Isilwane esesabekayo, esikhulu kunazo zonke izidalwa ezisemhlabeni, sesibe wuphawu lwetiyiga, amahlathi aminyene. Isimo esinamandla sebhere besilokhu sivusa ukunconywa nenhlonipho kubantu.
Akukona nje ngengozi ukuthi isithombe master onamandla taiga wangena amagugu amasiko abantu abaningi. Ibhere elinsundu Kuyinto ejwayelekile kubantu abahlala ezifundeni zezintaba zamazwe amaningi, kodwa yaziwa kakhulu eRussia.
Incazelo nezici
Ukubukeka kwebhere kunesiteleka ngosayizi, izici zesilwane sangempela esidla ezinye. Ubuningi bomhlali wehlathi bufinyelela kuma-350-400 kg, ubude bomzimba ngokwesilinganiso cishe ngamamitha ama-2. EMpumalanga Ekude, kunemidondoshiya engamamitha amathathu. I-Kamchatka Ibhere elinsundu linesisindo ngaphezu kwama-500 kg.
Umphathi wamarekhodi osindayo eBerlin Zoo wayenesisindo esingu-780 kg. Emzileni ophakathi nendawo, ummeleli ojwayelekile womndeni wamabhere mncane kancane kunezihlobo zawo - enesisindo esifinyelela ku-120-150 kg. Abesilisa bacishe babe yisikhathi esisodwa nengxenye kukhulu kunabesifazane.
Umzimba omise umgqomo onokubuna okubonakalayo ubanjwa ngezidladla eziphakeme ezineminwe emihlanu nezinzipho ezingabuyiseki kuze kufike kumasentimitha ayi-12. Izinyawo ezineminwe emihlanu zibanzi. Cishe awukho umsila, ubude bawo buncane maqondana nomzimba, bungamasentimitha angama-20 kuphela.Izindlebe ezincane namehlo atholakala ekhanda elikhulu. Isiphongo esiphakeme. Isifonyo sihlangene.
Umbala wejazi elijiyile uyahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala: kusuka ku-fawn kuya ku-blue-black. Okuvame kakhulu amabhere ansundu. Amabhere ansundu ahlala eSyria. Ukuqhakaza okumpunga kutholakala kubahlali baseHimalaya. I-Molting ihlala kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ekwindla, ize ingcwatshwe emgodini. Kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi sihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili:
- kusenesikhathi - ngamandla, ngesikhathi se-rut;
- sekwephuzile - kuhamba kancane, ngesikhathi sokubanda okubandayo.
Ubusika isikhathi esibalulekile empilweni yesilwane esidla ezinye. Ibhere elinsundu lilala kuze kube nini? - kuya ngezici zangaphandle. Ubuthongo basebusika buhlala ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha, kepha ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinokuvunwa okucebile kwamantongomane namajikijolo, amabhere awalali nakancane.
Ibhere lilungiselela izindawo ezinzima zasebusika ze-taiga kusukela ehlobo - lifuna indawo, liyalihlomisa, liqoqa amafutha angaphansi. Izindawo zokuhlala zivame ukutholakala emigodini ephakathi kwezimpande zemisedari, izihlahla zemisayidi, ezindaweni zezihlahla eziguquliwe, ngaphansi kwemithombo.
Imigede ethembeke kakhulu yezilwane ezidla ezinye ayigandayiwe, engena ijule emhlabathini. Abazingeli babona lezo zindawo ngokuqhakaza okuphuzi ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni ezizungeze umhume. Umoya oshisayo webhere wawuba amagatsha.
Izimbobo ziqiniswa ngamagatsha ahlelwe mpo ngaphakathi. Ngazo, izilwane zigcwalisa umnyango, zivala kusuka emhlabeni wangaphandle kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Ngaphambi kwekhava lokugcina, amathrekhi abhajwe ngokuphelele.
Ibhere elinsundu ku-taiga ubusika, busongwe. Imilenze yangemuva idonselwa esiswini, kuthi ngemilenze yangaphambili imboze isifonyo. Amabhere akhulelwe angena ebuthongweni bokulala namazinyane wonyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Njalo ngonyaka izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukushintsha indawo yokulala ubusika, kepha ezimweni lapho kushoda khona "amafulethi" zibuyela emihumeni yeminyaka edlule. Zifihla ikakhulukazi ngazwinye. Kepha amabhere ansundu aseKuril Islands naseSakhalin angahlangana emgodini owodwa.
