Tardigrade

Tardigrade obizwa nangokuthi ibhere lasemanzini, uhlobo lwezilwane ezingenamgogodla eziphila mahhala ezihlobo lohlobo lwe-arthropod. I-tardigrade idide ososayensi iminyaka namandla abo okuphila kukho konke okwenzekile kuze kube manje - ngisho nasemkhathini. Kusukela ophansi olwandle kuya emihosheni yamahlathi emvula, ukusuka esiqhingini sase-Antarctica kuya phezulu kwentaba-mlilo, ama-tardigrades akuyo yonke indawo.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: Tardigrade

Kutholakale ku-1773 nguJohann August Ephraim Gose, isazi sezilwane saseJalimane, ama-tardigrade yi-arthropod micrometazoids enamabhangqa amane ama-paws (ama-lobopods), aziwa kakhulu ngekhono lawo lokuphila ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ezimbi kakhulu. Ama-Tardigrade abhekwa njengezihlobo eziseduze ze-arthropods (isib. Izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans).

Kuze kube manje, ucwaningo selukhombe amakilasi amathathu amakhulu ezinhlobo zama-tardigrade. Isigaba ngasinye kulawa mathathu siqukethe ama-oda amaningi, nawo, aqukethe imindeni eminingi kanye nohlobo.

Ividiyo: Tardigrade

Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwe-tardigrade lunezinhlobo eziyikhulu (ezingaphezu kuka-700) ezaziwayo, ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

• isigaba Heterotardigrada. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amabili, lesi sigaba yisigaba esihluke kakhulu ngohlobo lwe-tardigrade. Iphinde ihlukaniswe ngama-oda amabili (i-Arthrotardigrada ne-Echiniscoide) iphinde iye emindenini ebandakanya iBatillipedidae, i-Oreellidae, iSygarctidae, neHalechiniscidae, phakathi kweminye eminingi. Le mindeni yehlukaniswe ngemikhakha engaphezu kuka-50;
• isigaba seMesotardigrada. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amakilasi, lesi sigaba sihlukaniswe nge-oda elilodwa (Thermozodia), umndeni (Thermozodidae) nohlobo olulodwa (Thermozodium esakii). I-Thermozodium esakii itholakale entwasahlobo eshisayo eJapan, kepha akukho zinhlobo ekilasini ezitholakele;
• Isigaba se-Eutardigrada sehlukaniswe ngama-oda amabili, afaka phakathi uParachela no-Apochela. Ama-oda amabili ahlukaniswe imindeni eyisithupha, okubandakanya iMineslidae, iMacrobiotidae, iHypsibidae, iCalohypsibidae, i-Eohypsibidae, ne-Eohypsibidae. Le mindeni iphinde ihlukaniswe ngemikhakha engaphezu kuka-35 ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo.

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-tardigrade

Izici ezijwayelekile zama-tardigrade zimi kanje:

• ayalingana ngokubili;
• zinomzimba oyindilinga (kepha zivame ukuthamba);
• zingama-micrometer angama-250 kuya kwangama-500 ubude (abadala). Noma kunjalo, ezinye zingakhula zifike kumamilimitha ayi-1.5;
• zihlukile ngombala: obomvu, ophuzi, omnyama, njll.
• ukuphefumula kutholakala ngokusabalalisa;
• ziyizinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi.

Umzimba wabo uhlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana: umzimba, imilenze, ingxenye yekhanda. Ama-Tardigrade anohlelo lokugaya ukudla, umlomo, uhlelo lwezinzwa (nobuchopho obukhulu obuthuthukiswe kahle), imisipha namehlo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayoNgo-2007, ama-tardigrade aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni afakwa ku-orbit futhi adalulwa emisebeni ye-vacuum ne-cosmic izinsuku eziyishumi. Ekubuyeni kwabo eMhlabeni, ngaphezu kwengxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabo zabuyiselwa ngempumelelo. Abaningi bafa maduzane, kepha basakwazi ukuzala ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ezinye zezici ezihambisana nekilasi iHeterotardigrada zifaka ama-honducts, izinqubo ze-cephalic, nezinzipho ngazinye ezinyaweni.

Ezinye izici zifaka okulandelayo:

• ingono yezinzwa nomgogodla;
• ikhola elinezinyosi emilenzeni yangemuva;
• cuticle obukhulu;
• amaphethini wepore ahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo.

Izici zesigaba seMesotardigrada:

• inqina ngalinye linamazipho ayisithupha;
• I-Thermozodium esakii iphakathi kwamalungu e-Heterotardigrada ne-Eutardigrada;
• imisipha nezinzipho kufana nezinhlobo zeHeterotardigrada;
• ama-macroplakoid abo afana nalawo atholakala e-Eutardigrada.

