Umgede webhere ungukhokho wamabhere amanje. Laba negama lalo ngoba izinsalela zalezi zilwane ezinamandla zitholakala ikakhulukazi emihumeni. Isibonelo, kwatholakala umhume wamabhere eRomania, lapho kwatholakala khona amathambo amabhere angaphezu kuka-140. Kukholakala ukuthi emihumeni ejulile, izilwane zafa lapho ziqala ukuzizwa zisondela ekupheleni kwempilo yazo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Cave Bear
Ibhere lomgede liyi-subspecies yangaphambi komlando webhere elinsundu elavela endaweni yase-Eurasia eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-300 eyedlule, futhi lanyamalala phakathi nePleistocene Ephakathi neLate - eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 eyedlule. Kukholakala ukuthi yavela kubhere lase-Etruria, nalo elanyamalala kudala futhi elisafundwa okuncane namuhla. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi wayehlala endaweni yaseSiberia yanamuhla cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3 edlule. Izinsalela zebhomu lomhume zitholakala ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-karst eyisicaba, enezintaba.
Ividiyo: Umgede Womgede
Amabhere amaningi asePleistocene aphelile abhekwa njengamabhere emhumeni:
- Ibhere likaDeninger, elingelasePleistocene yakuqala yaseJalimane;
- ibhere elincane lomhume - lalihlala emaqeleni aseKazakhstan, e-Ukraine, eCaucasus futhi lalingahlobene nemihume;
- Amabhere ama-Kodiak avela e-Alaska asondelene kakhulu namabhere emhumeni ngezici zawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kukholakala ukuthi izakhamizi zangaphambi komlando wase-Europe azigcinanga nje ngokuzingela ibhere lomhume, kodwa futhi zilikhonze isikhathi eside njenge-totem engcwele.
Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kofuzo kwezinsalela zalezi zilwane kukhombisile ukuthi ibhere lomhume nebhere elinsundu kufanele kubhekwe njengabazala besibili kuphela.
Cishe eminyakeni eyisigidi nesigamu edlule, amagatsha ambalwa ahlukana nesihlahla sebhere sozalo esivamile:
- owokuqala wamelwa amabhere asemhumeni;
- owesibili, cishe eminyakeni engama-500 edlule, wahlukaniswa waba amabhere amhlophe nala nsundu.
- isilwane esinsundu, yize sifana ngokukhethekile nomzingeli wasemhumeni, siyisihlobo esiseduze nebhere le-polar.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ibhere lomhume
Amabhere anamuhla aphansi kakhulu kunamabhere emigede ngesisindo nangosayizi. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zesimanjemanje zezilwane ezinjenge-grizzly noma i-kodiak zingaphansi kwesikhathi esisodwa nengxenye kunebhere langaphambi komlando. Kukholakala ukuthi bekuyisilwane esinamandla kakhulu esinemisipha ekhule kahle nezinwele ezinsundu, ezinde ezinsundu. Ku-footfoot yasendulo, ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba yayithuthuke kakhulu kunemuva, kanti imilenze yayiqinile futhi imfishane.
Ukhakhayi lwebhere lwalulukhulu, ibunzi lalo laliwumqansa kakhulu, amehlo alo ayemancane, nemihlathi yawo yayinamandla. Ubude bomzimba babucishe bube ngamamitha ama-3-3.5, kanti isisindo safinyelela kuma-700-800 kilograms. Abesilisa babedlula kakhulu amabhere abesifazane ngesisindo. Amabhere omgede abengenawo amazinyo angaphambili anezimpande zamanga, okubahlukanisa nezihlobo zesimanje.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ibhere lomgede lingenye yamabhere anzima kakhulu futhi amakhulu kunawo wonke ake ahlala eMhlabeni sonke isikhathi sokuphila kwawo. Nguye owayephethe ugebhezi olukhulu kakhulu, okungathi emadodeni amakhulu avuthiwe ngokobulili lungafinyelela ku-56-58 cm ubude.
Ngenkathi ekuzo zonke izinyawo ezine, i-shaggy yakhe, amandla akhe anamandla ayesezingeni lehlombe lomgede, kepha, noma kunjalo, abantu bafunda ukumzingela ngempumelelo. Manje uyazi ukuthi ibhere lomhume lalibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi wayehlala kuphi.
Wahlala kuphi umhume?
Isithombe: I-Cave Bear e-Eurasia
Amabhere omgede ayehlala e-Eurasia, kufaka phakathi i-Ireland, iNgilandi. Izinhlanga eziningana zakhiwa ezindaweni ezihlukene. Emihumeni eminingi yama-alpine, eyayitholakala ebangeni elingamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, nasezintabeni zaseJalimane, izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezincane zazitholakala. Ensimini yaseRussia, amabhere emigede atholakala eUral, esigodini saseRussia, eZhigulevskaya Upland, eSiberia.