Ubuthongo obuthakathaka besilwane buyaphazamiseka, izintambo ziyaphazamisa izidalwa futhi ziziphoqe ukuba zishiye imigodi yazo. Ezinye izilwane azikwazi ukulala phansi emgodini kusukela ekwindla ngenxa yokushoda kokudla.
Ama-crank amabhere anolaka olukhulu ebusika - indlala yenza isilwane sibe nolaka. Imihlangano naye iyingozi kakhulu. Induku yokuxhuma inamathuba amancane okusinda kuze kufike intwasahlobo. Ubuthakathaka bomzimba besilwane, ukuntuleka kokudla namakhaza kwenza isilwane sibe sengozini.
Izinhlobo
Ukuhlelwa kwesimanje kwamabhere ansundu akuzange kufike ngokushesha ngenxa yokwehluka kwabantu abaningi. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezilodwa nezinhlanga ezingamashumi amabili (ama-subspecies) ezihlukanisiwe, ezihlukile ngombala, ubukhulu, nendawo yokwabiwa.
Amabhere ansundu adume kakhulu afaka ama-subspecies amakhulu alandelayo:
Ibhere elinsundu laseYurophu (I-Eurasia noma ejwayelekile). Abantu abaningi bahlakulele umbusi onamandla waba unkulunkulu. Umhlali wamahlathi aqinile futhi aqinile uhlala emaxhaphozini amakhulu enyakatho futhi akhuphuka izintaba afike kumamitha ayi-3000 eningizimu efuna ukuphola.
Kuyasebenza ubusuku nemini, lapho kunenqwaba yamajikijolo nezithelo emvelweni. Uthanda ukubhubhisa ikhekheba lezinyosi. Imibala isukela kokukhanyayo nsundu kuya kokumnyama nsundu.
Ibhere laseCalifornia (ngobumnandi). Engasekho ngokufika kwabantu abamhlophe, ama-subspecies akhonjiswa efulethini laseCalifornia. Kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-ecosystem yesifunda. Ama-subspecies aqothulwa ngabazingeli. Kuhlala uphawu lwesimo.
Ibhere elinsundu laseSiberia... Yilezi zinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi inkosi yetaiga yaseRussia. Kubonakala ngombala onsundu onsundu nejazi elijiyile emilenzeni. Umbusi wengxenye eseMpumalanga yeSiberia, etholakala eMongolia, eKazakhstan.
I-Atlas Bear... Ama-subspecies aphelile. Bangihlala ezindaweni zezintaba ze-Atlas, ukusuka eMorocco kuya eLibya. Ibhere lalinejazi elibomvu. Wadla izimpande zezitshalo, ama-acorn, amantongomane.
Ibhere likaGobi (gcoba). Isakhamuzi esingavamile ezintabeni eziwugwadule zaseMongolia. Umbala woboya obukhanyayo ngokukhanyayo, kuhlale kunomugqa onsundu kancane esifubeni, emahlombe nasemphinjeni. Ibhere elinsundu esithombeni inomusa futhi iyabonakala.
I-Mexican (ngobumnandi). Isilwane esingandile esisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Ubukhulu bebhere elinsundu enkulu. Isidlakudla esine-hump esishiwo emahlombe. Ithanda ukubhukuda phansi kwamagquma, emahlathini asezintabeni ebangeni elifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000. Imininingwane yokugcina ethembekile mayelana ne-grizzly yayingo-1960.
Ibhere elinsundu le-Tianshan... Ama-subspecies angavamile ahlala ezintabeni ze-Himalaya, iPamir, iTien Shan. Isici esiyinhloko yizinzipho ezikhanyayo zezidladla zangaphambili. Kuvikelwe izinqolobane zaseKazakhstan.
Ibhere le-Ussuri (Himalayan)... Isilwane sincane uma siqhathaniswa nezihlobo zaso. Isisindo asidluli ku-150 kg, ubude bungamasentimitha ayi-180. Umbala ubumnyama, esifubeni kunendawo engunxantathu wombala omhlophe noma ophuzi.
