Petrel - ulwandle nomad
Inyoni esankondlo kakhulu - i-petrel. Kungani ibizwa kanjalo kuchazwe kalula. Inyoni indizela phansi, icishe ithinte amagagasi. Esimweni sezulu esibi umoya uyaqabuleka, amagagasi ayakhula. Inyoni inyukela phezulu kakhulu. Noma, njengoba amatilosi esho, uhlala ezintweni zomkhumbi. Ngakho-ke, umemezela isiphepho esizayo.
Incazelo nezici
Ukuvela kwalezi zinyoni kukhombisa ukuthambekela kokundiza olwandle olude. Amaphiko ezinhlobo ezithile angamamitha ayi-1.2, ubude bomzimba ngamamitha ayi-0.5. Umndeni we-petrel uyingxenye yohlelo lwama-petrels noma ama-pipe-nose.
Isici esihlukile esinquma ukungena kuleli butho kwaba ukwakheka kwamakhala. Zitholakala kumashubhu ahlanganisiwe e-chitinous atholakala ngaphezulu komlomo.
Le nyoni isongwe ngokulingana. UPetrel esithombeni ikhombisa izimfanelo zayo zokukhipha umoya. Isimo somzimba sihlelekile. Izimpiko zinde futhi zincane. Isitayela sendiza "ukushefa". I-petrel ayindizi, kodwa iyahamba, okwenza ukushintsha okungajwayelekile. Umoya oboniswa ngamagagasi udala ukuphakama okwengeziwe futhi ugcine amandla ezinyoni.
Ama-petrels ahlobene kancane nomhlaba. Lokhu kuboniswa yizinyawo ezinewebhu. Zibuyiselwa emuva zihlobene nendawo yamandla adonsela phansi yenyoni. Ifanele ukugwedla kunokuhamba phansi. Izinzwani zangemuva kuzo zehliswe ngokuphelele.
Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba ipendwe ngemibala ekhanyayo: mpunga, mhlophe. Eliphezulu - limnyama: mpunga, licishe libe mnyama, nsundu. Lokhu kuvumela le nyoni ukuthi ihlale ingabonakali uma uqhathaniswa nesibhakabhaka nolwandle. Kunezinhlobo ezithile ezimnyama ngokuphelele, cishe ezimnyama.
Izinyoni zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zama-petrels kanye namajuba aseKapa angaziqhayisa ngephethini ekhanyayo engxenyeni engenhla yamaphiko nasekhanda.
Izinhlobo
AT umndeni we-petrel kufakwe izinhlobo eziningana. Izinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke zimelelwa yi-genus giant petrels. Lolu hlobo lubizwa ngegama lesistimu iMacronectes. Kufaka izinhlobo ezimbili ezibukeka zifana kakhulu:
- I-petrel enkulu yaseningizimu.
Le nyoni yakha izidleke eFalkland Islands, eningizimu yePatagonia, ogwini lwase-Antarctica.
- I-petrel enkulu yasenyakatho.
Igama lalesi silwane liphakamisa ukuthi lizala inzalo enyakatho yesihlobo sayo. Kakhulu eSouth Georgia Island.
Amaphiko amaphiko ama-petrels amakhulu afinyelela kumamitha amabili. Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela ku-1 m. Lona uhlobo olukhulu lwezinyoni emndenini.
Phakathi kwama-petrels kukhona uhlobo olunegama lomntwana: ama-fulmars. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuhlobo lohlobo:
- Ubuwula obujwayelekile.
- I-Antarctic fulmar.
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezimbili ezingasekho eMiocene. Ezinyonini zalolu hlobo, ubude bomzimba bungu-0.5-0.6 m, amaphiko avulekele ku-1.2-1.5 m. Zakha izidleke ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Bakha amakoloni amakhulu emadwaleni. Lokhu inyoni ye-petrel uzulazula kakhulu. Lathola igama lalo ngenxa yokungabi bikho kokwesaba umuntu ngokuphelele.
Uhlobo luthole igama elilinganayo ngokulinganayo:
- I-Pintado.
Igama lale nyoni lingahunyushwa lisuselwa kusiSpanish, njengejuba elise-cape. Le nyoni inezindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe namaphethini anjengezintambo emaphikweni nasemsileni. Ubungako bejuba laseKapa buyafana nobukaFulmar. Izinyoni zalesi sidleke sohlobo eNew Zealand, eTasmania, eziqhingini zase-Antarctic.
