I-carp yesiliva Ingabe uhlobo lwezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile zomndeni we-carp, uhlobo lwe-carp yase-Asia ehlala eNyakatho naseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Kuchazwa ngamehlo asethwe kancane kanye nomlomo oguquliwe ongenazimpondo. Lezi izinhlanzi ezithanda ukuzala emifuleni emikhulu enodaka lwamanzi. Abahambi amabanga amade ngokungajwayelekile, kepha abokufika baziwa ngokuhamba amabanga amade bephelelwe yithemba.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Silver carp
Izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni wamanzi amakhulu angenawo usawoti ziye zamelwa kabanzi ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba - ikakhulukazi ezokudla nezolimo lwasemanzini - bese zivikela ukuba ngabahlaseli abayingozi, zisakazeka ezindaweni zazo ezintsha futhi zivame ukuncintisana nezinhlobo zemvelo ngokudla nemvelo. indawo yokuhlala.
Ividiyo: Isiliva carp
Izidumbu zesiliva zakhuliswa ezindaweni eziyisithupha zombuso, zombuso nezizimele e-Arkansas ngawo-1970 futhi zafakwa emachibini amanzi amdaka kamasipala. Babe sebebaleka bayozinza eMfuleni iMississippi futhi selokhu basakazeka ngaphesheya kohlelo loMfula iMississippi.
Kuzo zonke izici zemvelo, izinga lokushisa linomphumela omkhulu ekuvuthweni kwe-carp yesiliva. Isibonelo, emfuleni i-Iranian Terek River, abesilisa besiliva abakhweshwayo bavuthwa eminyakeni emi-4 ubudala, nabesifazane abaneminyaka emihlanu. Cishe ama-15% abesifazane avuthwa eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, kepha ama-87% abesifazane kanye nama-85% abesilisa bangamaqembu ama-5-7 eminyaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-carp yesiliva yaziwa ngokugxumela emanzini lapho isaba (ngokwesibonelo, ngomsindo wesikebhe semoto).
Ubude obumaphakathi be-carp yesiliva bungamasentimitha angama-60-100. Kepha izinhlanzi ezinkulu zingafinyelela ku-140 cm ubude bomzimba, kanti izinhlanzi ezinkulu zingaba nesisindo esingama-50 kg.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-carp yesiliva
I-carp yesiliva iyinhlanzi enomzimba ojulile, icindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini. Anombala osiliva uma esemncane, futhi lapho esekhulile, asuka kokuluhlaza okotshani emhlane aye kusiliva esiswini. Zinezikali ezincane kakhulu emizimbeni yazo, kodwa ikhanda nezinhlaka azinazo izikali.
Izinduna zesiliva zinomlomo omkhulu ongenamazinyo emihlathini yazo, kepha zinamazinyo pharyngeal. Amazinyo wepharyngeal ahlelwe emugqeni owodwa (4-4) futhi akhule kahle futhi acindezelwa ngendawo yokugaya enemigqa. Amehlo abo abheke phambili phambili maphakathi nomzimba womzimba futhi abhekiswe phansi kancane.
I-carp yesiliva ayikwazi ukudideka ne-carp yangempela ngenxa yobukhulu nokuma kwamehlo okungajwayelekile. Zifana kakhulu ne-carp H. nobilis, kepha zinekhanda elincanyana nomlomo ophendukezelwe ngaphandle kwamazinyo, i-keel eqhubekela phambili ngaphesheya kwesisekelo se-pelvic fin, engenawo amabala amnyama okufana ne-carp enamakhanda amakhulu, nama-rakill gill rakes.
Izinhlanzi ezisencane zintula imiqolo emaphikweni azo. AmaJuveniles ayafana ne-carp enamakhanda amakhulu (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), kepha i-pectoral fin yawo ifinyelela kuphela esisekelweni se-pelvic fin (ngokungafani ne-pelvic fin ku-carp enekhanda elikhulu).
Eminye imithombo ibika ubukhona bameva ezinsikeni zomgogodla nezangasese ze-carp yesiliva. Kodwa-ke, iNew Zealand ekhonjisiwe ayinazo ameva.
I-carp yesiliva inezimpiko eziningana:
- i-dorsal fin (imisebe engu-9) - encane, njengefulegi;
- i-anal fin yinde futhi ayijulile (imisebe eyi-15-17);
- i-caudal fin ngokulingene futhi ithambile;
- amaphiko okhalo (imisebe engu-7 noma engu-8) emincane nencantathu;
- amaphiko we-pectoral (imisebe eyi-15-18) enkulu kakhulu, ebuyela ekufakeni amaphiko okhalo.