Ohlala emahlathini asePrimorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories, iziQhingi zaseJapan, iPakistan, i-Iran, iKorea, iChina, ne-Afghanistan. Kukhuphuka izihlahla ngokuphelele, kuyabhukuda.
Kodiak... Esinye sezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ubuningi bemidondoshiya ngokwesilinganiso uhhafu wethani. Ukudla okuningi, ubusika obufushane kuyisici sezindawo zabo zokuhlala - iziqhingi zesiqhingi i-Kodiak. Umuzwa ojulile wokuhogela nokuzwa okubukhali kusiza umhlaseli ukuba azingele. Isilo sithanda omnivorous. Ngaphezu kwenhlanzi nenyama, abanandaba nokudla amajikijolo, amantongomane nezithelo ezinamanzi.
Ibhere laseTibetan (pika odlayo). Lathola igama lalo endleleni yokudla amakhambi namaphikha ethafeni laseTibetan. Ama-subspecies angavamile kakhulu, achazwe ngekhulu le-19. Ama-subspecies angagcinwa phezulu ezintabeni. Isibonelo se-Yeti. Ucezu loboya, olutholwe ukusekela le nganekwane, lwalungolwebhere elinsundu.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Umhlali wehlathi ukhetha amapheshana anokwephuka komoya, ukukhula okuminyene kotshani nezihlahla ezindaweni ezivuthayo. Izindawo ezinezintaba, itundra, ugu nazo zakhiwa ngumzingeli. Lapho nje ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwebhere elinsundu kwaqoshwa kusuka eNgilandi kuya eJapan.
Kodwa ushintsho ezindaweni ezihlala abantu, ukuqothulwa kwesilo kwaholela ekucindezelweni okuphawulekayo kwebanga. Izindawo ezingamahlathi entshonalanga yeCanada, i-Alaska, neMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia yizindawo eziyinhloko zendawo ezihlala kuyo.
Ibhere ngalinye linensimu yalo ehlukene, esukela kubukhulu obusuka ku-70 kuye ku-140 km², ebhalwe iphunga, isiqhwaga esibonakalayo ezihlahleni. Indawo yowesilisa inkulu ngokuphindwe kasikhombisa kunaleyo yowesifazane. Bavikela insimu kubantu bangaphandle. Ukukhula okuncane okuhlukanisiwe ekufuneni umlingani kungazulazula ngaphandle kwemingcele yesiza.
Umzingeli uyasebenza ngezikhathi zasemini, ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa. Sifuna ukudla, isilwane esihlala phansi kwesinye isikhathi senza ukunyakaza kwesizini, silandele izindawo lapho amajikijolo namantongomane evuthwa khona.
Naphezu kobukhulu obukhulu besilwane nokubukeka kwaso okuyindida, umhlaseli ugijima ngokushesha. Isilinganiso isivinini sebhere esinsundu ngu-50-60 km / h. Ukusebenza komzimba nokuqina kwepulasitiki kwesilwane kubonakala ekhonweni lokukhuphuka ezihlahleni, ukubhukuda uwele imifula, futhi unqobe amabanga amade.
Ibhere linamandla okusondela inyamazane buthule, ngokunyakaza okulula. Ngokushaya ngamandla kwezidladla, iyakwazi ukuphuka ngemuva kwenyamazane, ingulube yasendle.
Umuzwa wephunga uvumela isilwane ukuthi sizwe iphunga lokubola kwenyama ama-3 km. Ukuzwa kunzima. Ibhere livame ukusukuma ngemilenze yalo yangemuva bese lilalela imvelo, libamba iphunga. Isembozo esijulile seqhwa siyisithiyo esinzima sebhere.
Impilo yomzingeli inomjikelezo wesizini. Ehlobo, amabhere anele kahle ahlala phansi, phakathi kwamakhambi, agcwala elangeni, futhi anakekele inzalo yawo. Ekwindla, bamatasa bafuna isiphephelo sasebusika, ukuhlelwa kwaso, ukuqoqwa kwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba.
