Ikholomu, njengezinto zokuzingela ezentengiselwano, yaqashelwa eRussia kuphela ngekhulu le-19. Ukuntuleka koboya obuyigugu kwaholela kulokhu. Abahwebi babedaya lezi zikhumba bazithengise eChina becashele ukuthi bangathengwa.
Izintengo zokuthenga eziphansi, ukugqokwa kabi koboya kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi izipikha ilahlekelwe inani layo langaphambili lokuhweba. Abantu ababanjwe ezingibeni basetshenziselwa ukulingisa uboya obungcono, futhi imisila yezilwane isetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhulashi we-premium wobuciko.
Incazelo nezici
Ikholomu lasendle elidlayo lomndeni wakwaMarten lincane ngosayizi (ubude bomzimba ukusuka embundwini kuya esihlokweni somsila bungaphezudlwana kwengxenye yemitha) futhi abunesisindo esingeqile ku-800 g. Esifubeni esihle, esinamehlo abukhali, izintshebe ezigoqana ezinhlangothini nekhala elimnyama liyabonakala. Amakholomu esithombeni - isilwane esihle esakhiwe sinyene esinezindlebe ezifushane eziyindilinga.
Umbala obomvu weKholomu laseSiberia, ocijile kakhulu emsileni, uyakhanya ebusika. Emilenzeni emifushane, kungabonakala ulwelwesi oluncane. Isifihla-buso esimnyama sigqama embusweni, nomngcele omhlophe ozungeze izindebe nasesilevini.
Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, ngemuva kwesikhumba sekwindla, ijazi loboya lesilwane liwugqinsi ikakhulukazi, futhi umsila, othatha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude bawo bonke, ushibilikile. Ushintsho kusuka ebusika kuya eboyeni ehlobo luqala ngoMashi futhi luhlala kuze kufike u-Agasti. Umsila ungowokugcina ukukhishwa.
Engutsheni ekhanyayo yasehlobo Isikhulisazwi ukubukisa kungekudala. Kakade ngoSepthemba, kufika isikhathi se-autumn molt, esidlula ngokushesha. Uboya buwela bube ngama-clumps, bakhe iziqeshana ezinempandla ezinhlangothini, emuva. Imisindo eyenziwe ngabakwa-weasels ishaya amakhwela, itshiyoza, ihewula.
Izinhlobo
Ngaphezu kweSiberia esabalele, izazi zezilwane zihlukanisa ezinye izinhlobo zekholomu... IsiJapane, igama lesibili u-itatsi, lalethwa cishe. Sakhalin kusuka cishe. I-Hokkaido. Abamele bayo banomzimba omncane, ikhanda elincanyana. Ebusika, umsila udlula i-mink ngobuhle.
Umbala ufana nowebomvu waseSiberia, kepha unemibala ecebile - ipentshisi, ngokubomvu ngokubomvu, ngokusawolintshi. Uma ikholomu yaseSiberia inesisindo samathoni amaningi alula kakhulu kunasemuva, khona-ke elaseJapane limnyama. Umehluko omkhulu yi-dimorphism yezocansi. Abesifazane banesisindo esingangesiqingatha. Ngobude bomzimba besilisa obungu-38 cm, ubude besifazane abudluli ku-30 cm.
I-Itatsi ihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yesiqhingi ezindaweni ezifinyelela phezulu zeziphethu ezingabandisi, izigodi zemifula. Izimo zezulu ezinzima zivimbele ukuqhubekela phambili ezigabeni ezisenyakatho. Imfuyo yehle kakhulu ngenxa yokuzingela, i-sable engenisiwe kanye ne-mink. Manje isibalo sezilwane asidluli abantu abangamakhulu amathathu.
Ososayensi abakavumelani ngokuhlukaniswa kwekholomu yaseJapan. Abanye babheka i-itatsi njengohlobo oluhlukile, abanye njengesiqhingi.