Ku-carp wesilisa wesilisa, ingaphakathi langaphakathi lamaphiko we-pectoral, abheke umzimba, alinakekile ukuthinta, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Amathumbu aphindwe ka-6-10 kunesomzimba. Ama-keels asuka ku-isthmus aye endunu. Inani eliphelele lama-vertebrae lingu-36-40.
Amehlo aphansi ekhanda onqenqemeni olungezansi ngaphansi kwezinga lekhona lomlomo, anomlomo ongapheli, ngaphandle kwezimpondo. Ama-gill esiliva anenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nama-rakes amaningi we-gill rakes. Ulwelwesi lwe-branchial aluhlotshaniswa ne-isthmus.
Ihlala kuphi i-carp yesiliva?
Isithombe: Carp yesiliva eRussia
I-carp yesiliva ivela ngokwemvelo emanzini apholile eChina. Bahlala eYangtze, Western River, Pearl River, Kwangxi nase Kwantung river systems eNingizimu nase Central China kanye naseAmur basin eRussia. Kwethulwa e-United States ngawo-1970.
Njengamanje i-carp yesiliva itholakala ku:
- I-Alabama;
- Arizona;
- I-Arkansas;
- IColorado;
- EHawaii;
- Illinois;
- Indiana;
- Kansas;
- EKentucky;
- ELouisiana;
- EMissouri;
- ENebraska;
- ENingizimu Dakota;
- ETennessee.
I-carp yesiliva ngokuyinhloko iyinhlobo yemifula emikhulu. Bangakwazi ukubekezelela usawoti omningi nomoya-mpilo omncane oncibilikisiwe (3 mg / L). Ngobubanzi bayo bemvelo, i-carp yesiliva ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ineminyaka engu-4 kuye kwengu-8, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi eNyakatho Melika ivuthwa lapho ineminyaka emibili. Zingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Lezi zinhlobo zingenisiwe zagcinwa ukulawulwa kwe-phytoplankton emizimbeni yamanzi eutrophic futhi, ngokusobala, njengenhlanzi yokudla. Kwethulwa okokuqala e-United States ngo-1973, lapho umlimi wezinhlanzi ozimele engenisa i-carp yesiliva e-Arkansas.
Maphakathi nawo-1970s, i-carp yesiliva yakhiqizwa ezikhungweni eziyisithupha zombuso, zombuso nezizimele, kwathi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, yagcinwa emachibini amanzi kamasipala angcolile amaningi. Ngo-1980, lolu hlobo lwatholakala emanzini angokwemvelo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuphunyuka ezindaweni zokuchamusela nakwezinye izindawo zasemanzini.
Ukubonakala kwe-carp yesiliva eMfuleni i-Ouachita eRed River system eLouisiana kungenzeka kube ngumphumela wokuphunyuka esikhungweni semifula esenyakatho e-Arkansas. Ukwethulwa kwalezi zinhlobo eFlorida kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungumphumela wokungcola kwesitoko, lapho kukhishwa khona ukhaphethi wesiliva ngephutha futhi isitokisi se-carp sasetshenziselwa ukulawula izitshalo zasemanzini.
Kwesinye isimo esifanayo, lolu hlobo kubonakala sengathi lwangeniswa ngephutha eLake Arizona njengengxenye yesitokisi se-diploid carp ngamabomu, noma singekho emthethweni. Abantu abathathwe eMfuleni i-Ohio kungenzeka ukuthi bafika bevela ezitshalweni zamachibi endawo noma bangena eMfuleni i-Ohio bevela kubantu ababethunyelwe e-Arkansas ekuqaleni.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-carp yesiliva itholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani.
Idlani i-carp yesiliva?
Isithombe: Fish carp fish
I-carp yesiliva iphakela zombili i-phytoplankton ne-zooplankton. I-Silver carp izifunxi zokuhlunga ezishintsha kakhulu inani labaplaki nokwakheka kwabo emphakathini, kunciphisa inani lokudla kwezinhlanzi zezemidlalo nezentengiso.
Izinduna zesiliva zivame ukubhukuda ngaphansi nje komhlaba futhi zingahamba ngamaqembu amakhulu (zombili zodwa futhi zihlangene). Bangabavuseleli bamanzi abakhulu njengoba bahlunga i-detritus emanzini aluhlaza nangcolile ngemilomo yabo. Ukukhula kwe-carp yesiliva kungavimbela ulwelwe oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza ukuba luqhakaze ehlobo.