Ebusika, umuntu uwela ebuthongweni obungajulile, obuhlala kusukela enyangeni eyodwa kuye kweziyisithupha, kuya ngezici eziningi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amapharamitha womzimba wesilwane (ukushaya kwenhliziyo, izinga lokushisa, njll.) Cishe akashintshi, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Intwasahlobo ivusa izilwane ezibuthakathaka. Ukwehla kwesisindo ebusika kubaluleke kakhulu - kufika kuma-80 kg. Ukuqoqwa kwamandla emjikelezo wempilo omusha kuyaqala.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izilwane zithanda omnivorous, kepha indlela yokudla isuselwa kokuthathu kokudla kwezitshalo, ezikudlayo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene Ibhere elinsundu. Isilwane siyondla ama-acorn, izimpande, iziqu zezitshalo. Ubumnandi bamajikijolo namantongomane. Ngezikhathi zendlala, izilimo zommbila ne-oats ziba ifolishi. Zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, izibankwa, amaxoxo, amagundane asehlathini angena ekudleni.
Izilwane ezinkulu ezidla izilwane zizingela izilwane ezinenselo - izingulube zasendle, indololwane, izinyamazane zezinyamazane nezinyamazane. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngemuva kokulala ubusika, ibhere lithanda ukudla kwesilwane, ngoba udinga ukuthola amandla, futhi kunokudla okuncane kwezitshalo. Isilwane sisebenza kakhulu ekuzingeleni.
Ibhere elinsundu alidli inyamazane enkulu ngokushesha, liyifihla ngaphansi kwe-brushwood futhi liyivikele kuze kube yilapho seliphelile. Izingela izidumbu, ingasusa izisulu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye - izimpisi, amahlosi. Kunamacala aziwayo okuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo nezinkomo ezifuywayo.
Eduze nemizimba yamanzi, amabhere aba ngabadobi abahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala kwama-salmon. Ubuningi bezinhlanzi buholela eqinisweni lokuthi ibhere lidla kuphela izingxenye ezinonile kakhulu zezidumbu, lishiya ezinye izingcezu.
Amabhere anenkumbulo enhle. Izindawo zokudla ezinenqwaba yamajikijolo, amakhowe, amantongomane, izihlahla ezithela izithelo zizovakashelwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngumzingeli onethemba lokudla.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokukhwelana samabhere ansundu siqala ngoMeyi futhi sihlala izinyanga ezimbalwa. Abesilisa balwela abesifazane, izimpi zabaqhudelana zinonya, futhi zingaphela ngokufa kwesilwane. Ngesikhathi sokubhinca, amabhere ayingozi kakhulu ngokuba nolaka. Ukubhonga kwasendle kukhombisa ukuzimisela kwezimbangi.
Inzalo ivela emgodini ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-6-8. Izingane ezingama-2-4 zizalwa zingenakuzisiza ngokuphelele - zinempandla, izimpumputhe nezithulu. Isisindo sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa singama-500 g kuphela, ubude bube ngamasentimitha angama-25. Ngemuva kwenyanga, amawundlu avula amehlo awo bese eqala ukuthatha imisindo. Ngezinyanga ezi-3 amazinyo obisi ayakhula.
Entwasahlobo, izingane zilungele ukuthola amajikijolo nezinambuzane ngokwazo. Kodwa zondla ngobisi ezinye izinyanga eziyisithupha. Umama wondla amawundlu ngesilwane esiwulethile. Izilwane ezincane zisondelene ngokungahlukani nonina, funda ukuzingela, ulungiselele ubusika bokuqala.
Ubaba akazinakekeli izingane. Impilo ezimele yamawundlu iqala eminyakeni engama-3-4 ubudala, kepha isikhathi sokukhula sihlala iminyaka eyi-10.
Isikhathi sokuphila samabhere ansundu cishe siyiminyaka engama-20-30. Ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo, abantu abaningi bayafa, babe izisulu zokuzingelwa, izinguquko zezulu. Imisebenzi yabantu ithinta ukuncipha kobubanzi bomzingeli. Ezinqolobaneni, impilo yamabhere inyuka iye eminyakeni engama-50.
Ibhere elikhulu elinsundu kudala kufakwe eNcwadini Ebomvu, ukudotshwa kwayo akuvunyelwe. Abalondolozi bemvelo benza imizamo yokonga ama-subspecies asengozini. Ikusasa lamabhere ansundu lingaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso.
