U-Yak yisilwane. Incazelo, izici, izinhlobo, indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala ye-yak

Yak - isilwane esikhulu esifakwe inselo esinokubukeka okungajwayelekile futhi okuzwakalayo. Izwe labo yiTibet, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi indawo yokuhlala iye yanda yaya eHimalaya, ePamir, eTan Shan, eTajikistan, eKyrgyzstan, e-Afghanistan, eMongolia, eMpumalanga yeSiberia nase-Altai Territory. Isilwane salethwa eNyakatho Caucasus naseYakutia.

Incazelo nezici

Isilwane esifakwe inselo, esifana nenkunzi enkulu, esinemidwebo yezinwele nezinwele ezinde zombala omnyama, ngu i-yak. Esithombeni izici zayo ezihlukile zangaphandle ziyabonakala:

• umthethosisekelo oqinile;
• i-hump eyakhiwe yizinqubo ezixubile ze-spinous ze-vertebrae ye-thoracic (ukuphakama kusuka ku-4 cm);
• umuncu emuva;
• izitho ezikhule kahle, imilenze eqinile, emifushane futhi eminyene;
• isifuba esijulile;
• intamo emfushane;
• umbele omncane onezingono 2 ... 4 cm ubude;
• umsila omude;
• izimpondo ezondile.

Ukwakheka kwesikhumba kwehlukile kokwakheka kwesikhumba sezinye izilwane ezifanayo. Kuma-yak, izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba zivezwa kangcono, kanti nezindlala zomjuluko cishe azikho. Banesikhumba esiwugqinsi esinoboya obuningi obukhulu. Ijazi elibushelelezi futhi elibushelelezi lilenga emzimbeni ngendlela yomphetho futhi icishe imboze ngokuphelele imilenze.

Emilenzeni nasesiswini, izinwele ziyashisa, zimfushane, ziqukethe izinwele zokuqapha ezikahle futhi ezimangelengele. Ijazi linengubo yangaphansi ewela ngezihluthu ngenkathi efudumele. Umsila mude, ufana nehhashi. Akukho bhulashi emsileni, ejwayelekile ezinkomeni.

Ngenxa yamaphaphu amakhulu nenhliziyo, ukugcwaliswa kwegazi nge-hemoglobin yombungu, igazi le-yak liphethe inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwavumela ama-yak ukuthi ajwayele izinkangala.

U-Yak yisilwane ivumelane kahle nempilo ezimweni ezinzima ngokwedlulele. Ama-Yak anomqondo othuthuke kahle wokuhogela. Ukuzwa nokubona kuphazamisekile. Ama-yak asekhaya cishe awanazimpondo.

Isisindo sama-yaks asekhaya singama-400 ... 500 kg, ama-yachs - 230 ... 330 kg. I-yak yasendle ingaba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-1000 kg. Isisindo esibukhoma sezikebhe ezisanda kuzalwa singu-9 ... 16 kg. Ngokuya ngamapharamitha ahlobene futhi aphelele, amathole mancane kunamathole. Ithebula likhombisa amapharamitha womzimba wama-yaks nama-yaks.

Izici zezinhlobo ezisohlwini ezinqunyiwe ibukeka kanjani i-yak yesilwane.

Izinhlobo

Ngokwesigaba sesayensi, ama-yak ngawaka:

• isigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo;
• iqembu lama-artiodactyls;
• ukuhleleka okungaphansi kwe-ruminants;
• umndeni wama-bovids;
• izinkomo zomndeni omncane;
• uhlobo lwezinkunzi zangempela;
• ukubona kwama-yak.

Esigabeni esivele sikhona, ngaphakathi kohlaka lohlobo olulodwa, izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukanisiwe zahlukaniswa: zasendle nezasekhaya. Okwamanje zibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene.

• I-Wild yak.

I-Bos mutus ("isimungulu") iyinhlobo yama-yaks asendle. Lezi zilwane zisinde ezindaweni ezingasetshenziswanga ngabantu. Ngokwemvelo, zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseTibet. Imibhalo yasendulo yaseTibet imchaza njengesidalwa esiyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-yak yasendle yachazwa ngokwesayensi nguN.N. Przhevalsky ngekhulu le-19.

• I-yak eyenziwe ekhaya.

Ama-Bos grunniens ("ukukhononda") - isilwane se-yak... Kubukeka kukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesilwane sasendle. UJakobe wafuywa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala. BC. Zisetshenziswa njengezilwane ezithwalayo.