Ezinye zezimpawu zesigaba se-Eutardigrada zifaka:

• uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amakilasi amabili, amalungu ekilasi i-Eutardigrada awanawo ama-lateral latend;
• bane-cuticles ebushelelezi;
• azinawo amapuleti e-dorsal;
• Izindunduma zivuleka ku-rectum;
• banamazipho amabili.

Ihlala kuphi i-tardigrade?

Isithombe: Animal tardigrade

Eqinisweni, ama-tardigrade yizinto eziphila emanzini, njengoba amanzi enikeza izimo ezikahle zezinqubo ezinjengokushintshaniswa kwegesi, ukukhiqizwa kabusha nentuthuko. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-tardigrade asebenzayo avame ukutholakala emanzini asolwandle nasemanzini angenasawoti, kanye nasezindaweni zasemhlabeni ezinamanzi amancane.

Yize kubhekwa njengamanzi, ama-tardigrade angatholakala nakwezinye izindawo eziningi, kufaka phakathi izindunduma zesihlabathi, inhlabathi, amadwala nemifudlana, phakathi kokunye. Bangaphila kumafilimu wamanzi ku-lichen kanye nobulembu futhi ngaleyo ndlela bavame ukutholakala kulezi zinto eziphilayo.

Amaqanda, ama-cysts, kanye nokuphuma kwama-tardigrade nakho kushaywa kalula ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kuvumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zenze izindawo ezintsha zibe ikoloni. Ngokocwaningo, kutholakale ama-tardigrade ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezikude njengeziqhingi zentaba-mlilo, okuwubufakazi bokuthi umoya nezilwane ezifana nezinyoni zihlakazeka kakhulu futhi zisakaze izinto eziphilayo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukwengeza ezindaweni ezivumayo nezingathandeki nezindawo zokuhlala, ama-tardigrade nawo atholakele ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezeqile, njengezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu (kuze kufike ku -80 degrees Celsius). Ngenxa yekhono labo lokusinda nokuzala kabusha ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ama-tardigrade atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ama-Tardigrade achazwe njenge-polyextremophiles ngenxa yekhono lawo lokuphila ezindaweni ezehlukene zemvelo. Lokhu kube ngesinye sezici zabo ezichaza kakhulu futhi kungesinye sezici ezifundwa kakhulu zohlobo.

Manje uyazi lapho itholakala khona nokuthi i-tardigrade ibukeka kanjani ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sidalwa sidlani.

Idla ngani i-tardigrade?

Isithombe: isidalwa saseTardigrade

Ama-tardigrade adla uketshezi lweselula ngokugqobhoza izindonga zeseli ngezitayela zawo zomlomo. Ukudla kufaka amabhaktheriya, ulwelwe, i-protozoa, ama-bryophytes, isikhunta nezinto ezibolayo zezitshalo. Zimunca ama-juice avela kulwelwe, ubulembu nobulembu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezinkulu zidla ama-protozoa, ama-nematode, ama-rotifers kanye nama-tardigrade amancane.

Emilonyeni yazo, ama-tardigrade anama-stilettos, okuyizinhliziyo ezincane, ezibukhali ezisetshenziselwa ukubhoboza izitshalo noma ama-invertebrate amancane. Bavumela ukuthi uketshezi kudlule lapho kugwazwa. Ama-Tardigrades adla kulezi ziketshezi ngokuzimunca ekusebenziseni imisipha ekhethekile yokuncela emphinjeni wabo. Izitayela zithathelwa indawo lapho zi-molt.

Kwezinye izindawo, ama-tardigrade angaba umthengi oyinhloko wama-nematode, athonya kakhulu ubukhulu babantu bawo. Ezinye izinhlobo zingathwala izinhlobo zeprotozoan iPyxidium tardigradum. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-tardigrade ezihlala ezindaweni ezinobuthi zithwala ama-parasites efungal.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zama-tardigrade zingahamba ngaphandle kokudla iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Kuleli qophelo, ziyoma bese zilele, lapho-ke zingakwazi ukuvuselela amanzi, zidle okuthile futhi zande. Uma i-tardigrade iphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni futhi ilahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-99 wamanzi ayo, izinqubo zayo zokuphila zingamiswa cishe iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba ibuyele empilweni.

Ngaphakathi kwamaseli ama-tardigrade angenamanzi, uhlobo lweprotheyini olubizwa nge- "tardigrade-specific dysfunction protein" lungena esikhundleni samanzi. Lokhu kwakha into enengilazi egcina ukwakheka kwamaseli kungaqinile.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Tardigrade ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu

Ngenkathi isebenza ezimweni ezinhle, ama-tardigrade asebenzise amasu amaningi avumela ukuthi baphile.

