokhu kukhohlisa egameni lakhe: i-alpine jackdaw noma umnyama omnyama... Le nyoni ihlala emithambekeni yezintaba e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Afrika.
Ikwazi kahle ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-1200 kuye kwayi-5000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Izifundo zofuzo zaholela eqinisweni lokuthi uhlobo oluhlukile lwaluhlukaniselwe inyoni ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo, lashiya ama-corvids emndenini.
Ngokungafani ne-Alpine jackdaw, iDaurian jackdaw isihlobo esiqondile se-jackdaw ejwayelekile. Ungena naye emndenini owodwa. Le nyoni inegama eliphakathi - piebald jackdaw. Uhlala eTransbaikalia, empumalanga nasenyakatho neChina, eKorea.
Ihlukile enhlotsheni ehlobene ngemuva cishe okumhlophe kwekhanda, ukhololo, isifuba kanye ne-iris emnyama yamehlo. Ukuziphatha, imikhuba yokudla, indlela obheka ngayo inzalo kuyefana naleyo ye-jackdaw ejwayelekile.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Umbuzo "i-jackdaw bird ebusika noma ukufuduka»Ixazululwa kalula. Njengezinye izinyoni eziningi, i-jackdaw ihlanganisa zombili lezi zimfanelo. Ngokuyinhloko, lena iyinyoni ephilayo, okungukuthi, ayenzi ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile.
UJackdaw ebusika ihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho ichamusela amachwane. Kepha abantu asebezazi kahle izindawo ezisenyakatho zebanga, ngokufika kwekwindla, babuthana ngemihlambi bese bandizela eningizimu. EYurophu Ephakathi NaseNingizimu.
Imizila yokufuduka ayiqondakali kahle. AmaJackdaws, njengabahambi, kwesinye isikhathi ayakumangaza. Zitholakala e-Iceland, e-Faroe nase-Canary Islands. Ama-jackdaw kaDaurian andizela eHokaido naseHanshu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-jackdaws abonakala eCanada, esifundazweni saseQuebec.
Ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile akuhlanganisi ngaphezu kwe-10% yenani eliphelele lezinyoni. Kodwa cishe wonke amaqembu ezinyoni ayathutha. Iminyakazo ingahle ingaboshezelwa kusizini ethile. Okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa noshintsho esimweni sesisekelo sokudla, ukufunwa kwezindawo ezithandekayo zokwakha izidleke.
UJackdaw uyisidalwa se-synanthropic. Iphila futhi izala amatshwele ezindaweni zokuhlala. Phakathi kwezindlu, emagcekeni nasezindaweni zokulahla udoti, zingatholakala emphakathini ofanayo onama-rook. Emhlambini oxubekile ungabona amajuba, izinkanyezi, amagwababa eduze kwama-jackdaws.
Ikakhulukazi ama-jackdaw amaningi ahlala ezindaweni lapho kunezakhiwo zamatshe ezindala nezilahliwe. Bebambisana namagwababa namajuba, bahlala emibhoshongweni yensimbi, ezindlini zezimboni esezigugile nasezindaweni ezingasenabantu. Ukuheha izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngamatshe kusikisela ukuthi lezi zinyoni kwake zahlala emaphethelweni amatshe emifula nasemithambekeni yezintaba.
Lapho udla ndawonye nezinye izinyoni, kucishe kungaphawuleki ukuthi umphakathi wama-jackdaw uyiqembu elihlelekile elinobukhosi obuphakanyisiwe. Abesilisa balwela indawo etafuleni lamarenki. Ubudlelwano buxazululwa ngokushesha. Njengomphumela wezimpi ezifushane, owesilisa usezingeni eliphakeme elilandelwayo. Ukumatanisa i-jackdaw yesifazanekuvela ezingeni elifanayo lokubaluleka.
Ukuhleleka kubonakala lapho izinyoni zidla. Izithandani ezivelele zibalwa phambili. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamalungelo ezinye izinyoni kuhambisana nobukhosi obucacile. Ngaphezu kokwakha ikoloni lezidleke, inhlangano iyabonakala lapho ivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye noma kubaphikisi abakhulu besiza.
Ukudla okunomsoco
I-Omnivorous ikhwalithi esiza inyoni ukuyijwayela kunoma yiziphi izimo. Ingxenye yamaprotheni yokudla yizo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane nezibungu zazo, izikelemu zomhlaba. Ngaphansi kwamanye ama-corvids, ama-jackdaws anaka izidumbu. Ingabhubhisa izidleke zabanye abantu, yebe amaqanda namachwane angenakuzisiza.