Abaphenyi bakubheka njengesicishe sibe ukuphela kwesilwane esifanele ukuthutha izimpahla nokushayela ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba. Kwezinye izindawo, zizalwa njengezilwane zenyama nezobisi. Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphilayo (izimpondo, izinwele, uboya) zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izikhumbuzo, imisebenzi yezandla, imikhiqizo yoboya.

I-Yak nezinhlamvu zezinkomo - i-hainak ne-orthon. Mancane kunama-yak ngosayizi, athambile, futhi abonakala ngokukhuthazela okuncane. IHainaki ikhuliswa njengezilwane ezisalungiswa eningizimu yeSiberia naseMongolia.

Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala

Izwe lakubo lama-yaks asendle yiTibet. Ama-yak yak asendle manje ahlala lapho kuphela, ezinkangala. Ngezikhathi ezithile zingatholakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni eziseduze - eLadakh naseKarakorum.

Ehlobo, indawo abahlala kuyo isendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-6100 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kanti ebusika behlela ku-4300 ... m 4600. Zilungiswa ngokomzimba ezimweni eziphakeme zezintaba (umoya obandayo nongatholakali), ngakho-ke azibekezeleli ukuphakama okuphansi namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-15 C.

Ezinyangeni ezishisayo, bazama ukukhuphukela phezulu, bashaywa ngumoya, lapho kungabikho zinambuzane ezimunca igazi. Zikhetha ukudla emadlelweni futhi zilale phezu kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. I-Yaks ihamba kahle ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Izilwane zihlanzeke kakhulu.

Ama-Yak ahlala emihlambini emincane yamakhanda ayi-10-12. Imihlambi yakhiwa ikakhulukazi abesifazane kanye nama-yachts. Emhlambini, izilwane zisabela ngokushesha ekuhambeni komunye nomunye, zihlala ziphapheme njalo.

Abesilisa abadala emadlelweni bahlangana ngamaqoqo ezinhloko ezi-5 ... 6. Izilwane ezincane zihlala emaqenjini amakhulu. Ngokukhula, imfuyo emaqenjini incipha kancane kancane. Ama-yak amadala asekhulile ahlala ngokuhlukana.

Ngesikhathi seqhwa elinamandla esishingishaneni noma esivunguvungwini, ama-yak ahlangana eqenjini, azungeze intsha, ngaleyo ndlela ayivikele eqhweni.

Septhemba-Okthoba inkathi yesikhunta. Ukuziphatha kwama-yak ngalesi sikhathi kwehluke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwamanye ama-bovids. Abesilisa bajoyina imihlambi yama-yachts. Izimpi ezinamandla zenzeka phakathi kwama-yak: zizama ukushayana ohlangothini ngezimpondo zazo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kugcina ngokulimala kanzima, ezimweni ezingavamile, ukufa kungenzeka. Imvamisa ama-yak athule emgqonyeni akhipha umsindo omkhulu wokumemeza. Ngemuva kokuphela kwenkathi yokukhwelana, abesilisa bayashiya umhlambi.

Umuntu omdala i-yak yasendle - isilwane esinolaka futhi esinamandla. Izimpisi zihlasela ama-yak kuphela emihlambini eqhweni, okuthikameza ukuhamba kwalesi silwane esikhuluphele kakhulu. Ama-yaks asendle anolaka kubantu. Ngokushayisana nomuntu, i-yak, ikakhulukazi elimele, ivele ihlasele.

Ukuphela kobuthakathaka be-yak, obuthandekayo kumzingeli, ukuzwa nokubona okubuthakathaka. I-yak ehlaselayo ibukeka inolaka kakhulu: ikhanda libambelele phezulu futhi umsila unezinwele eziphaphazelwa ngusultan.

Ngokungafani namanye ama-bovids, ama-yak akakwazi ukubhodla noma ukugquma. Ezimweni ezingavamile, benza imisindo efana nokububula. Ngakho-ke babizwa ngokuthi "izinkunzi ezikhonondayo".

Ukudla okunomsoco

Izici zesilwane yak lapho kuhlala khonaukuthi umzimba wakhe uvumelana kanjani nezimo zemvelo kuthinta kanjani ukudla. Ukwakheka kwesifonyo nezindebe kukuvumela ukuba uthole ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa (kufika ku-14 cm ungqimba) nasenhlabathini efriziwe. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ama-yak adla ku:

• ubulembu;
• ubulembu;
• utshani;
• amahlumela amasha ezihlahlana nezihlahla;
• izimila ezomile nezomisiwe kancane emadlelweni asebusika.