Lezi zindlela zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuphumula kwe-cryptobiosis futhi zifaka:

• i-anoxybiosis - isho isimo se-cryptobiotic eshukunyiswa yi-oxygen ephansi kakhulu noma engekho phakathi kwama-tardigrade asemanzini. Lapho amazinga e-oxygen ephansi kakhulu, i-tardigrade iphendula ngokuba lukhuni, inganyakazi, futhi ivulwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi baphile kusuka emahoreni ambalwa (ngama-tardigrade asemanzini kakhulu) kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwe-oxygen futhi ekugcineni basebenze lapho izimo ziba ngcono;
• I-Cryobiosis iyindlela ye-cryotobiosis ethinteka emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Lapho izinga lokushisa elizungezile liwela emakhazeni, ama-tardigrade asabela ngokwakha imigqomo emise okomgqomo ukuvikela ulwelwesi;
• i-osmobiosis - kusixazululo samanzi esinamandla amakhulu e-ionic (njengamazinga aphezulu kasawoti), ezinye izinto eziphilayo azikwazi ukusinda futhi ngaleyo ndlela zife. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulu lama-tardigrade atholakala emanzini angenasawoti nasezindaweni zomhlaba asinda ngendlela ye-cryptobiosis eyaziwa ngokuthi i-osmobiosis;
• i-anhydrobiosis iyimpendulo yokusinda ekulahlekelweni kwamanzi ngokuhwamuka. Eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene, amanzi abalulekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokushintshaniswa kwegesi nezinye izindlela zangaphakathi. Kuma-tardigrade amaningi wamanzi angenasawoti, ukusinda akunakwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphela kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, kumanani amakhulu e-Eutardigrada, ukusinda ngaphansi kwalezi zimo kutholakala ngokuthola inkontileka nokubuyisa ikhanda nemilenze. Okuphilayo bese kuphenduka imiphongolo ekwazi ukusinda ngemuva kokoma.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Tardigrade

Ukuzala kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila phakathi kwama-tardigrade kuncike kakhulu endaweni yazo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi impilo yalezi zinto eziphilayo ibonakala kakhulu ngokungasebenzi nokungasebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile, abacwaningi baphethe ngokuthi kubalulekile ukukhiqiza ngokushesha uma izimo zivuma.

Ngokuya ngemvelo, ama-tardigrade angazala kabusha ngokwe-asexually (ukuzimela ngokwakho) kunqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-parthenogenesis, noma ngokocansi, lapho abesilisa befaka amaqanda (amphimixis).

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kocansi kuma-tardigrade kuvamile phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-dioecious (abesilisa nabesifazane abanezitho zabo zobulili). Iningi lalezi zinto eziphilayo zitholakala endaweni yasolwandle ngakho-ke ziyanda endaweni yasolwandle.

Yize ukwakheka nosayizi (morphology) wama-tardigrade gonads kuncike kakhulu ezinhlotsheni, ubulili, ubudala, njll. Yezinto eziphilayo, izifundo ezincanyana ziveze izitho zangasese ezilandelayo kwabesilisa nabesifazane:

Owesilisa:

• i-vas deferens evuleka ku-cloaca (i-hind gut);
• ama-vesicles wesisu wangaphakathi.

Owesifazane ne-hermaphrodite:

• ama-oviducts avula i-cloaca;
• izitsha zesidoda (eHeterotardigrada);
• i-spermatheca yangaphakathi (e-Eutardigrada).

Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi phakathi kwamanye amalungu amakilasi iHeterotardigrada ne-Eutardigrada, amaqanda esifazane avundiswa ngqo noma ngokungaqondile. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ngqo kwezocansi, i-tardigrade yesilisa ifaka isidoda esitsheni sowesifazane sowesilisa, esivumela isidoda ukuba sihanjiswe eqandeni ukuze livundiswe.

Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa okungaqondile, owesilisa ubeka isidoda ku-cuticle yowesifazane lapho izinsikazi zesifazane. Lapho owesifazane ekhipha i-cuticle, amaqanda asevele avundiswa futhi akhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngesikhathi se-molting, owesifazane ukhipha i-cuticle yakhe kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezinjengamazipho.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwazo, amaqanda afakwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi (ngokwesibonelo, eL. Granulifer, lapho kubekwa khona amaqanda), ngaphandle (iningi le-Heterotardigrada), noma avele akhululwe ngaphandle, lapho akhula khona ngaphandle kokuvundiswa.

Yize ukunakekelwa kwamaqanda kwabazali kungavamile, kuye kwabonwa ezinhlotsheni eziningana. Amaqanda abo ahlala anamathele emsileni wensikazi, ngaleyo ndlela aqinisekise ukuthi insikazi iyawanakekela amaqanda ngaphambi kokuba achamisele.