Ikholomu esempumalanga ekude, ehlala ezwekazini, yehlukile ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweSiberia endaweni yokuhlala. Umugqa ohlukanisa izindawo zabo zokuhlala uhamba ngeZeya. Ngokuqondene nezinhlamvu ze-morphological, izinhlobo zeMpumalanga Ekude zikhudlwana futhi zikhanya ngokugqamile.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ikholomu yisilwane sase-Asia. Kutholakala ezindaweni eziqhingini zaseJapan, Korea, China. ERussia, ihlala esiqhingini, ehlathini elibanzi noma elixubekile, izihlahla ze-oki eningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude naseSiberia kuya ezintabeni zase-Ural.
Imfuneko yendawo yokuhlala yale kholamu ubukhona besiziba. Ihlala eduze nemithambeka yezikhukhula zemifula, ogwini lwamachibi anamahlathi aminyene, noma emaphethelweni amaxhaphozi afihlwe uhlaza lwasemanzini. Kwenzeka emahlathini emithambekeni yezintaba. Ikhuphukela ekuphakameni okungafika kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1.8 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle. Uthanda amahlathi anezihlahla eziningi ezindala eziyize eziyize.
Ikholomu iyaphila futhi eduze nezindawo eziheha ukudla (amagundane, amagundane). I-Kunyas iyasebenza kusihlwa nasebusuku, kepha lokhu akuchazwa kahle. Imvamisa isilwane siyazingela ngesikhathi sasemini ehlobo nasebusika obunesithwathwa.
Ngokuphambene nesibaya, esilinde inyamazane, i-weasel yaseSiberia izungeza indawo yayo, ibheke ngaphansi kwezinkuni ezifile, ihlole imigodi. Ingamba futhi ingene emgodini wobumba wamagundane. Ukubhukuda okuhle kakhulu, i-kolokin ithola ukudla emizimbeni yamanzi.
Phakathi kwezikhulumi ze-weasel, ezomnotho kakhulu. Uvame futhi ngokunganaki kakhulu kunabanye wenza ama-feed pantries emigodini yezihlahla noma avele angcwabe inyamazane eqhweni. Kokunye ukuphuma endaweni yokukhosela, amakholomu agijima afinyelela kumakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili efuna inyamazane.
Uma enenhlanhla yokubamba inyamazane enkulu, ubuyela ekhaya, futhi angaphumi ngalolu suku. Ngaphansi kwendawo yokukhosela, i-chipmunk burrows, imigodi ephansi ukusuka emhlabathini, indawo phakathi kwezimpande zomuthi obolile, izinqwaba zamagatsha omile ziyashintshwa.
Ezinyangeni ezifudumele, i-marten iyasebenza kakhulu. Amakholomu ebusika emakhazeni amakhulu noma izivunguvungu zeqhwa, ayishiyi indawo yayo yokuhlala izinsuku ezimbalwa. ESakhalin, i-itatsi eziningana kuye kwaziwa ukuthi zisendaweni eyodwa. AbaseSiberia bakholelwa ukuthi ama-marten alala ebusika obukhulu. Kepha ososayensi bachaza ukungabi khona kweqiniso lokuthi isikhathi esiningi izilwane zizingela ngaphansi kweqhwa, ngakho-ke azibonakali.
Izilwane ziba nimble futhi zikuyo yonke indawo ekwindla, lapho imingcele yamasayithi amasha inqunywa lapho kuvela izilwane ezincane nangoFebhuwari ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokukhwelana. I-Kolonok yisilwane esihlala phansi, indawo, kepha ukunamathela kusiza sayo kuncike endaweni yokuhlala.
Ukubheka kukhombisile ukuthi abanye abantu bahlala endaweni eyodwa kuze kube yiminyaka eminingana, kuyilapho abanye behamba amabanga amade ekwindla, ebusika, ngaphandle kokutholakala kokudla.