Lezi zilwane zasendle zazihlala ezindaweni ezinezihlahla nezintaba. Bancamela ukuhlala emihumeni, lapho bachitha khona ubusika. Amabhele ayevame ukucwila emigedeni engaphansi komhlaba, azulazule ebumnyameni obukhulu. Kuze kube manje, ezindaweni eziningi ezikude ezifile, imigudu emincane, ubufakazi bokuhlala kwalezi zidalwa zasendulo buyatholakala. Ngaphezu kwamamaki oziphozili, kutholakala izingebhezi zamabhere ezibola uhhafu ezingxenyeni zemihume, ezaduka ezigabeni ezinde zafa zangayitholi indlela yokubuyela elangeni.
Kunemibono eminingi ngalokho okubahehe kulolu hambo oluyingozi ebumnyameni impela. Mhlawumbe laba kwakungabantu abagulayo ababefuna isiphephelo sabo sokugcina lapho, noma amabhere ayezama ukuthola izindawo ezithe xaxa zokuhlala kwabo. Lesi sakamuva sisekelwa yiqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zabantu abasha zatholwa nasemihumeni ekude ephela ngokufa.
Lidleni ibhere?
Isithombe: Cave Bear
Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obubabazekayo nokubukeka okwesabekayo kwebhere lomgede, ukudla kwalo kwakuvame ukuba nokudla kwezitshalo, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinsolo ezigugile kabi. Lesi silwane sasiyidlanzana elihamba kancane futhi elingenalo ulaka elidla kakhulu amajikijolo, izimpande, uju kwesinye isikhathi nezinambuzane, futhi libamba izinhlanzi emifuleni yemifula. Lapho indlala ingabekezeleleki, angahlasela umuntu noma isilo, kepha wayehamba kancane kangangokuba isisulu cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi sasinethuba lokubaleka.
Ibhere lomgede lalidinga amanzi amaningi, ngakho-ke lapho behlala khona bakhetha imihume ngokufinyelela ngokushesha echibini elingaphansi komhlaba noma emfudlaneni. Amabhere ayekudinga ikakhulukazi lokhu, ngoba ayengeke abe khona ezinganeni zawo isikhathi eside.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi amabhere amakhulu ayengawokuzingela abantu basendulo. Amafutha nenyama yalezi zilwane zazinomsoco ikakhulukazi, izikhumba zazo zazikhonza abantu njengezingubo noma umbhede. Kutholakale inani elikhulu lamathambo wamabhere emihume eduze nezindawo ahlala kuzo umuntu waseNeanderthal.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abantu basendulo babevame ukukhipha unyawo lwezinyawo emihumeni abahlala kuyo bese behlala kuyo ngokwabo, bayisebenzise njengendawo yokuhlala, isiphephelo esithembekile. Amabhere abengenamandla okulwa nemikhonto yabantu nomlilo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Bear Cave Bein
Ngesikhathi sasemini, amabhere emhume ahamba kancane ehlathini eyofuna ukudla, abuye abuyele emigedeni futhi. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi lezi zilwane zasendulo zazingavamile ukuba neminyaka engama-20 ubudala. Abantu abagulayo nababuthakathaka bahlaselwa izimpisi, amabhubesi emhumeni, baba yizisulu ezilula zempisi yasendulo. Ebusika, imidondoshiya yomhume ihlala ilala ubusuku bonke. Labo bantu abangatholanga indawo efanelekile ezintabeni bangena ezihlahleni zehlathi bazimisa lapho.
Ucwaningo lwamathambo ezilwane zasendulo kukhombise ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu uphethwe yizifo "zomhume". Emathanjeni amabhere, iminonjana ye-rheumatism kanye ne-rickets itholwe njengabangane abavamile bezindlu ezinomswakama. Ochwepheshe babevame ukuthola ama-vertebrae aqondile, ukukhula kwamathambo, amalunga asontekile nezicubu ezikhubazeke kakhulu ngenxa yezifo zomhlathi. Izilwane ezibuthakathaka zazingabazingeli ababi lapho beshiya izindlu zabo zokuhlala ehlathini. Babevame ukuhlushwa yindlala. Kwakunzima ukuthola ukudla emihumeni uqobo.
Njengabanye abameleli bomndeni wamabhere, abesilisa bazulazula bodwa, nabesifazane besenkampanini yamabhere. Ngaphandle kokuthi amabhere amaningi athathwa njengendoda eyodwa, awazenzanga ngababili impilo yonke.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibhere langaphambili lomhume
Ibhere lomhumeni wesifazane alizalanga minyaka yonke, kodwa kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3. Njengamabhere anamuhla, ukuthomba kwaphela cishe ngeminyaka emithathu ubudala. Insikazi yaletha amawundlu angu-1-2 kokukhulelwa okukodwa. Owesilisa akazange abambe iqhaza empilweni yabo.