Izinhlanzi ezisencane zondla i-zooplankton, kuyilapho izinhlanzi ezindala zisebenzisa i-phytoplankton enokuqukethwe okunomsoco ophansi, okuyihlunga kakhulu ngamathuluzi we-gill. Ngenxa yokuthi zidla ulwelwe oluningi, kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi "izinkomo zemifula". Ukugaya inani elikhulu kangaka lokudla okunekhalori eliphansi, i-carp yesiliva inamathumbu amade kakhulu, aphindwe izikhathi eziyi-10-13 kunomzimba wayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-carp yesiliva iyinhlanzi enobudlova kakhulu engadla kuze kufike kwesigamu sesisindo sayo ku-phytoplankton kanye ne-detritus. Zidlula inani lezinhlanzi zasendaweni ngokuziphatha kwazo okunolaka nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kweplankton.
Izinhlobo zezimbaza, izibungu nabantu abadala ezifana ne-paddlefish zisengozini enkulu yokuphuma emncintiswaneni ngenxa yomdlalo wazo wokudla oqinisekisiwe ne-carp yesiliva.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Carp yesiliva echibini
Lolu hlobo lwethulwe emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: ukulawulwa kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini nokulawulwa kweplankton emachibini acebile ngomsoco nasezitshalweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Ikhono labo lokulawula ama-algal blooms liyimpikiswano. I-carp yesiliva ibikwe ukuthi ilawula ngempumelelo ukuqhakaza kwe-algal lapho inani elifanele lezinhlanzi lisetshenziswa.
Ngoba i-carp yesiliva ingayihluza ngempumelelo i-algae> ama-microns angama-20 ngosayizi, ngakho-ke, inani le-algae elincane liyakhuphuka ngenxa yokushoda kokudla kwezinhlanzi nokwanda komsoco ngenxa yengcindezi yangaphakathi.
Abanye abacwaningi baphakamise ukusebenzisa i-carp yesiliva kuphela uma inhloso enkulu ukunciphisa ukuqhakaza okungathandeki kwezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-phytoplankton, njenge-cyanobacteria, engenakulawulwa ngempumelelo yi-zooplankton enkulu edlayo. Izitoko ze-carp zesiliva zibonakala zifaneleka kakhulu emachibini asezindaweni ezishisayo ezikhiqiza kakhulu futhi ezingenayo i-zooplankton enkulu ye-cladoceral.
Abanye kungenzeka ukuthi basebenzise i-carp yesiliva hhayi kuphela ukulawula i-algae, kepha futhi ne-zooplankton kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezimisiwe. Baphikisana nokuthi ukwethulwa kwezidumbu zesiliva ezingama-300-450 eNetof Reservoir kwa-Israyeli kwakha uhlelo olulinganiselayo lwemvelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-carp esiliva ayingozi kubantu ngenxa yokushayisana kwezikebhe zabadobi nokulimala kwabantu abagxume kuzo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Silver carp gazinga
I-carp yesiliva izala kakhulu. Ukuqhamuka kwemvelo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezifika phezulu zemifula egeleza ngesisindo esiphansi sama-40 cm kanye nejubane lamanje le-1.3-2.5 m / s. Abantu abadala bazalela emifuleni noma emifudlaneni engenhla ngaphezu kwama-rapids angajulile anamagravel noma izihlabathi ezinesihlabathi, ungqimba lwamanzi aphezulu, noma nangaphezulu ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, lapho izinga lamanzi likhuphuka ngama-50-120 cm ngaphezulu kokujwayelekile.
Ukuvuthwa kokugcina nokuzala kwamaqanda kubangelwa ukwanda kwezinga lamanzi nokushisa. Ukuzalela kuyama lapho izimo zishintsha (ama-carps esiliva azwela kakhulu ekwehleni ezingeni lamanzi) futhi aqhubeke lapho izinga lamanzi likhuphuka. Abantu abasha nabadala bakha amaqembu amakhulu ngesikhathi sokubeletha.
Abantu abavuthiwe bathuthelekela phezulu emabangeni amade ekuqaleni kokukhukhula okusheshayo nokukhuphuka kwamazinga wamanzi, futhi bayakwazi ukweqa izithiyo ezifika ku-1 m. Ngemuva kokuzala, abantu abadala bathuthela ezindaweni zokondla. Ekwindla, abantu abadala bathuthela ezindaweni ezijulile emfuleni omkhulu, lapho besala bengenakho ukudla. Izibungu zikhukhuleka zehle futhi zihlale emachibini agcwele amathafa, ogwini olungajulile nasemaxhaphozini angenawo umsinga omncane noma ongenawo nhlobo.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elincane lokuzala lizala ngo-18 ° C. Amaqanda ayi-pelagic (1.3-1.91 mm ububanzi), kuthi ngemuva kokukhulelwa, usayizi wawo ukhule ngokushesha. Ukukhula kwamaqanda nesikhathi sokuchamusela kuncike ekushiseni (amahora angama-60 ku-18 ° C, amahora angama-35 ku-22-23 ° C, amahora angama-24 ku-28-29 ° C, amahora angama-20 ngo-29-30 ° C).