Izitha zemvelo zama-tardigrade

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-tardigrade

Izidliwayo zama-tardigrade zingathathwa njenge-nematode, amanye ama-tardigrade, imikhaza, izicabucabu, imisila kanye nezibungu zezinambuzane. I-protozoa ye-parasitic ne-fungi ihlala ithelela inani lama-tardigrade. Iziphazamiso zemvelo ezinjengama-crustaceans wamanzi angenasawoti, imisundu kanye nama-arthropods nawo abulala abantu balezi zilwane.

Ngokulandelayo, ama-tardigrade asebenzisa izinto zawo ze-buccal ukondla i-detritus noma izinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amabhaktheriya, ulwelwe, iprotozoa, kanye neminye i-meiofauna.

Isisetshenziswa se-buccal siqukethe ithubhu le-buccal, izitayela zokubhoboza, kanye nepharynx emunca imisipha. Okuqukethwe emathunjini kuvame ukuqukethe ama-chloroplast noma ezinye izingxenye zeseli ze-algae, mosses noma lichens.

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-microbiota yasemhlabeni zizamile ukuzingela ama-protozoa, ama-nematode, ama-rotifers, nama-Eutardigrades amancane (njengeDiphascon neHypsibius), aze amunce nomzimba wonke. Emhlathini walezi zilwane ezidliwayo ezidlulayo, ama-rotifers, izinzipho ze-tardigrades nezindebe zomlomo zazo kwatholakala. Kucatshangwa ukuthi uhlobo lwe-buccal apparatus luhambisana nohlobo lokudla okudliwe, noma kunjalo, kuncane okwaziwayo ngezidingo ezithile zokudla okunempilo kwezinhlobo zasolwandle noma zolwandle.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ama-tardigrade akwazi ukumelana nomshini wesikhala, amazinga okushisa aphansi ngokweqile kanye nendawo enkulu evaliwe, angaphila okungenani iminyaka eyi-2,5.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: Animal tardigrade

Ubuningi babantu be-tardigrades buyahlukahluka kakhulu, kepha azaziwa ubuncane noma izimo ezifanele zokukhula kwabantu. Izinguquko kumthamo wabantu we-tardigrade zihlanganiswe nezimo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, kufaka phakathi izinga lokushisa nomswakama, ukungcoliswa komoya, nokutholakala kokudla. Umehluko ophawulekayo kokuminyana kwabantu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka ezincanyana, ezibonakala zifana ncamashi.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle, inani elikhulu lezinhlobo nezinhlobo zama-tardigrade zavela. Bangaphila emigqonyeni iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukuze baphile ezimweni ezomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula agcinwa izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili esevuthweni, adluliswa izinsuku ezintathu kugesi we-helium ekamelweni lokushisa, abese ebanjwa amahora amaningi ku- -272 ° C, avuselelwa lapho alethwa ekamelweni lokushisa elijwayelekile. ... Amasampula angama-60% agcinwe izinyanga ezingama-21 emoyeni ketshezi ku- -190 ° C nawo abuya. Ama-Tardigrades nawo asakazeka kalula ngumoya namanzi.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Tardigrade asinda ezimweni ezingabhubhisa iningi lezinto eziphilayo. Benza lokhu ngokususa amanzi emizimbeni yabo futhi bakhiqize izakhi ezivala futhi zivikele ukwakheka kwamaseli abo. Izidalwa zingahlala kuleli lizwe okuthiwa le-tuna izinyanga ezimbalwa bese zivuseleleka kukhona amanzi.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, ama-tardigrade adidanise ososayensi futhi aqhubeka enza kanjalo. Ngo-2016, ososayensi baphumelela ukubuyisa i-permafrost eyayikade iqandiswe isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, futhi bathola imibono emisha yokusinda kwezilwane maqondana namazinga okushisa aqine.

Njengezinhlobo zomhlaba wonke, akukho ukukhathazeka okuncane ngokuthi ama-tardigrade azobeka engcupheni, futhi okwamanje azikho izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwezilwane ezigxile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile lwe-tardigrade. Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi bokuthi ukungcoliswa komhlaba kungathinta kabi abantu babo, ngoba ikhwalithi yomoya engeyinhle, imvula ene-asidi nokugxila kwensimbi esindayo ezindaweni zokuhlala ze-bryophyte kuholele ekwehleni kwabanye abantu.

Tardigrade - mhlawumbe isidalwa esimangalisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Asikho isidalwa esisodwa emhlabeni, noma mhlawumbe endaweni yonke, esidlule isikhathi eside njenge-tardigrade. Ayinakukwazi ngokwanele ukuhamba emkhathini futhi inenhliziyo eyenele ukusinda amashumi eminyaka ebusika, i-tardigrade ingasinda sonke kalula.

Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09/30/2019

Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 15