Abesifazane banamathele kakhulu endaweni yabo, bancane kunabesilisa. Ubungako besiza buyahlukahluka kusuka kumahektha ayisishiyagalombili kuya kumakhilomitha ayisi-skwele amahlanu. Ngokuhlala kwabantu abaningi, izilwane azihloniphi imingcele, zivimba izindawo zokuzingela ezingomakhelwane. Izilwane ngazinye azinayo nensimu yazo nhlobo. Lapho kukhishwa ukudla, zimboza kuze kufike ku-15-20 km bese zilinda ukushona kwesidalwa sazo esizongena endaweni yakhe.
Ukufuduka okuvamile kwesizini kuye kwabonwa ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Esikhathini sentwasahlobo-ehlobo, izilwane zithanda amahlathi axubekile emithambekeni, kuthi eduze nobusika zehlele ezihlanjeni zemifula. Izazi zezilwane zichaza ukunyakaza kwasendaweni kwamakholomu ngezikhukhula eziningi zonyaka, ukugcwala kogu ehlobo.
Ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, ama-martens avela lapho umthamo wokuphakelwa kokudla uncishiswe kakhulu noma iqhwa eliningi liwile, kwakheka uqweqwe oluminyene. Ikholomu kulula ukuyihlukanisa namanye ama-mustelids ngezinyawo.
Ehlobo, isilwane asigxumi, kepha siyahamba. Isici esihlukile samathrekhi ukuthi inqina lendluzelekazi libekwe ngaphambili ngaphambili. Ebusika, yenza ukweqa okufanayo, okuyibanga elilinganisiwe phakathi kwengxenye yemitha.
Impungushe, impisi, i-sable, i-mink, i-lynx yizitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zekholomu. Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo, izinkozi ezinkulu, izikhova zokhozi namagwababa zizingela ama-weasel. Izimpungushe namasabule kudala ukulahleka okukhulu ngamanani. Ezinqolobaneni, ikholomu incintisana ne-mink, ingena ekulweni okungalingani nayo. Amacala okufa kwezilwane ezibhukuda ziwela ngaphesheya komfula kusuka ekuhlaselweni yi-catfish, taimen kanye ne-pike.
I-kolinka ivame ukudla izinsalela zomdlalo ezithathwe ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngaphezu kokuqhudelana nezinyoni ezidla amagundane, ama-weasel, ama-ermine, izinyoka, ubuye abe yigciwane. Iqiniso lokuthi ama-sables ahlasela futhi axoshe izipikha ezindaweni zawo ezihlala abantu kubhekwa yizazi zezilwane njengezinto zemvelo. Izitebele zibuyela ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, zihlala ngesikhathi sokungabikho ngenkani ngabantu ezingabazi.
Izipikha zijwayele kalula impilo ekuthunjweni, kepha zidinga ukunakwa nokubekezela okuningi. Uthanda ukungena kunoma imiphi imifantu, akhuphuke amakhethini kuma-eaves, angadonsa imilenze yamakhabethe. Ngakho-ke, isilwane sigcinwa esibayeni, futhi sihambahamba efulethini sigadiwe. Ukuba efulethini kuyishintsha ngokuphelele indlela yokuphila kwesilwane. Isikhulisazwi sivumelanisa nemodi yabasingathi.
Ukudla kuthengwa esitolo sezilwane, lapho kunganikeli khona kuphela amagundane aphilayo, kepha nokudla okukhethekile kwama-ferrets. Isilwane siyawathanda amanzi, ngakho-ke uketshezi kufanele lube yivolumu eyanele futhi lutholakale ubusuku nemini.
Kuzojabula uma unikeza ithuba lokuchaphaza ebhavini. Izipikha zingajwayela kalula ugqoko. Ngokuhlala isikhathi eside, unamathela kumalungu omndeni. Iba nothando, ithanda ukuphulula.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Kunoma isiphi isifunda amakholomu ahlala kuso, isisekelo sokudla yile:
- amagundane amanzi;
- amagundane;
- ama-chipmunks;
- amaprotheni;
- izinyoni ze-passerine ne-oda lezinkukhu;
- amaxoxo;
- izinsalela zezilwane ezizingelayo.