Ebusika, i-carp yesiliva ihlala "emigodini yasebusika". Zizala lapho amanzi efinyelela emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-18 ° no-20 ° C. Abesifazane bazalela amaqanda ayisigidi esisodwa kuya kwezi-3, avuvukala njengoba ekhula, afudukele ezansi nomfula afike kumakhilomitha ayi-100. Emanzini amile, amaqanda ayaminza futhi afe. I-carp yesiliva ivuthwa ngokocansi ineminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine ubudala. Lapho ikhiqizwa khona, i-silver carp iyinhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo.
Izitha zemvelo ze-carp yesiliva
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-carp yesiliva
Ezindaweni zazo zemvelo, inani le-carp yesiliva lilawulwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Esifundeni seGreat Lakes, azikho izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zomdabu ezinkulu ngokwanele ukuzingela uhlobo oluthile lwenhlazi yasemfuleni yesiliva. Izilwanyane nezinkozi ezimhlophe zondla ukhaphethi wesiliva osemncane eMfuleni iMississippi.
AmaPelican atholakala ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga yeGreat Lakes nezinkozi kulo lonke leli bhishi kungalindeleka ukuthi enze okufanayo. Izinhlanzi ezidliwayo zomdabu ezifana ne-perch zingondla ku-carp omncane wesiliva. Ngokwenani lokukhula kwayo, abantu abaningi kungalindelwa ukuthi bakhule kakhulu futhi basheshe kakhulu ukuthi izinhlanzi ezidlayo zithole ingcindezi enkulu yokuqukatha inani le-carp yesiliva.
Lapho inani lesiliva le-carp selikhule ngokweqile ekufeni, ukuqedwa kuthathwa njengokunzima, noma kungenzeki. Abantu bangancishiswa kwezinye izindawo ngokwenqabela ukutholakala kwemithombo eyizimboni ngokwakhiwa kwemigoqo yokufuduka, kepha lokhu kuyisiphakamiso esibizayo esingaholela ekuthini kube nemithelela emibi ezinhlotsheni zomdabu. Ukulawulwa okuhle kakhulu kwezidumbu zesiliva ukuvimbela ukuthi bangene eGreat Lakes.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Fish carp fish
Kuwo wonke uMfula iMississippi, inani le-carp yesiliva lisakazeka futhi lehle lisuka kwamalokhi namadamu angama-23 (amathathu eMfuleni i-Arkansas, ayisikhombisa eMfuleni i-Illinois, ayisishiyagalombili eMfuleni iMississippi, nanhlanu eMfuleni i-Ohio). Njengamanje kunezithiyo ezimbili zokufakelwa zohlobo lwe-carp yesiliva efinyelela eGreat Lakes Basin, eyokuqala iba yisithiyo sikagesi ohlelweni lwamanzi eChicago oluhlukanisa uMfula i-Illinois neLake Michigan. Lo "mgoqo" uvame ukwephulwa yizinhlanzi ezincane nezinkulu ezihamba ngemuva kwezikebhe ezinkulu.
Ngo-2016, ibermart berm 2.3 km ubude namamitha angu-2.3 ukuphakama kwaqedwa e-Eagle Swamp eFort Wayne, e-Indiana, phakathi kweWabash neMomey Rivers (eyokugcina eholela eLake Erie). Le ndawo eyixhaphozi ivame ukuhlangabezana nezikhukhula nokuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili zamanzi, futhi phambilini yayihlukaniswe nje ngocingo oluxhumanisa uchungechunge lapho izinhlanzi ezincane (kanye nezidumbu ezincane zesiliva) zazingabhukuda khona kalula. Udaba lokungena nokuzalaniswa kwe-carp yesiliva eGreat Lakes kukhathaza kakhulu abamele abadobi bezentengiselwano nabezemidlalo, abezemvelo nabanye abantu abaningi abanentshisekelo.
I-carp yesiliva njengamanje ihlukaniswe njengengcuphe ebangeni layo lemvelo (njengoba indawo yayo yemvelo nokuziphatha okukhiqizayo kuthinteka ngokwakhiwa kwedamu, ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokungcola). Kepha itholakala kalula kwamanye amazwe. Ukwehla kwabantu kubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni zaseChina zohlobo lwazo.
I-carp yesiliva Ingabe uhlobo lwe-carp yase-Asia oluhlala kakhulu eMpumalanga Siberia naseChina. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-carp endizayo ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo kokugxuma emanzini lapho isaba. Namuhla, le nhlanzi ikhuliswa emhlabeni wonke ku-aquaculture, kanti ukhaphethi wesiliva omningi ukhiqizwa ngesisindo kunanoma iyiphi enye inhlanzi ngaphandle kwe-carp.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/29/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.08.2019 ngo-21: 05