Izinhlanzi zakha isisekelo semenyu yama-petrels. Kepha kukhona inyoni eye yazibhekisa ngaseplankton.
- Inyoni yomkhoma.
Uhlobo lwalezi zinyoni luqukethe izinhlobo ezi-6. Zonke zehlukile kwezinye izifinyila ngemilomo yazo emifushane ejiyile. Ubungako bezinyoni zemikhomo abudluli amajuba aseKapa. Izinyoni zemikhomo zakha izidleke zazo ogwini lwase-Antarctic.
Izinhlobo eziningi zifakiwe kuhlobo oluvamile:
- Isiphepho.
Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zizulazula e-Atlantic, ePacific Ocean, ziwele i-Indian Ocean. Okuncamelayo kunikezwa iSouth Ocean. Kunezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni zalolu hlobo. Isibonelo: isiphepho saseBermuda. Umlando wale nyoni ubonakala kakhulu kuma-petrels. Ngekhulu le-17, abantu bathuthukisa iBermuda. Izilwane zafika nabakholoni. Njengamakati namagundane. Ngenxa yokuhlangana kwezinyoni nezilwane okwethulwe kulezi ziqhingi, izivunguvungu zaseBermuda sezivele zanyamalala.
- Uphethiloli ojiyile.
Lolu hlobo oluthile lwezinyoni lubizwa nje ngokuthi ama-petrels. Lokho wukuthi, izinhlobo ezifakiwe kuhlobo zinikezwa amandla okuxwayisa ngesiphepho esizayo. Ubujamo nobukhulu bemilomo yezinyoni zemikhomo nama-petrels aminyene afana kakhulu.
Uhlobo lubiza isihloko se-petrels yangempela:
- I-petrel yangempela.
Lona uhlobo olubanzi kakhulu lwezinyoni. Ososayensi bahlanganisa izinhlobo ezifika ku-25 kuwo. Izidleke zazo zitholakala kusukela ogwini lwase-Iceland kuya eHawaii naseCalifornia. Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinyoni ezinobukhulu obumaphakathi. Izimpiko ezisabalalayo azikho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1,2 ubude.Uhlobo luqanjwa ngama-petrels angempela ngesizathu. Ngenkathi, laba baduni bangahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-65,000.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokuhlala yama-petrels ulwandle lomhlaba. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana kuphela lapho bezithola besezweni labo. Ukuzulazula petrel ihlala idala isidleke sayo lapho ithole khona impilo.
Emhlabeni, izinyoni ngeke zinakekele inzalo yazo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezitha. Okokuqala, abantu. Eningizimu yeChile, abavubukuli bathole ubufakazi bokuthi isizwe saseMidden sasidla izinyoni zasolwandle, kufaka phakathi ama-petrel, eminyakeni engu-5 000 eyedlule.
Abomdabu namatilosi ngokwesiko futhi ngobuningi baqoqa amaqanda, amatshwele kanye nabantu abadala. Le nqubo ayimile namanje. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izinhlobo ziye zanyamalala cishe.
Ukutholakala kwezidleke ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki akuhlali kusindisa abantu kubantu futhi akuvikeli ngokuphelele ezilwaneni ezidla phansi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zithinteke kakhulu ngokuvela kwamakati, amagundane nezinye izilwane ezilethwe (ezilethwe ngabantu) eziqhingini ezikude.
Ukuzivikela okuhlangene kusindisa kubahlaseli emoyeni. Izinhlobo ezithile zama-petrels ziye zafunda ukukhipha uketshezi olunephunga elibi, olonakalisayo, ngosizo lwazo ukuxosha izitha.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ngokuyinhloko ama-petrels adla izinhlanzi, abambe ama-crustaceans kanye ne-squid. Noma yikuphi ukudla kwamaprotheni okungusayizi ofanele kungadliwa. Sihlala sikulungele ukuzuza ezinsaleleni zokudla komunye umuntu. Ukuze benze lokhu, balandela imihlambi yezilwane zasolwandle. Iphelezelwa yimikhumbi yokudoba neyabagibeli. Abazideleli izinyoni nezilwane ezifile eziphezu kwamanzi.
Kuphela ama-petrels amakhulu kuphela angakwazi ukuzingela emhlabeni ngezikhathi ezithile. Bahlasela amaphuphu ashiywe enganakiwe. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi abesilisa bathambekele kakhulu ekuchitheni izidleke zabanye abantu futhi bathumbe amatshwele.