E-Primorye, e-Priamurye, ezindaweni ezisesiqhingini, i-kolinsky idla ngokuzala i-salmon ngenjabulo. Kwezinye izindawo, kudliwa izinhlanzi njengokuhlukile futhi ikakhulukazi ebusika. Ama-pico adliwa eTransbaikalia. Ukuzingelwa kwe-muskrat kusakazeke kakhulu endaweni yamahlathi asemahlathini.
Izipikha ze-Yakut zehlukile ezihlotsheni zazo ngoba zihlasela izimbila. Ezindaweni zokudoba, zidla izilwane ezibanjwe ezingibeni, kungashiyi okuhlukile kubamele bohlobo lwazo.
I-Grouse, i-grouse emnyama, i-capercaillie ecashe eqhweni ebusuku ebusika, okusiza kakhulu ukuzingelwa kwekholomu. Ukubamba amagundane amancane ebusika, ama-mustelids akwazi ukugijima afike kumamitha angamashumi amathathu ngaphansi kweqhwa. Izipikha zingama-gourmets amahle. Bahlala isikhathi eside eduze kwesifuba esonakele. Awawathandi amasele, kepha awadla ngokungabi nokudla okungcono ebusika obunzima, ewathatha emzimbeni wamanzi.
Izilwane ezihlala eduze nemizi zidla udoti wokudla. Bazingela izinkukhu; kuqashelwe amacala ahlukile okuhlaselwa kwamakati. Izilwane eziphumelelayo zidla izinsalela kaningi endaweni yamahlathi aseMpumalanga Ekude, lapho ubukhulu bezindawo zokuhlala nezinhlobo zezilwane zasendle ziphakeme.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
NgoFebhuwari, izikhulumi eziningi ziyavela ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ziqhutshwa yisifiso sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bayaphithizela befuna abangane, bengayinaki imingcele yendawo yabo. Lapho sifika onyakeni, lesi silwane kubhekwa njengokuvuthwa ngokocansi, abesifazane balungele ukukhwelana kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuya maphakathi noMeyi.
Uma ikhava ichithwe noma inzalo ishonile, ukuvundisa kungenzeka okwesibili. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ufike ngesikhathi ngaphambi kuka-Agasti, lapho abesilisa beqeda ukwenza ucansi. Abesifazane balungisa isidleke ezindlini zabo zokuhlala. Umcamelo othambile wenziwa ngezinsalela zezitshalo ezomile, izimpaphe zezinyoni, izinwele zezilwane.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-35-40. Imvamisa kuvela amawundlu ama-3-7, inombolo enkulu iba yizicucu eziyi-12. Kutholakale umdlwane owodwa esidlekeni se-Itatsi yaseJapan. Ingane izalwa iyisithulu futhi iyimpumputhe, ngengubo ephansi. Kuqubuka amazinyo okuqala ezinsukwini eziyi-15, ukubona nokuzwa ngenyanga.
Ngemuva kwamanye amasonto amabili, ijazi loboya lithola umbala ogcwale kakhudlwana obomvu, imaski ivela embusweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhasa kokuqala esidlekeni kuyenzeka. Umama kuphela obamba iqhaza ekondleni nasekukhuliseni inzalo. Lapho eya ekuzingeleni, ngokufihla ngokufihla umnyango wale ndawo yokukhosela. Uma kunesidingo, ngesibindi uvikela amawundlu.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala le nkukhu idla ubisi, kamuva ngamagundane amancane nezinyoni ezithathwa yinsikazi. Ngekwindla, ukukhula okuncane kuba usayizi womuntu omdala, kushiya indawo yokuhlala, kuqala impilo ezimele. Ezinkulisa noma ekhaya, izipikha zihlala iminyaka eyi-9-10. Endle - iminyaka engu-2-3. Kunabaneminyaka eyikhulu abashona ngezimbangela zemvelo beneminyaka eyisithupha.