Amaqanda asanda kuzalwa adla ubisi lukamama kuze kube yinyanga eyodwa, bese eshintshela ekudleni kokutshala. Imifino, i-oats, i-bran, isinkwa esimnyama nezinhlamvu kunezelwa ekudleni kwama-yaks asekhaya nalawo asendle agcinwa ema-zoo. Ukudla kwamathambo, usawoti kanye noshoki kusetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zamaminerali.

Emapulazini ama-yak, badliswa emadlelweni asezintabeni ngaphansi kolawulo lomfuyi we-yak. Ekudliseni, ama-yaks, naphezu kwesimo sabo sokuthula, zama ukusuka kubantu, ngenxa yokuvelele kwesistimu yabo yezinzwa ebabazekayo.

Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila

Lungisa, siphi isilwane, ungafunda ngezici zokukhiqizwa kwayo kabusha. Ukujwayela impilo ezimweni ezinzima kwenza ama-yak akwazi ukuzala emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukuzala kunqunyelwe ngokugcina ezindaweni eziphansi zezintaba ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo nesimnene.

Kumele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi phambi komuntu, ama-yak awakhombisi ukucabanga kocansi. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabantu basendle kwenzeka eneminyaka engu-6 ... iminyaka eyi-8, isilinganiso sokuphila seminyaka engama-25.

Izici zokuzala:

• I-Yaks yizilwane ze-polyester. Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - maphakathi noJulayi futhi siphela ngo-Okthoba-Disemba, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala.
• Abesifazane bayakwazi ukufaka umquba eneminyaka engu-18 ... izinyanga ezingama-24.
• Kwabesifazane abayinyumba, ukuzingela kuhlala ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi, kuzinsikazi ezizala - kusuka ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, okunqunywa ngesikhathi sokuzala.
• Ukugcina ama-yachts emithambekeni eseningizimu yezintaba kuholela ekuzingeleni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwe-ovulation.
• Izimpawu zokuzingela: Ama-yacht ayaphazamiseka, ayenqaba ukudlisa, ahogele futhi agxumele kwezinye izilwane. I-Pulse, ukuphefumula kuyashesha, izinga lokushisa komzimba lenyuka ngo-0.5-1.2 ° C. Isicubu esinamafu futhi esinamafu sikhishwa emlonyeni wesibeletho. I-ovulation yenzeka kungakapheli amahora amathathu ... 6 ngemuva kokuphela kokuzingelwa.
• Isikhathi esipholile sosuku, uma nje sigcinwa emithambekeni esenyakatho yezintaba, yisikhathi esihle sokukhwelana.
• Umsebenzi wezocansi wama-yachts uvinjelwe ekushiseni nasezindaweni eziphansi ngenqubo yokwanda komoya-mpilo.
• Isikhathi sokukhula kwe-intrauterine sifinyeziwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkomo futhi siyizinsuku ezingama-224 ... 284 (cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye).
• Ama-Yachikhs ahlala emadlelweni entwasahlobo ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
• Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwama-yaks wesilisa kuncike kuzici zokukhulisa kwabo. Kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-15 ... 18.
• Umsebenzi wezocansi omkhulu kakhulu ukhonjiswa ngabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-1.5 ... iminyaka engu-4.

Ukuze uthole isivuno esikhulu sezilwane ezisencane ezimweni zamapulazi e-yak, kuyadingeka ukuhambisana nezidingo:

• hlela ukukhwelana ngesikhathi esifanele;
• sebenzisa abakhiqizi abasha emhlambini;
• nciphisa umthwalo wezocansi kwabesilisa kuye kuma-yachts ayi-10-12;
• ngenkathi yokukhwelana, gcina ama-yak emadlelweni endaweni ephakeme okungenani ama-3 000 m ngotshani obenele;
• yenza kahle ingane.

Ama-gobies we-hybrid nezithole ezimweni eziningi kuyinyumba.

Intengo

Ama-yak asekhaya athengiswa ngesisindo sabo esibukhoma. Intengo kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-260 / kg. Zithengwa ukuze zigcinwe emapulazini asendlini nozalo. Imikhiqizo ye-Yak yezinto zenani eliphezulu.