Ama-petrels ohlobo lohlobo lwezinyoni zemikhomo anamapuleti emilonyeni yawo akha uhlobo oluthile lokuhlunga. Le nyoni ihamba ungqimba lwamanzi ngendlela ebizwa nge-aquaplaning. Ngalokhu usebenzisa izidladla namaphiko. Le nyoni idedela amanzi ngomlomo wayo, ihlunge bese imunca iplankton.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukuze kuzalwe futhi kukhuliswe inzalo, izinyoni zihlangene emakoloni. Imiphakathi ngayinye yezinyoni ifinyelela ngababili besigidi noma ngaphezulu. Kukhona ama-pluses nama-minus ebukhoneni obuhlangene. I-plus isivikelo esihlangene. I-Minus - kunzima ukuthola indawo elula yokwakha isidleke. Kukhona ukuncintisana okukhulu kwamasayithi alungele ukwakha izidleke.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ama-petrels abuthana endaweni lapho azalelwa khona. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinyoni ezingama-76% zenza lokhu. I-Philopatria, uthando lwendawo yokuzalwa, ifakazelwa hhayi ngokukhala kwezinyoni kuphela. Kepha futhi ngokuhlola i-DNA ye-mitochondrial. Kwavela ukuthi kunokushintshaniswa okulinganiselwe kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwamakoloni ngamanye.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-petrel — inyoni oyedwa. Ukugcinwa komfazi oyedwa ngesikhathi sokwakha isidleke noma ukuqhubeka kwezinkathi eziningana akucaci. Njengoba nje isitatimende sokuthi laba bobabili bahlala ndawonye hhayi esidlekeni kuphela, kodwa futhi nangezikhathi zokuhamba ngezindiza aziqinisekisiwe.
Izinhlobo ezincane zama-petrels zikulungele ukuzala eminyakeni emithathu ubudala. Ezinkulu zingaqala ukuzala kuphela lapho zineminyaka engu-12. Ukuziphatha kokuqomisana akulula kakhulu. Ahluke kakhulu emidansweni eyamukelekile eyenziwa izinyoni nsuku zonke lapho zihlangana esidlekeni.
Ukubukwa okukhulu ebusweni bomhlaba kwakha isakhiwo esilula. Umsebenzi wesidleke esinjalo munye: ukungavumeli iqanda ligingqike. Izinhlobo ezincane zezinyoni zisebenzisa imisele nemifantu yokwakha izidleke. Imibhangqwana ishiya leli koloni izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubeka iqanda. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuqongelelwa kwezakhamzimba emzimbeni wezinyoni.
Insikazi, ngemuva komdlalo omfishane wokukhwelana, izalela iqanda elilodwa. Futhi undizela olwandle ukondla. Ekuqaleni, owesilisa uhlanganyela ekufukameleni. Imithwalo yemfanelo iyashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile. Esidlekeni, iduna nensikazi ngokushintshana. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-40, iphuphu liyavela. Omunye wabazali uhlala naye izinsuku zokuqala ukuze avikeleke futhi afudumale. Omncane i-petrel kukhula kancane.
Izinhlobo ezincane zikhula zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbili. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zama-petrel zidinga izinyanga ezine ukuze zikwazi ukuzimela. Sebekhulile, amaphuphu alahlekelwa ukuxhumana nabazali bawo unomphela. Ama-petrels anempilo okungenani iminyaka eyi-15. Kunesibonelo sezinyoni ezifika eminyakeni engama-50 ubudala.
Amanye ama-petrel colonies anezigidi zezinyoni, amanye angamakhulu noma ngisho amashumi abantu. Kepha nomaphi lapho umuntu evela khona, izinyoni ziyanyamalala. Umuntu ubamba inqwaba yezinhlanzi.
Izinyoni zisale zingadlile. Kepha, okubi kakhulu, bafa ngobuningi lapho besebenzisa izinhlobo ezithile zamagiya okudoba. Le ndlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-longline fishing iyingozi kakhulu.
Ngo-2001, kwafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu adobela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokugcina izindawo lapho zizalela khona inyoni yasolwandle: i-petrel, tern, albatross nabanye.
Lesi sivumelwano sihlinzeka ngoshintsho ezindleleni zokudoba ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufa kwezinyoni. Ukuhlanza iziqhingi kusuka ezilwaneni ezincane ezidliwayo kanye namagundane.