Ukudla kwezitshalo kuyahlukahluka. Iqukethe imbewu yawo wonke amakhambi. Kukhethwa okusanhlamvu kwezitshalo zezolimo. Unganaki: uphizi, ama-acorn, amajikijolo njalonjalo. Emadolobheni amakhulu nasemadolobheni, izinyoni zikhangwa ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona udoti wokudla.
Ngesikhathi sokudla, tshala ukudla okudla ama-20% wevolumu yokuphakelayo, amaprotheni - 80%. Esinye isikhathi, inani lishintsha ngendlela efana nesibuko: I-80% ingukudla kwemifino, i-20% ingukudla kwezilwane.
Ekufuneni ukudla, ama-jackdaws athanda kakhulu ukungena kudoti ongaphezulu, emaqabungeni awile. Izinambuzane azivamile ukubanjwa ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Ezindaweni lapho kukhuliswa khona izilwane, zibhekene nezinqwaba zomquba. Izinyoni zivame ukubonakala emhlane wezimvu, izingulube nezinkomo, lapho zikhulula khona imfuyo emikhikheni nakwezinye izinambuzane.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Lapho unonyaka owodwa, ama-jackdaws aqala ukuzifunela ama-pair. Izimiso lapho ukukhetha umlingani kusekelwe khona azaziwa. Amabili ahlangana ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Kwesinye isikhathi imibhangqwana iyahlukana kusenesikhathi.
Ngeminyaka emibili, zonke izinyoni sezithole umlingani. Ukuthandana kungapheli. Uma omunye wabalingani eshona, kwakhiwa umndeni omusha. Uma ukufa kowesilisa noma owesifazane kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhulisa amaphuphu, isidleke esine-jackdaws siyasala.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa sincike esikhathini sokufika kwentwasahlobo. Endabeni yokufudumala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, inkathi yokukhwelana iqala ngo-Ephreli, ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ngoMeyi. Lo mbhangqwana uqala ukwakha isidleke ndawonye. Imvamisa indawo yokuhlala ayakhiwa kabusha, kepha endala iyalungiswa, hhayi eyakho.
Isidleke seJackdaw ukwakhiwa kwezinyoni zakudala kwamagatsha namahlumela okugcinwe ndawonye ngobumba, udaka, umquba, noma nje kungabekwanga kahle. Impahla ethambile ibekwa ezansi kwesidleke: uphaphe, izinwele, umucu wotshani, iphepha.
Izidleke zenziwa emigodini yezihlahla ezindala, ngaphansi kophahla, emigodini nasezivulelweni zokungenisa umoya ezakhiweni zokuhlala. Amapayipi okushisa ngenye yezindawo lapho kwakhiwa khona izidleke. Ukusetshenziswa kwesitofu nezindawo zokubasa umlilo kuholela emiphumeleni ye-anecdotal futhi kwesinye isikhathi ebuhlungu.
Ekupheleni kokwakhiwa, umbhangqwana uxhunyiwe. Bamba, okuyinto wadala ngokushesha emva kokukhwelana, siqukethe amaqanda 4-6. Banesimo sakudala nombala womhlonyane onama-specks amancane. Kwesinye isikhathi inani labo lifinyelela izingcezu eziyi-8. Uma kwenzeka ukubhujiswa kwesidleke, ukufa kwamatshe, konke kuyaphindwa: kwakhiwa indawo yokuhlala entsha, kwenziwa umakhi omusha.
Insikazi ifukamela inzalo cishe izinsuku ezingama-20. Sonke lesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela ukudla kwakhe. Amachwane kaJackdaw qhwabaza ngokuzumayo. Lokhu kusiza inqubo yokondla isizukulwane esisha. Izinyoni ezisanda kuzalwa azikwazi ukuzisiza, izimpumputhe, zimbozwe ubuncane phansi.
Bobabili abazali bebelokhu bephakela ngenkuthalo isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-28-32, amaphuphu aphuma esidlekeni. Bazinza eduze kwakhe. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30-35 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, isizukulwane esisha se-jackdaws siqala ukundiza. Kepha ukondla akugcini lapho. Amachwane, angabi ngaphansi ngosayizi wezinyoni ezindala, axosha abazali bawo futhi acele ukudla. Lokhu kuthatha amasonto ama-3-4.
Ekugcineni, izinyoni ezincane nezikhulile zihlelwe zaba imihlambi. Njengoba behlangene nabangane babo njalo: amajuba namagwababa, baqala ukufuna izindawo ezanelisa kakhulu. AmaJackdawuhlobo olungasongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Izazi ze-ornithologists zirekhoda ukushintshashintsha kwenani lezinyoni ezibalelwa ezigidini eziyi-15-45 zabantu. Ukuntuleka kokunamathisela ekudleni okuthile, amandla okuba khona endaweni yasemadolobheni, kuqinisekisa ukusinda kwalezi zinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-jackdaws aphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13, eyi-12 yayo angazala kuyo.