• Inyama. Kudliwa kwenziwe ngomumo. Ithosiwe, yomisiwe, iyisitshulu, iyabiliswa futhi ibhakwe. Okuqukethwe kwe-caloric 110 kcal / 100 g. Kuqukethe amavithamini B1 no-B2, amaminerali (Ca, K, P, Fe, Na), amaprotheni namafutha. Ukusetshenziswa kokupheka, inyama yabancane, kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu ubudala, ama-yak kubhekwa njengokuthandwa. Inoshukela ngokunambitheka, hhayi kanzima, ngaphandle kwezendlalelo ezinamafutha. Inyama yezilwane ezindala iqine ngokwengeziwe, inamafutha futhi inekhalori ephezulu, isetshenziselwa inyama egayiwe. Iphakeme kunenkomo ekunambithekeni nasezimfanelweni zokudla okunempilo. Izindleko zenyama ye-yak ziphansi ka-5 kunezindleko zenyama yenkomo. Ukuvunwa kwenyama (ukuhlatshwa) - 53%. Ngenyama, kuyasebenza ukuthengisa abantu abanesisindo okungenani sama-300 kg.
• Ubisi. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha obisi lwe-yak kuphakame izikhathi ezi-2 kunobisi lwenkomo. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha - 5.3 ... 8.5%, amaprotheni - 5.1 ... 5.3%. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza ushizi onamakha nebhotela ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carotene, okunempilo yeshalofu ende. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile - 858 ... 1070 kg / ngonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi kwabesifazane kukhula kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-9, bese kuncipha kancane kancane.
• Amafutha asetshenziswa embonini yezimonyo.
• Uboya. Ezingxenyeni ezizalisayo ze-yak, uboya bazo busetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni amatagi, izingubo zokulala, okokugqoka okufudumele neminye imikhiqizo. Iboleka kahle ekuqothulweni. Uboya obusetshenzisiwe busetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwendwangu embi. Uboya buthambile, bugcina ukushisa isikhathi eside, abunampimbi, abukona ukwaliwa. Isivuno soboya - 0.3 ... 0.9 kg ngomuntu omdala ngamunye.
• Isikhumba. Izikhumba eziluhlaza ezitholwe kwizikhumba zihlangabezana nezidingo zezikhumba zezinkomo. Ukwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza besikhumba be-yak kuzokwandisa amathuba okusetshenziswa kwayo ekukhiqizeni izicathulo nezinye izimpahla zesikhumba.
• Izimpondo zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezikhumbuzo.

Ama-Yak nawo agcinwa ema-zoo. Intengo i-yak ama-ruble asendle angama-47,000-120,000.

Ukunakekelwa kwe-Yak nokuzalanisa

Amazwe ahamba phambili ngokuzalanisa ama-yak yiChina, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. ERussia Federation, amapulazi ama-yak atholakala eDagestan, eYakutia, eBuryatia, eKarachay-Cherkessia, eTuva.

Ama-Yaks yizilwane ezingathobekile ezingadingi izimo ezikhethekile zokuboshwa. Ema-zoo nasemapulazini ezizimele, zigcinwa ezindaweni ezivalekile ezibiyelwe ngocingo okungenani amamitha ayi-2,5 ukuphakama.

Uhlelo lokuzaliswa kwezimboni kwalezi zilwane lususelwa ekwaluseni unyaka wonke. Ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zezintaba, amadlelo abanzi anotshani obuhle abekelwe eceleni ukuzalanisa i-yak. I-Yaks iyazivumelanisa nezimo zezulu kanye nedlelo lezindawo lapho zikhuliswe khona izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Emapulazini, ama-yak ahlanganiswe emihlambini noma emihlambini ngokweminyaka nangokobulili:

• Amakhanda angama-60 ... ayi-100 - ukusenga i-yach;
• 8… amakhanda ayi-15 - ukuzalanisa ama-yak;
• Amakhanda angama-80 - amathole aze afike ezinyangeni eziyi-12;
• Amakhanda ayi-100 - izilwane ezincane ezingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-12 ubudala;
• Amakhanda ayi-100 - izikebhe ezizalisayo.

I-Yaks isengozini yezifo:

• i-brucellosis;
• isifo sofuba;
• isifo sezinyawo nomlomo;
• i-anthrax;
• izifo ze-parasitic yegazi (lapho ushayela ngenkathi efudumele eziqongweni zezintaba);
• i-gadfly engaphansi;
• izifo helminthic.

Ukuzalanisa i-Yak kuyimboni esengozini. Inani lama-yak lihlala lincipha njalo emapulazini angasese nasendaweni yangasese. Inani lama-yaks asendle nalo lehla kakhulu. Ama-yaks asendle abhalwe kuRed Book.

Bukela ividiyo: Wafahamu Fisi wenye madoa, jike ana uume, ijue sababu ya kicheko chao. (Septhemba 2024).