Amathole azalwa engenakuzisiza, eyimpumputhe. Umama womgodi wayehlala ekhetha imihume enjalo ukuze kube khona umthombo wamanzi kuyo, futhi uhambo oluya endaweni yokunisela aluthathanga isikhathi esiningi. Ingozi icashe kuyo yonke indawo, ngakho-ke ukushiya inzalo yakho ingavikelekile isikhathi eside bekuyingozi.
Okweminyaka engu-1.5-2, abancane babeseduze kwabesifazane futhi, kuphela lapho, bashiya ebudaleni. Kulesi sigaba, amawundlu amaningi afela kuzipho nasemilonyeni yezinye izidalwa, okwakukhona okuningi ezikhathini zasendulo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, izazi ze-paleontologists zathola amaslayidi obumba apholile angajwayelekile ogwini lwamachibi asezintabeni nasemifuleni emihumeni e-Austria naseFrance. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, amabhele emigede agibele phezu kwabo phakathi nohambo olude lomhlabathi abese egingqika emizimbeni yamanzi. Ngakho-ke, bazama ukulwa nezinambuzane ezazibahlupha. Le nqubo bayenza kaningi. Kaningi kwakukhona iminonjana yezinzipho zazo ezinkulu ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha amabili ukusuka phansi, kuma-stalagmites asendulo emihumeni ejulile kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo zebhere lomhume
Isithombe: Ibhere elikhulu lomhume
Kubantu abadala, abantu abaphilile babengekho izitha endaweni yabo yemvelo ngaphandle kwendoda yasendulo. Abantu baqothule imidondoshiya ehamba kancane ngamanani amakhulu, besebenzisa inyama namafutha abo ukudla. Ukuze ubambe isilwane, kwakusetshenziswa imigodi ejulile, lapho yayiqhutshwa khona ngomlilo. Lapho amabhele ewela ogibeni, abulawa ngemikhonto.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amabhere omgede anyamalala eplanethi yoMhlaba ngaphambi kakhulu kwezingonyama zomhume, ama-mammoth, namaNeanderthals.
Amabhere asemancane, amabhere agulayo namadala ayezingelwa ezinye izidumbu, kubalwa namabhubesi omhume. Ngokucabanga ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu omdala unezifo ezimbi kakhulu futhi wenziwa buthaka yindlala, lapho-ke izidlakela zazivame ukuphoqa ibhere elikhulu.
Futhi-ke, isitha esiyinhloko samabhere asemhumeni, esathonya kakhulu inani lalezi zigebenga futhi ekugcineni salibhubhisa, kwakungeyona indoda yasendulo nhlobo, kepha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ama-steppes kancane kancane athatha indawo yamahlathi, kwakukhona ukudla okuncane kwezitshalo, ibhere lomhume laqala ukuba sengozini kakhulu, futhi laqala ukufa. Lezi zidalwa zazizingela nezilwane ezinezinselo, okuqinisekiswa ngamathambo azo atholakala emigedeni lapho kwakuhlala khona amabhere, kepha ukuzingela kwaphela ngempumelelo engavamile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Cave Bear
Amabhere emigede aqothulwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningi edlule. Isizathu esiqondile sokunyamalala kwabo asikakasungulwa, mhlawumbe bekuyinhlanganisela yezici ezimbalwa ezibulalayo. Ososayensi babeke imibono eminingi, kepha ayikho neyodwa kubo enobufakazi obuqondile. Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuyindlala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kepha akwaziwa ukuthi kungani lo mdondoshiya wasinda ezinkathini eziningi zeqhwa ngaphandle kokulimala okukhulu kubantu, futhi lo wesilisa ngokuzumayo waba yingozi kuye.
Abanye ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ukuhlala okusebenzayo kwendoda yasendulo endaweni yemvelo yamabhere emhume kwakuyisizathu sokuqothulwa kwabo kancane kancane. Kukhona umbono wokuthi kwakungabantu abaqothula lezi zilwane, ngoba inyama yabo yayihlala ikhona ekudleni kwabahlali basendulo. Ngokuphikisana nale nguqulo iqiniso lokuthi ngalezo zinsuku inani labantu lalilincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nenani lemidondoshiya yomgede.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthola ngokuthembekile isizathu. Mhlawumbe, iqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi babenokukhubazeka okungathi sína kwamathambo namalunga kangangokuthi babengasakwazi ukuzingela nokudla ngokugcwele, kwaba yisisulu sezinye izilwane, nakho kwaba neqhaza ekunyamalaleni kwemidondoshiya.
Ezinye izinganekwane zama-hydra nezidragoni ezesabekayo zavela ngemuva kokutholwa okumangazayo kogebhezi basendulo, amathambo ibhere lomgede. Ama-ore amaningi esayensi avela eNkathini Ephakathi amela kabi izinsalela zamabhere njengoba enza amathambo ezilo. Kulesi sibonelo, ungabona ukuthi izinganekwane zezilo ezimbi zingaba nemithombo ehluke ngokuphelele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.11.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 12/15/2019 ngo-21: 19
